Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2171 - 2193, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
  • Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun (6284 sayılı Kanun). (2012). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 28225. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6284.pdf
  • Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul, Punto Yayıncılık.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kadın Birimi (UN Women). (2024). Gender Statistics Database. https://data.unwomen.org/
  • Berktay, F., Özkan Kerestecioğlu, İ., Uçan Çubukçu, S., Terzi, Ö., & Forsman, Z. K. (2004). The Position of Women in Turkey and in the EU: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. KA-DER Press.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, Routledge.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting women’s interests through representative claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000026
  • Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender: In world perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00087.x
  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0622114X
  • Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Gender Statistics. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2024
  • Ertugal, E., & Bağdadi, I. (2023). Gender equality policies in Turkey’s opposition municipalities: factors that impact policy‑making according to gender advocates. South European Society and Politics, 28(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2024.2329445
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023a). Gender equality index 2023: Monitoring progress in Europe. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023b). Gender Statistics Database. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs
  • Ferrant, G., & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality (OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02e538fc-en
  • Fraser, N. (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.979
  • Gül, H., & Acar, M. (2018). Methods of policy analysis: The US and Turkish cases. In C. Bakır & G. Ertan (Eds.), Policy Analysis in Turkey (pp. 51–66). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338963.ch004
  • Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2018). The political representation of women over time. In The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 35–54). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_3
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2024). Women in National Parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=7&year=2024
  • Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “cinsiyet” eşitliği politikaları: Sol‑feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 29(2), 13–54.
  • Krook, M. L. (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide. Oxford University Press.
  • Krook, M. L., & Mackay, F. (2011). Gender, politics and institutions: Towards a feminist institutionalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. Basic Books.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist studies: A guide to intersectional theory, methodology and writing. Routledge.
  • Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
  • Müftüler‑Bac, M., & Fisher Onar, N. (2011). Gender equality in Turkey: The impact of international norms and the EU acquis on public policy. European Parliament Policy Department, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the women and development discourse (Occasional Paper No. 1). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148819/1/863101828.pdf
  • OECD. (2020). Gender Equality: Enhancing Well-being and Economic Empowerment. https://www.oecd.org/gender/
  • OECD. (2023). Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
  • Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the public services: The Anglo-American experience. Blackwell.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). The essential public manager. Open University Press.
  • Sancar, S. (2009). Türkiye’de feminizmin siyasal bilimlere etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 119-132.
  • Showalter, E. (1977). A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Stivers, C. (2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. Sage Publications.
  • TBMM. (2024). Kadın Milletvekili İstatistikleri. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Tekeli, Ş. (2009). Siyaset biliminde yeni bir soluk. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5302
  • TÜİK. (2023a). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Ulusal Eğitim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Hayat Tabloları, 2021–2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024a). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024b). İstatistiklerle kadın, Yayın No: 54076. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). UIS.Stat education database: Tertiary education attainment by sex (2023). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
  • UN Women. (2019). Women in Politics: 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map
  • Verloo, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: A critical frame analysis approach. The Greek Review of Social Research, 117, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9555
  • Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 12(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
  • Yadav, A., & Kumari, R. (2023). Towards gender‑inclusive cities: Prioritizing safety parameters for sustainable urban development through multi‑criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 14(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20230027
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2547 sayılı Kanun). (1981). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 17506. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2024). Yükseköğretim İstatistikleri, 2023–2024. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu. (1965). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 12056. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.657.pdf
  • 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 25134. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4857&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2171 - 2193, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
  • Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun (6284 sayılı Kanun). (2012). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 28225. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6284.pdf
  • Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul, Punto Yayıncılık.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kadın Birimi (UN Women). (2024). Gender Statistics Database. https://data.unwomen.org/
  • Berktay, F., Özkan Kerestecioğlu, İ., Uçan Çubukçu, S., Terzi, Ö., & Forsman, Z. K. (2004). The Position of Women in Turkey and in the EU: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. KA-DER Press.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, Routledge.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting women’s interests through representative claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000026
  • Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender: In world perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00087.x
  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0622114X
  • Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Gender Statistics. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2024
  • Ertugal, E., & Bağdadi, I. (2023). Gender equality policies in Turkey’s opposition municipalities: factors that impact policy‑making according to gender advocates. South European Society and Politics, 28(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2024.2329445
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023a). Gender equality index 2023: Monitoring progress in Europe. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023b). Gender Statistics Database. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs
  • Ferrant, G., & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality (OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02e538fc-en
  • Fraser, N. (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.979
  • Gül, H., & Acar, M. (2018). Methods of policy analysis: The US and Turkish cases. In C. Bakır & G. Ertan (Eds.), Policy Analysis in Turkey (pp. 51–66). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338963.ch004
  • Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2018). The political representation of women over time. In The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 35–54). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_3
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2024). Women in National Parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=7&year=2024
  • Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “cinsiyet” eşitliği politikaları: Sol‑feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 29(2), 13–54.
