Öz
Yahudilikte günlük ibadet (tefila), İslam’daki
namazla ilgili olarak süregelen bir tartışma konusudur. Bazıları Yahudi günlük
ibadetlerinin özellikle şekil ve biçim açısından İslam’daki namazın (salât)
kökeni olduğunu ve Hz. Muhammed’in namazı Yahudi kültür çevresinden öğrendiğini
tartışmaktadır. Ancak Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin gelişimine dair tarihsel
süreç bunun desteklememektedir; zira Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliği döneminde
İslam’daki namaza benzer bir şekil ve biçime rastlanmamaktadır. İlk elden
Yahudi dinsel literatürü incelendiğinde Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin
tapınaktaki günlük kurban ritüellerinden hareketle günde üç vakit olacak
şekilde Yazıcı Ezra başkanlığındaki bir heyet tarafından düzenlendiği
anlaşılır. İkinci Tapınağın yıkılışı sonrası günlük ibadet geleneğinde bazı
değişiklikler oldu ve İslami dönemin başlangıcında günlük ibadetler genelde
ayakta durmak suretiyle eda edilmekteydi. İlerleyen İslam egemenliği döneminde ise
Yahudi kültüründeki günlük ibadet geleneği İslami uygulamalardan etkilendi.
Sadece Anan ben David tarafından kurulan 8. yy Karailiği değil, ana gövde
Rabbinik gelenek de İslam geleneğinden etkilendi. Böylelikle 12. yy’ın ünlü
Yahudi din bilgini Maimonides, şekil ve biçim açısından ibadet öncesi
temizlenme ritüelini ve ibadetleri yeniden düzenlemek suretiyle Rabbinik
Yahudiliğin günlük ibadetlerini gözden geçirdi. Böylece kolların ve ayakların
yıkanması, tam rükû ve secde gibi şekiller Ortaçağda Yahudiliğin hem Karailik
hem de Rabbinik geleneğinde ortaya çıktı. Günümüz Yahudiliğine geldiğimizde,
Rabbinik gelenek bağlısı Yemen ve Etiyopya Yahudiliği gibi bazı gruplarla Karai
ve Samiri Yahudiliği haricinde Yahudilerin kahir çoğunluğu günlük ibadetlerini
genelde ayakta icra ederler ve tam rükû ve secde gibi ritüellere yer vermezler.
Bununla birlikte genelde Talmide Ha-Rambam olarak bilinen bazı revizyonist
gruplar Yahudi günlük ibadetlerinin şeklini ve biçimini Ortaçağda Maimonides
gibi Yahudi din bilginlerinin tanımlamalarından hareketle yeniden inşa etmeye çalışmaktadırlar.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Yahudilik tefila günlük ibadetler Karailik Rabbinik Yahudilik Maimonides namaz İslam Hz. Muhammed
Kaynakça
- Abrahamson, B., “Tracing the Derivation of Prayer Positions from Torah, to Temple Times, to the Modern Practice”, 2010, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Comparative_Religions/Islamic-Jewish%20Prayer%20Positions.pdf
- Arslantaş, N., Hz. Muhammed Döneminde Yahudiler, İstanbul: Kuramer 2016.
- Astren, F., “Karaite Historiagraphy and Historical Consciousness”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Astren, F., “Islamic Contexts of Medieval Karaism”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Basalel, Y., Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Gözlem 2002.
- de Harkavy, A., “Anan ben David: Founder of the Karaite Sect”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, Isidore Singer, 1906 edition, New York, v. 1.
- Donin, H. Halevi, To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and Synagogue Service, Basic Books 1980.
- Firestone, R., “Rituals: Similarities, Influences, and Processes of Differentiation”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish- Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Freeman, T., “What is Tefillah? A Labor of the Heart”, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1452805/jewish/Tefillah.htm
- Gil, M., “The Origins of the Karaites”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Ginzberg, L., “Adoration, Forms of”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906, c.1, s.211, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/855- adoration-forms-of
- Gündüz, Ş., “Kur’an kıssalarının kaynağı Eski Ahit mi? Yapı, muhteva ve kaynak açısından Torah kıssaları”, Kur’an Kıssalarının Anlam ve Değeri (IV. Kur’an Haftası Kur’an Sempozyumu), Ankara: Fecr, 1998.
