COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİ: PSİKOLOJİK ETKİLERİ VE TERAPÖTİK MÜDAHALELER

Öz

Çin’de başlayan ve tüm dünyayı etkileyen Covid-19 pandemisinin sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik ve psikolojik yansımaları yaşamımızın ortasına aniden konumlanan yadsınamaz bir gerçeklik olmuştur. Bireylerin hem fiziksel hem de psikolojik sağlığını tehdit eden Covid-19 salgını %0,5 ile %3 arasında değişen ölüm riskine sahip olup ortaya çıkışından kısa bir süre sonra hayatlarımızı geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlarla değiştirmiştir. Ortaya çıkış nedeninin tam olarak bilinememesi, virüsün kontrol altına alınamaması ve dünyadaki tüm bireylerinin potansiyel risk altında olması salgını küresel bir travmaya dönüştürmüştür. Artan depresyon, kaygı, sağlık anksiyetesi, yalnızlık, sosyal izolasyon, damgalama ve finansal zorluklar ile değişen iş ve çalışma koşulları, sağlık çalışanları için ikincil travmatizasyon, ailelerinden ayrı kalma gibi birçok sonucu beraberinde getirmekte olup salgın esnasında ve sonrasındaki psikolojik müdahalelerin gerekliliği, önemi ve kapsamı açıkça ortaya konmuştur. Salgının epidemolojisi ve ruh sağlığına etkilerinin yanında bireysel farklılıklar, risk gruplarının psikolojik etkileri ile terapötik önleme ve müdahale çalışmaları kapsamında izlenmesi gereken adımlar literatürdeki bulgular ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19,salgın,psikolojik etkiler,terapötik müdahaleler

Kaynakça

1. Asmundson, G., ve Taylor, S., (2020), “How Health Anxiety Influences Responses to Viral Outbreaks Like COVID-19: What All Decision-Makers, Health Authorities, and Health Care Professionals Need to Know”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
2. Bai, Y., Lin, C. C., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Chue, C. M., ve Chou, P., (2004), “Survey of Stress Reactions Among Health Care Workers Involved with the SARS Outbreak”, Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055-1057.
3. Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., ve Lu, L., (2020), “2019-nCoV Epidemic: Address Mental Health Care to Empower Society”, Lancet (London, England), 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
4. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., ve Zheng, J., (2020), “The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China”, Psychiatry Research, 28, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020), Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (13.06.2020 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
6. Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., ... ve Wang, J., (2020), “Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak”, The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e15-e16.
7. Cyrus, S. H. H., Cornelia Y. I. C., ve Roger C. M. H., (2020), “Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic”, Academy of Medicine, 49(3), 155-160.
8. Çaykuş, E. T., ve Çaykuş, T. M., (2020), “Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Çocukların Psikolojik Dayanıklılığını Güçlendirme Yolları: Ailelere, Öğretmenlere ve Ruh Sağlığı Uzmanlarına Öneriler”, Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 95-113.

9. Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., ve Özel, Ş., (2020), “Pandemilerde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Psikososyal Sağlığını Etkileyen Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörlerine İlişkin Bir Derleme”, Ankara Med J, 2, 488-501. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
10. Ergönen, A. T., Biçen, E., ve Ersoy, G., (2020), “COVID-19 Salgınında Ev İçi Şiddet”, The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25, 48-57. doi:10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1408
11. Gates, B. (2020), “Responding to Covid-19—a once-in-a-entury Pandemic?”, New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677-1679.
12. Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... ve Ford, T., (2020), “Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science”, The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
13. Jones, J. H., & Salathé, M., (2009), “Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-origin Influenza A(H1N1)”, Public Library of Science, 4(12), e8032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008032
14. Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B.X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., ve Liu, Z., (2020), “The Mental Health of Medical Workers in Wuhan, China Dealing with the 2019 Novel Coronavirus”, Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
15. Kaya, B., (2020), “Pandeminin Ruh Sağlığına Etkileri”, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23, 123-124. doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.64325
16. Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ve Tan, H., (2020), “Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019”. Journal of the American Medical Association, 3(3), e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
17. Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., ve Wing, Y. K., (2005), “SARS-Related Perceptions in Hong Kong”. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1103.040675
18. Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., ve Chua, S. E., (2007), Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
19. Lima, C. K. T., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., Lima, I. D. A. S., de Oliveira Nunes, J. V. A., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., ... ve Neto, M. L. R. (2020), “The Emotional Impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (New Coronavirus Disease)”, Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
20. Lin, A., Wigman, J. T. W., Nelson, B., Vollebergh, W. A., Van Os, J., Baksheev, G., ... & Yung, A. R. (2011), “The Relationship Between Coping and Subclinical Psychotic Experiences in Adolescents from the General Population– A Longitudinal Study”, Psychological Medicine, 41, 2535-2546. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000560
21. Mukhtar S., (2020), “Mental Health and Psychosocial Aspects of Coronavirus Outbreak in Pakistan: Psychological Intervention for Public Mental Health Crisis”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102069. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102069
22. Murthy, S., Gomersall, C. D., ve Fowler, R. A., (2020), “Care for Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19”, Journal of the American Medical Association. 323(15), 1499-1500. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3633
23. Pan, R., Zhang, L., ve Pan, J., (2020), “The Anxiety Status of Chinese Medical Workers During the Epidemic of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis”, Psychiatry investigation, 17(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0127
24. Park, J. S., Lee, E. H., Park, N. R., ve Choi, Y. H., (2018), “Mental Health of Nurses Working at a Government-designated Hospital During A MERS-Cov Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study”, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 2-6.
25. Parodi, S. M., ve Liu, V. X., (2020), “From Containment to Mitigation of COVID-19 in the US”, Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(15), 1441-1442. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3882
26. Polizzi, C., Lynn, S.J., ve Perry, A., (2020), “Stress and Coping in the Time of COVID-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery”, Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
27. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang, Z, Xie, B, ve Xu, Y., (2020), “A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress Among Chinese People in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and Policy Recommendations”, General Psychiatry, 33, e100213. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
28. Rajkumar, R. P., (2020), “COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
29. Reger, M. A., Stanley, I. H., ve Joiner, T. E., (2020), “Suicide Mortality and Coronavirus Disease 2019—A Perfect Storm?”, ”, Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060
30. Semenza, J. C., Rocklöv, J., Penttinen, P., ve Lindgren, E., (2016), “Observed and Projected Drivers of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Europe”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1382(1), 73.
31. Shalev, D., ve Shapiro, P. A. (2020), “Epidemic Psychiatry: The Opportunities and Challenges of COVID-19”, General Hospital Psychiatry, 64, 68-71. Thunström L, Newbold SC, Finnoff SC, Ashworth M ve Shogren JF. (2020).” The benefits and costs of flattening the curve for COVID-19”. SSRN Electronic Journal. :1–17.
32. Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., ve Tian, C., (2020), “Psychological Symptoms of Ordinary Chinese Citizens Based on SCL-90 During the Level I Emergency Response to COVID-19”, Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
33. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., ve Jackson, D., (2020), “Family Violence and COVID‐19: Increased Vulnerability and Reduced Options for Support, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
34. Van Hoek, A. J., Underwood, A., Jit, M., Miller, E., & Edmunds, W. J. (2011). The Impact of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 on Health-related Quality of Life: A Prospective Population-based Study”, Public Library of Science, 6(3), e17030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017030
35. Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., ve Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)”, Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 18(1), 39-42.
36. World Health Organization. (2020), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public, (13.06.2020 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
37. Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., ve Yang, N. (2020). Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e923921- e923921-1- e923921-8). https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921