  • Krook, M. L. (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide. Oxford University Press.
  • Krook, M. L., & Mackay, F. (2011). Gender, politics and institutions: Towards a feminist institutionalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. Basic Books.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist studies: A guide to intersectional theory, methodology and writing. Routledge.
  • Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
  • Müftüler‑Bac, M., & Fisher Onar, N. (2011). Gender equality in Turkey: The impact of international norms and the EU acquis on public policy. European Parliament Policy Department, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the women and development discourse (Occasional Paper No. 1). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148819/1/863101828.pdf
  • OECD. (2020). Gender Equality: Enhancing Well-being and Economic Empowerment. https://www.oecd.org/gender/
  • OECD. (2023). Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
  • Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the public services: The Anglo-American experience. Blackwell.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). The essential public manager. Open University Press.
  • Sancar, S. (2009). Türkiye’de feminizmin siyasal bilimlere etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 119-132.
  • Showalter, E. (1977). A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Stivers, C. (2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. Sage Publications.
  • TBMM. (2024). Kadın Milletvekili İstatistikleri. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Tekeli, Ş. (2009). Siyaset biliminde yeni bir soluk. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5302
  • TÜİK. (2023a). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Ulusal Eğitim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Hayat Tabloları, 2021–2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024a). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024b). İstatistiklerle kadın, Yayın No: 54076. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). UIS.Stat education database: Tertiary education attainment by sex (2023). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
  • UN Women. (2019). Women in Politics: 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map
  • Verloo, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: A critical frame analysis approach. The Greek Review of Social Research, 117, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9555
  • Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 12(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
  • Yadav, A., & Kumari, R. (2023). Towards gender‑inclusive cities: Prioritizing safety parameters for sustainable urban development through multi‑criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 14(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20230027
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2547 sayılı Kanun). (1981). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 17506. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2024). Yükseköğretim İstatistikleri, 2023–2024. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu. (1965). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 12056. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.657.pdf
  • 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 25134. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4857&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2171 - 2193, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
  • Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun (6284 sayılı Kanun). (2012). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 28225. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6284.pdf
  • Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul, Punto Yayıncılık.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kadın Birimi (UN Women). (2024). Gender Statistics Database. https://data.unwomen.org/
  • Berktay, F., Özkan Kerestecioğlu, İ., Uçan Çubukçu, S., Terzi, Ö., & Forsman, Z. K. (2004). The Position of Women in Turkey and in the EU: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. KA-DER Press.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, Routledge.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting women’s interests through representative claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000026
  • Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender: In world perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00087.x
  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0622114X
  • Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Gender Statistics. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2024
  • Ertugal, E., & Bağdadi, I. (2023). Gender equality policies in Turkey’s opposition municipalities: factors that impact policy‑making according to gender advocates. South European Society and Politics, 28(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2024.2329445
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023a). Gender equality index 2023: Monitoring progress in Europe. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023b). Gender Statistics Database. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs
  • Ferrant, G., & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality (OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02e538fc-en
  • Fraser, N. (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.979
  • Gül, H., & Acar, M. (2018). Methods of policy analysis: The US and Turkish cases. In C. Bakır & G. Ertan (Eds.), Policy Analysis in Turkey (pp. 51–66). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338963.ch004
  • Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2018). The political representation of women over time. In The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 35–54). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_3
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2024). Women in National Parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=7&year=2024
  • Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “cinsiyet” eşitliği politikaları: Sol‑feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 29(2), 13–54.