- Gürkan, S.L., Yahudilik, (dördüncü baskı), İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları 2012.
- Hawary, M., “Prayer in Judaism and Islam”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Ivry, A.L., “Islamic and Greek Influences on Maimonides”, in S. Pines, Y. Yavel (eds.), Maimonides and Philosophy, Dardrecht 1986.
- İbn Hişâm, Sîretu İbn Hişâm, Mısır 1955.
- Jeffery, A., The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’an, Leiden: Brill 2007.
- Kalimi, I., “Medieval Sephardic-Oriental Jewish Bible Exegesis: The Contributions of Saadia Gaaon and Abraham ibn Ezra”, Z. Zohar (ed.), Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times, New York University Press 2005.
- Libson, G., “Interaction between Islamic Lawand Jewish Law During the Middle Ages”, in E.I. Cuomo (ed.), Law in Multicultural Societies, Jerusalem 1989.
- Maimonides, Mishna Torah, İngilizceye çeviri Eliyahu Touger, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/920161/jewish/Tefilah- and-Birkat-Kohanim-Chapter-One.htm
- Mannot, G., “Ṣalāt”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, H.A.R. Gibb (ve diğerleri), Leiden, c. 8.
- Meral, Y., Yahudi Düşüncesinde İslam Algısı: İbn Meymun (Maimonides) Örneği, Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları 2017.
- Newby, G.D., “The Jews of Arabia at the Birth of Islam”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Pessin, S., The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N Zalta, 2005.
- Pummer, R., “Samaritan Rituals and Customs”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
- Shehadeh, H., “The Arabic Translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
- Soncino Babylonian Talmud, tr. into English I. Epstein, https://www.halakhah.com/tcontents.html
- Schacht, J., “Wudu’”, The First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Brill 1993.
- Storm, J.-Erik G., “The Influence of Islamic Sects on Maimonides: Weighing the Evidence”, http://www.academia.edu/24821053 /The_Influence_of_Islamic_Sects_on_Maimonides_Weighing_The_Evidence
- Stroumsa, S., Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker, Princton University Press 2009.
- Wedel, G., “Halachic Literature”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
Öz
The daily prayer (tefilla)
in Judaism is currently a debate of argument in connection to the daily prayers
(salat) of Islam. Some argue that the Jewish daily prayers are the origin of
Islamic prayers particularly in the context of form and shape, and that the
Prophet Muhammed has learned it in a milieu of Jewish culture. However, the
historical development of daily prayers in Judaism does not support this
argument, since we do not trace such form and shape in Jewish daily prayers
resembling salat in Islam at the period of prophecy of Muhammad. When the
first-hand Jewish literature is examined it is seen that the daily prayers are
arranged as three times daily rituals, mainly due to the daily sacrificial
rituals in the temple, by an assemble headed by Ezra, the Scribe. After the
destruction of the Second Temple, there has been some changes in the tradition
of daily prayer, and at the very beginning of Islamic period it has been
performing by standing in general. Later in Islamic domination period the
tradition of daily prayers in Jewish culture has been influenced by Islamic
customs. Not only the sect of Karaites of the 8th century, founded
by Anan ben David, but also the Rabbinic tradition, the main body, was
influenced by the Muslim tradition. Hence Maimonides, the famous Jewish scholar
of the 12th century, reviewed the daily prayers of Rabbinic Judaism,
reorganizing it as well as washing rituals in context of shape and form. Thus,
such forms as washing arms and feet, full bowing down and prostration appeared
in both Karaite and Rabbinic tradition of Judaism in the Middle Age. As for
Judaism today, except for some groups such as Yemenite and Ethiopian Jews in
Rabbinic context, and Karaite and Samaritan Jews in non-Rabbinic contexts, the
majority of Jews perform their daily prayer rituals in standing and do not give
place the ritual like full bowing down and prostration. However, some
revisionist Jewish groups mainly known as Talmide Ha-Rambam try to reorganize
the form and shape of Jewish daily prayer as it was described by Jewish
scholars like Maimonides in the Middle Age.
