DÜNYA TİCARET ÖRGÜTÜNDE ANLAŞMAZLIKLARIN HALLİ MEKANİZMASI VE DİĞER REFORM KONULARININ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Öz

Amaç: Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nde (DTÖ) Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizması ve diğer reform konularının
irdelenmesi ve güncel durumlarının değerlendirilmesidir. Yöntem: DTÖ reform tartışmaları incelenmiş olup reform üzerine farklı aktörlerin bakış açıları betimleyici şekilde anlatılmıştır. Bulgular: Gümrük Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anlaşması (GATT) günlerinden beri DTÖ küresel ticaretin gelişmesi ve serbestleşmesinde önemli role sahiptir. Ancak ana işlevlerini yerine getiremeyişi uluslararası ticaret kurallarının DTÖ dışında ikili serbest ticaret anlaşmaları ve bölgesel ticaret anlaşmaları yoluyla yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu yüzden uluslararası ticaretin merkezi olma rolünü canlandırmak ve günümüz dünyasında kurumun güncelliğini sağlamak için DTÖ’de reform ihtiyacı sıklıkla dile getirilmiştir. Tıkanmış olan Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizması’nın Temyiz Organı reform yapılması gereken en acil konu olarak görülmektedir. Hâlihazırda üyelerinin atanmasındaki çıkmazdan ötürü Temyiz Organı işleyememekte ve gelen başvurular incelenememektedir. Şeffaflık ve devlet politikalarının izlenmesine ilişkin olarak Çin’in piyasa bozucu pratiklerine dair endişeler öne sürülmüştür. Reform konuları arasında özel ve lehte muamele yer almaktadır. ABD Çin’in küresel ticarette artan payının altını çizerek gelişmekte olan ülke statüsünün öz beyandan ziyade ekonomik göstergelere dayanarak tanımlanmasını önermiştir. Çoklu görüşmeler DTÖ’de uzun süredir çok taraflı sonucun çıkmayışına çare olarak görülmüştür. E-ticaret, cinsiyet eşitliği ve çevre konularında devam etmekte olan çoklu görüşmelerde henüz bir neticeye ulaşılamasa da ilerleme kaydedilmektedir. Özellikle 12. Bakanlar Konferansı’nda kabul edilen, çevresel sürdürülebilirliği odağına alan ilk anlaşma, Balıkçılık Sübvansiyonları Anlaşması’nın DTÖ’deki çevreyle ilgili diğer girişimlere hız kazandırdığı dile getirilmektedir. DTÖ’nün reform konuları arasında yer almasa dahi, DTÖ’nün güncel meselelerin tartışıldığı platform işlevini, kısıtlı da olsa, canlandırdığı için Covid-19 aşılarının mülkiyet haklarından feragati konusuna da değinilecektir. Özgünlük: Sıkça gündeme gelen DTÖ’de reform konularının güncel değerlendirmesinin yapıldığı bu makale, farklı aktörlerin reform ihtiyacına bakışının anlaşılmasına ve çok taraflı müzakere sisteminin değerlendirilmesine yönelik yürütülecek araştırmalara güncel bir zemin teşkil edecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dünya ticaret örgütü
• reform
• anlaşmazlıkların halli

EVALUATION OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT MECHANISM IN WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND OTHER REFORM ISSUES

Öz

Purpose: This article aims to evaluate the current state of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) and other reform issues in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Method: WTO reform discussions are examined and the perspectives of various actors were stated descriptively. Findings: WTO has a crucial role in liberalisation and improvement of global trade since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade days. However not being able to perform its main functions resulted in making international trade rules via bilateral free-trade agreements and regional trade agreements outside WTO. Thus the need for reform is frequently expressed to revitalize its role as the center of international trade and make it relevant to today’s World. Its paralyzed Appellate Body (AB) of the DSM is seen as the most urgent issue to be reformed. Currently, AB cannot function and review appeals due to the impasse over the appointment of its members. Relating to the discussions on transparency and monitoring state policies, concerns on the market distorting practices of China have been raised. Special and Differentiated Treatment took place among the reform issues and USA demanded economic indicators rather than self-declaration to justify developing-country status highligting the growing share of China in global trade. Plurilateral negotiations seen as the remedy for lack of multilateral results for a while in WTO. Although ongoing plurilateral negotiations on e-commerce, gender equality and environment did not have results as yet, they are making progress. Moreover, it is evaluated that Biden administration, which announced support for waiving intellectual property protections for Covid-19 vaccines in text-based negotiations in WTO, could be a chance to cooperate to reform WTO. Originality: Evaluating on the current state of WTO reform issues which were frequently verbalized, this article will provide an up-to-date basis for the research to be conducted on the understanding of the different actors' view of the need for reform and the assessment of the multilateral negotiation system.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• world trade organization
• reform
• dispute settlement

Kaynakça

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