  • Krook, M. L. (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide. Oxford University Press.
  • Krook, M. L., & Mackay, F. (2011). Gender, politics and institutions: Towards a feminist institutionalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. Basic Books.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist studies: A guide to intersectional theory, methodology and writing. Routledge.
  • Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
  • Müftüler‑Bac, M., & Fisher Onar, N. (2011). Gender equality in Turkey: The impact of international norms and the EU acquis on public policy. European Parliament Policy Department, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the women and development discourse (Occasional Paper No. 1). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148819/1/863101828.pdf
  • OECD. (2020). Gender Equality: Enhancing Well-being and Economic Empowerment. https://www.oecd.org/gender/
  • OECD. (2023). Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
  • Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the public services: The Anglo-American experience. Blackwell.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). The essential public manager. Open University Press.
  • Sancar, S. (2009). Türkiye’de feminizmin siyasal bilimlere etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 119-132.
  • Showalter, E. (1977). A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Stivers, C. (2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. Sage Publications.
  • TBMM. (2024). Kadın Milletvekili İstatistikleri. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Tekeli, Ş. (2009). Siyaset biliminde yeni bir soluk. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5302
  • TÜİK. (2023a). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Ulusal Eğitim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Hayat Tabloları, 2021–2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024a). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024b). İstatistiklerle kadın, Yayın No: 54076. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). UIS.Stat education database: Tertiary education attainment by sex (2023). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
  • UN Women. (2019). Women in Politics: 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map
  • Verloo, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: A critical frame analysis approach. The Greek Review of Social Research, 117, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9555
  • Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 12(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
  • Yadav, A., & Kumari, R. (2023). Towards gender‑inclusive cities: Prioritizing safety parameters for sustainable urban development through multi‑criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 14(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20230027
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2547 sayılı Kanun). (1981). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 17506. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2024). Yükseköğretim İstatistikleri, 2023–2024. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu. (1965). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 12056. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.657.pdf
  • 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 25134. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4857&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5

Gender-Based Language and Institutional Power: A Feminist Analysis of Representation in Turkish Public Administration

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2171 - 2193, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135

Öz

Despite decades of reform and modernization, the visibility of women in Turkish public administration remains a critical issue, pointing to a deeper structural and symbolic imbalance within state institutions. This study examines the persistent underrepresentation of women in decision-making roles in Turkey, where, as of 2024, women account for less than 20% of parliamentarians and only 26% of ambassadors. In contrast, some European countries report over 45% female representation in their parliaments. In Turkey, women often lack “a seat at the table,” or when they do have one, it is frequently symbolic rather than substantive. This research offers a multidimensional analysis of gender inequality within Turkish public administration, aiming to bridge empirical evidence with theoretical insight. It traces the persistence of patriarchal discourse from mythological narratives to modern bureaucratic institutions, analyzing the gendered nature of institutional structures, symbolic norms, and official language. By combining feminist theoretical approaches with document-based discourse analysis, the study interrogates how institutions reflect and reproduce masculine dominance. Empirical data are drawn from national and international sources to explore patterns of gender representation in politics, academia, and diplomacy. These are used to explore patterns of gender representation in politics, academia, and diplomacy. The study reveals how masculine-coded institutional culture and symbolic power reinforce gendered hierarchies, limiting the effectiveness of policy reforms. It argues that increasing the number of women in public roles is not sufficient unless accompanied by a deeper transformation in institutional discourse and culture. By making visible the layered barriers that constrain women’s full participation, this study contributes to ongoing debates on gender, representation, and democratic governance in the Global South.

