Kautilya's Mandala Theory as Constitutive Outside of Modern Realism

Yıl 2023, , 211 - 232, 31.03.2023

Özkan Gökcan

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1178937

Öz

Criticisms of the claims that the international relations theories, which are called mainstream, have the power to explain all events and problems at the global level, have an important place in the last 40 years of disciplinary literature. The main focus of these criticisms has been the necessity of transforming the theoretical structure in the discipline of international relations from being Western-centred, parochial and hegemonic to universal, dialogue-oriented and pluralistic. From this point of view, especially in the last 20 years, the theories (non-Western theories) that have been tried to be developed by benefiting from the history and experiences of non-Western societies and states have become an important field of study in the discipline. However, attempts to develop non-Western theory have tended to create new alternative centers to the West instead of overcoming Western centrism, especially as seen in the example of Chinese IR. This situation has caused the theoretical accumulation in the discipline to develop around new centers that are scattered, parallel and disconnected from each other instead of evolving towards a pluralistic and dialogue-oriented structure. In this study, it is argued that making international relations theories truly universal by removing them from the West or any other hegemonic center can only be achieved by taking into account the historical mobility of knowledge between the West and non-Western or the rest of the world. In this sense, the main claim of the study is that the relationship between the mandala theory of Indian origin thinker and statesman Kautilya and modern realism constitutes an important example in terms of revealing the said mobility of knowledge. In the study, Kautilya's Arthashastra was used as the main source. In addition, Kautilya's works and thoughts, realist theory, Western-centrism, non-Western theory, the idea of Global International Relations, the literature review was conducted and the claim of the study was based. As tried to be done through the example of mandala theory in this study, revealing the founding-external role of non-Western thoughts and experiences on Western-centered theories in the context of the historical mobility of knowledge is the main way to make the theoretical accumulation in the discipline more pluralistic and universal. Based on this scope, in the first part the concept of "constitutive outside", which forms a conceptual basis for the study, is discussed. In the second part, firstly Kautilya and his work Arthashastra are introduced, then the roots of modern realist theory in Kautilya's mandala theory are tried to be revealed. The study ends with the conclusion part, which includes a critical evaluation of Kautilya's place in today's international relations and suggestions for solutions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitutive Outside, Kautilya, Mandala Theory, Realism, Arthashastra

Modern Realizmin Kurucu Dışı Olarak Kautilya’nın Mandala Teorisi

Öz

Ana akım olarak adlandırılan uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinin küresel düzeydeki tüm olay ve sorunları açıklama gücüne sahip olduğu iddialarına yönelik eleştiriler, disiplin literatürünün son 40 yıllık birikimi içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu eleştirilerin odaklandığı temel nokta, uluslararası ilişkiler disiplinindeki teorik yapıyı Batı merkezci, dar görüşlü ve hegemonik olmaktan çıkarıp evrensel, diyalog odaklı ve çoğulcu hale getirmenin gerekliliği olmuştur. Bu odak noktasından hareketle özellikle son 20 yılda Batılı olmayan toplum ve devletlerin tarih ve deneyimlerden yararlanılarak geliştirilmeye çalışılan teoriler (Batı-dışı teoriler) disiplinde önemli bir çalışma alanı haline gelmiştir. Ancak Batı-dışı teori geliştirme girişimleri, özellikle Çin örneğinde görüldüğü üzere Batı merkezciliği aşmak yerine Batı’ya alternatif yeni merkezler yaratma eğilimi sergilemiştir. Bu durum, disiplindeki teorik birikimin çoğulcu ve diyalog odaklı bir yapıya doğru evrilmek yerine dağınık, birbirine paralel ve birbirinden kopuk yeni merkezler etrafında gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada uluslararası ilişkileri teorilerini Batı veya herhangi bir başka hegemonik merkezden uzaklaştırarak gerçek manada evrensel kılmanın ancak Batı ile Batı-dışı veya dünyanın geri kalanı arasında bilginin tarihsel hareketliliğini dikkate alarak gerçekleşebileceği savunulmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışmanın temel iddiası, Hint kökenli düşünür ve devlet adamı Kautilya’nın mandala teorisi ile modern realizm arasındaki ilişkinin söz konusu bilgi hareketliliğini ortaya koyma adına önemli bir örnek teşkil ettiğidir. Çalışmada temel kaynak olarak Kautilya’nın Arthaşastra adlı eserinden yararlanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Kautilya’nın eserleri ve düşünceleri, realist teori, Batı-merkezcilik, Batı-dışı teori, Küresel Uluslararası İlişkiler fikri üzerine literatür taraması yapılarak çalışmanın iddiası temellendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada mandala teorisi örneği üzerinden yapılmaya çalışıldığı gibi bilginin tarihsel hareketliliği bağlamında Batılı olmayan düşünce ve deneyimlerin Batı-merkezli teoriler üzerindeki kurucu-dış rolünü ortaya koymak, disiplindeki teorik birikimi daha çoğulcu ve evrensel kılmanın temel yoludur. Bu kapsamdan hareketle birinci bölümde, çalışmaya kavramsal bir temel oluşturan “kurucu dış” kavramı ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, öncelikle Kautilya ve eseri Arthaşastra tanıtılmakta ardından Kautilya’nın mandala teorisinde modern realist teorinin kökleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır. Kautilya’nın günümüz uluslararası ilişkilerindeki yerine dair eleştirel bir değerlendirmenin ve çözüm önerilerinin yer aldığı sonuç bölümü ile çalışma sonlandırılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kurucu Dış, Mandala Teorisi, Kautilya, Realizm, Arthaşastra

Kaynakça

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