Kaynakça
- Abrahamson, B., “Tracing the Derivation of Prayer Positions from Torah, to Temple Times, to the Modern Practice”, 2010, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Comparative_Religions/Islamic-Jewish%20Prayer%20Positions.pdf
- Arslantaş, N., Hz. Muhammed Döneminde Yahudiler, İstanbul: Kuramer 2016.
- Astren, F., “Karaite Historiagraphy and Historical Consciousness”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Astren, F., “Islamic Contexts of Medieval Karaism”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Basalel, Y., Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: Gözlem 2002.
- de Harkavy, A., “Anan ben David: Founder of the Karaite Sect”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, Isidore Singer, 1906 edition, New York, v. 1.
- Donin, H. Halevi, To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and Synagogue Service, Basic Books 1980.
- Firestone, R., “Rituals: Similarities, Influences, and Processes of Differentiation”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish- Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Freeman, T., “What is Tefillah? A Labor of the Heart”, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1452805/jewish/Tefillah.htm
- Gil, M., “The Origins of the Karaites”, M. Polliack (ed.), Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources, Leiden: Brill 2003.
- Ginzberg, L., “Adoration, Forms of”, The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906, c.1, s.211, http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/855- adoration-forms-of
- Gündüz, Ş., “Kur’an kıssalarının kaynağı Eski Ahit mi? Yapı, muhteva ve kaynak açısından Torah kıssaları”, Kur’an Kıssalarının Anlam ve Değeri (IV. Kur’an Haftası Kur’an Sempozyumu), Ankara: Fecr, 1998.
- Gürkan, S.L., Yahudilik, (dördüncü baskı), İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları 2012.
- Hawary, M., “Prayer in Judaism and Islam”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Ivry, A.L., “Islamic and Greek Influences on Maimonides”, in S. Pines, Y. Yavel (eds.), Maimonides and Philosophy, Dardrecht 1986.
- İbn Hişâm, Sîretu İbn Hişâm, Mısır 1955.
- Jeffery, A., The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’an, Leiden: Brill 2007.
- Kalimi, I., “Medieval Sephardic-Oriental Jewish Bible Exegesis: The Contributions of Saadia Gaaon and Abraham ibn Ezra”, Z. Zohar (ed.), Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times, New York University Press 2005.
- Libson, G., “Interaction between Islamic Lawand Jewish Law During the Middle Ages”, in E.I. Cuomo (ed.), Law in Multicultural Societies, Jerusalem 1989.
- Maimonides, Mishna Torah, İngilizceye çeviri Eliyahu Touger, https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/920161/jewish/Tefilah- and-Birkat-Kohanim-Chapter-One.htm
- Mannot, G., “Ṣalāt”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, H.A.R. Gibb (ve diğerleri), Leiden, c. 8.
- Meral, Y., Yahudi Düşüncesinde İslam Algısı: İbn Meymun (Maimonides) Örneği, Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları 2017.
- Newby, G.D., “The Jews of Arabia at the Birth of Islam”, A. Meddeb, B. Stora (eds.), A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day, Princeton University Press 2013.
- Pessin, S., The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N Zalta, 2005.
- Pummer, R., “Samaritan Rituals and Customs”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
- Shehadeh, H., “The Arabic Translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
- Soncino Babylonian Talmud, tr. into English I. Epstein, https://www.halakhah.com/tcontents.html
- Schacht, J., “Wudu’”, The First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Brill 1993.
- Storm, J.-Erik G., “The Influence of Islamic Sects on Maimonides: Weighing the Evidence”, http://www.academia.edu/24821053 /The_Influence_of_Islamic_Sects_on_Maimonides_Weighing_The_Evidence
- Stroumsa, S., Maimonides in His World: Portrait of a Mediterranean Thinker, Princton University Press 2009.
- Wedel, G., “Halachic Literature”, A.D. Crown (ed.), The Samaritans, Tübingen: Mohr 1989.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 |