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
  • Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun (6284 sayılı Kanun). (2012). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 28225. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6284.pdf
  • Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul, Punto Yayıncılık.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kadın Birimi (UN Women). (2024). Gender Statistics Database. https://data.unwomen.org/
  • Berktay, F., Özkan Kerestecioğlu, İ., Uçan Çubukçu, S., Terzi, Ö., & Forsman, Z. K. (2004). The Position of Women in Turkey and in the EU: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. KA-DER Press.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, Routledge.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting women’s interests through representative claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000026
  • Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender: In world perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00087.x
  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0622114X
  • Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Gender Statistics. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2024
  • Ertugal, E., & Bağdadi, I. (2023). Gender equality policies in Turkey’s opposition municipalities: factors that impact policy‑making according to gender advocates. South European Society and Politics, 28(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2024.2329445
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023a). Gender equality index 2023: Monitoring progress in Europe. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023b). Gender Statistics Database. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs
  • Ferrant, G., & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality (OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02e538fc-en
  • Fraser, N. (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.979
  • Gül, H., & Acar, M. (2018). Methods of policy analysis: The US and Turkish cases. In C. Bakır & G. Ertan (Eds.), Policy Analysis in Turkey (pp. 51–66). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338963.ch004
  • Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2018). The political representation of women over time. In The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 35–54). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_3
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2024). Women in National Parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=7&year=2024
  • Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “cinsiyet” eşitliği politikaları: Sol‑feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 29(2), 13–54.
  • Krook, M. L. (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide. Oxford University Press.
  • Krook, M. L., & Mackay, F. (2011). Gender, politics and institutions: Towards a feminist institutionalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. Basic Books.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist studies: A guide to intersectional theory, methodology and writing. Routledge.
  • Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
  • Müftüler‑Bac, M., & Fisher Onar, N. (2011). Gender equality in Turkey: The impact of international norms and the EU acquis on public policy. European Parliament Policy Department, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the women and development discourse (Occasional Paper No. 1). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148819/1/863101828.pdf
  • OECD. (2020). Gender Equality: Enhancing Well-being and Economic Empowerment. https://www.oecd.org/gender/
  • OECD. (2023). Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
  • Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the public services: The Anglo-American experience. Blackwell.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). The essential public manager. Open University Press.
  • Sancar, S. (2009). Türkiye’de feminizmin siyasal bilimlere etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 119-132.
  • Showalter, E. (1977). A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Stivers, C. (2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. Sage Publications.
  • TBMM. (2024). Kadın Milletvekili İstatistikleri. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Tekeli, Ş. (2009). Siyaset biliminde yeni bir soluk. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5302
  • TÜİK. (2023a). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Ulusal Eğitim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Hayat Tabloları, 2021–2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024a). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024b). İstatistiklerle kadın, Yayın No: 54076. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). UIS.Stat education database: Tertiary education attainment by sex (2023). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
  • UN Women. (2019). Women in Politics: 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map
  • Verloo, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: A critical frame analysis approach. The Greek Review of Social Research, 117, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9555
  • Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 12(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
  • Yadav, A., & Kumari, R. (2023). Towards gender‑inclusive cities: Prioritizing safety parameters for sustainable urban development through multi‑criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 14(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20230027
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2547 sayılı Kanun). (1981). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 17506. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2024). Yükseköğretim İstatistikleri, 2023–2024. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu. (1965). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 12056. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.657.pdf
  • 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 25134. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4857&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ekseninde Dil ve Kurumsal İktidar: Türkiye’de Kamu Yönetiminde Temsile Feminist Bir Bakış

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2171 - 2193, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135

Öz

Son yıllarda artan reform ve modernleşme çabalarına rağmen, Türkiye’de kamu yönetiminde kadınların görünürlüğü sınırlı kalmaktadır. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini desteklemeye yönelik çeşitli yasal düzenlemeler, stratejik belgeler ve kurumsal girişimler hayata geçirilmiş olsa da kadınların karar alma süreçlerinde ve üst düzey pozisyonlarda etkin biçimde yer almaları halen sınırlıdır. 2024 yılı itibarıyla kadınlar, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde %20’den az, büyükelçilik görevlerinde ise yalnızca %26 oranında temsil edilmektedir. Buna karşılık, bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde bu oran %45’in üzerindedir. Türkiye’de kadınlar ya karar alma mekanizmalarında hiç yer bulamamakta ya da bu temsil çoğu zaman sembolik düzeyde kalmaktadır. Bu durum, eşit temsil ilkesinin kurumsal düzeyde içselleştirilemediğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de kamu yönetiminde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğini tarihsel, yapısal ve söylemsel yönleriyle incelemektedir. Feminist kuramsal yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde kurgulanan araştırma, belge temelli söylem analizi ile ulusal ölçekteki ampirik verileri bir araya getirerek çok boyutlu bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Mitolojik anlatılardan günümüz kamu kurumlarına kadar uzanan ataerkil kalıpların sürekliliği izlenmekte; kurumsal yapılar, sembolik normlar ve bürokratik söylemin toplumsal cinsiyetle ilişkisi analiz edilmektedir. Araştırmada ulusal kurumların resmi verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu veriler aracılığıyla siyaset, yükseköğretim ve diplomasi gibi farklı kamu alanlarında kadın temsiline ilişkin örüntüler ortaya konulmuştur. Bulgular, yalnızca sayısal temsiliyetin artırılmasının yeterli olmadığını, aynı zamanda kurumsal söylemin ve yapısal çerçevelerin dönüşümünün gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, toplumsal cinsiyet, yönetişim ve temsil konularında Türkiye bulgularını benzer yapısal dinamiklere sahip ülkelerdeki tartışmalarla ilişkilendirerek literatüre katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, kamu yönetimi alanında toplumsal cinsiyet odaklı bakış açısının kurumsal politika üretiminde nasıl daha etkin hale getirilebileceğine yönelik çıkarımlarda bulunmakta; bu yönüyle hem kuramsal hem de uygulamalı düzeyde literatüre yeni bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002
  • Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun (6284 sayılı Kanun). (2012). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 28225. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6284.pdf
  • Altınay, A. G., & Arat, Y. (2008). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Şiddet. İstanbul, Punto Yayıncılık.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Kadın Birimi (UN Women). (2024). Gender Statistics Database. https://data.unwomen.org/
  • Berktay, F., Özkan Kerestecioğlu, İ., Uçan Çubukçu, S., Terzi, Ö., & Forsman, Z. K. (2004). The Position of Women in Turkey and in the EU: Achievements, Problems, Prospects. KA-DER Press.
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, Routledge.
  • Celis, K., Childs, S., Kantola, J., & Krook, M. L. (2014). Constituting women’s interests through representative claims. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000026
  • Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender: In world perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00087.x
  • Dahlerup, D. (2006). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X0622114X
  • Detienne, M., & Vernant, J.-P. (1989). The cuisine of sacrifice among the Greeks (P. Wissing, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Gender Statistics. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu. (2024). Global Gender Gap Report 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2024
  • Ertugal, E., & Bağdadi, I. (2023). Gender equality policies in Turkey’s opposition municipalities: factors that impact policy‑making according to gender advocates. South European Society and Politics, 28(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2024.2329445
  • European Commission. (2020). A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0152
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023a). Gender equality index 2023: Monitoring progress in Europe. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2023
  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023b). Gender Statistics Database. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs
  • Ferrant, G., & Thim, A. (2019). Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Time use data and gender inequality (OECD Development Policy Papers, No. 16). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02e538fc-en
  • Fraser, N. (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.979
  • Gül, H., & Acar, M. (2018). Methods of policy analysis: The US and Turkish cases. In C. Bakır & G. Ertan (Eds.), Policy Analysis in Turkey (pp. 51–66). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781447338963.ch004
  • Hughes, M. M., & Paxton, P. (2018). The political representation of women over time. In The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (pp. 35–54). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59074-9_3
  • Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). (2024). Women in National Parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=7&year=2024
  • Koray, M. (2011). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de “cinsiyet” eşitliği politikaları: Sol‑feminist bir eleştiri. Çalışma ve Toplum, 29(2), 13–54.
  • Krook, M. L. (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection reform worldwide. Oxford University Press.
  • Krook, M. L., & Mackay, F. (2011). Gender, politics and institutions: Towards a feminist institutionalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism became an excuse to teach myth as history. Basic Books.
  • Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Lovenduski, J. (2005). Feminizing politics. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist studies: A guide to intersectional theory, methodology and writing. Routledge.
  • Mackay, F., Kenny, M., & Chappell, L. (2010). New institutionalism through a gender lens: Towards a feminist institutionalism. International Political Science Review, 31(5), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110388788
  • MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Toward a feminist theory of the state. Harvard University Press.
  • Müftüler‑Bac, M., & Fisher Onar, N. (2011). Gender equality in Turkey: The impact of international norms and the EU acquis on public policy. European Parliament Policy Department, Directorate-General for Internal Policies. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462428/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2012)462428_EN.pdf
  • Razavi, S., & Miller, C. (1995). From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the women and development discourse (Occasional Paper No. 1). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/148819/1/863101828.pdf
  • OECD. (2020). Gender Equality: Enhancing Well-being and Economic Empowerment. https://www.oecd.org/gender/
  • OECD. (2023). Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/
  • Pollitt, C. (1993). Managerialism and the public services: The Anglo-American experience. Blackwell.
  • Pollitt, C. (2003). The essential public manager. Open University Press.
  • Sancar, S. (2009). Türkiye’de feminizmin siyasal bilimlere etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, (40), 119-132.
  • Showalter, E. (1977). A literature of their own: British women novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Stivers, C. (2002). Gender images in public administration: Legitimacy and the administrative state. Sage Publications.
  • TBMM. (2024). Kadın Milletvekili İstatistikleri. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019–2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
  • Tekeli, Ş. (2009). Siyaset biliminde yeni bir soluk. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(40), 1–10. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5302
  • TÜİK. (2023a). Araştırma-Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023b). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023c). Ulusal Eğitim İstatistikleri Veri Tabanı. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2023d). Hayat Tabloları, 2021–2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024a). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • TÜİK. (2024b). İstatistiklerle kadın, Yayın No: 54076. https://data.tuik.gov.tr
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). UIS.Stat education database: Tertiary education attainment by sex (2023). UNESCO Institute for Statistics. https://data.uis.unesco.org/
  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
  • UN Women. (2019). Women in Politics: 2019. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/women-in-politics-2019-map
  • Verloo, M. (2016). Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe: A critical frame analysis approach. The Greek Review of Social Research, 117, 11–34. https://doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9555
  • Walby, S. (2005). Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 12(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxi018
  • Yadav, A., & Kumari, R. (2023). Towards gender‑inclusive cities: Prioritizing safety parameters for sustainable urban development through multi‑criteria decision analysis. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 14(3), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20230027
  • Yükseköğretim Kanunu (2547 sayılı Kanun). (1981). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 17506. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2547.pdf
  • Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2024). Yükseköğretim İstatistikleri, 2023–2024. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr
  • 657 sayılı Devlet Memurları Kanunu. (1965). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 12056. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.657.pdf
  • 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu. (2003). Resmî Gazete, Sayı 25134. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=4857&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Cinsiyet, Politika ve Yönetim, Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Siyaset
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gül Kalyoncu 0000-0002-0064-3669

Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalyoncu, G. (2025). Gender-Based Language and Institutional Power: A Feminist Analysis of Representation in Turkish Public Administration. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(5), 2171-2193. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1723135
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. 

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