Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2411 - 2431, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124

Öz

Proje Numarası

101176698

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582027
  • Almada, Mariana & Radu, Andrei. (2024). The Brussels side-effect: How the AI Act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.83
  • Askland, Andrew. (2011). Introduction: Why law and ethics need to keep pace with emerging technologies. In G. E. Marchant, B. Allen & J. R. Abbott (Eds.), Innovative governance models for emerging technologies (ss. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-5_1
  • Bradford, Anu. (2020). The Brussels effect. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001
  • Butcher, Jennifer & Berditchevskaia, Aleksandrina. (2023). The EU AI Act: From principles to practice. Ada Lovelace Institute. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/eu-ai-act-principles-to-practice/
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Csernatoni, Raluca). (2024). Charting the geopolitics and European governance of artificial intelligence. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2024/01/25/charting-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence-pub-91873
  • Ciuriak, Dan. (2023). AI and geostrategic governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378419
  • Duchêne, François. (1972). Europe’s role in world peace. In R. Mayne (Ed.), Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead (ss. 32–47). Fontana.
  • Ebers, Martin. (2024). Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4870387
  • Edler, Jakob & Blind, Knut. (2023). Standardisation in support of trustworthy AI: Challenges and policy directions. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de
  • European Commission. (2018a). Communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe (COM(2018) 237 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0237
  • European Commission. (2018b). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence (COM(2018) 795 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence
  • European Commission. (2020). White paper on artificial intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065
  • European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review (COM(2021) 205 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
  • European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
  • European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive) (COM(2022) 496 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2025). AI Act implementation timeline (PE 772.906).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2025/772906/EPRS_ATA(2025)772906_EN.pdf
  • Feldstein, Steven. (2023). Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence global norms? Democratization, 31(5), 1049–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2196068
  • Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2021). The European approach to AI: A path towards global normative leadership. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00460-9
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2011). Normative Power Europe, once again. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02194.x
  • Gill, Alexandra S. & Germann, Sylvain. (2021). Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance. AI & Ethics, 1, 9–17.
  • Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities. International Organization, 46(1), 1–36.
  • High-Level Expert Group on AI. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Jenichen, Anne. (2020). The politics of normative power Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(6), 1558–1574.
  • Karathanasis, Theodoros. (2024). Defining AI systems in the EU and beyond. Computer Law Review International, 25(4), 104–114.
  • Madiega, Tambiama. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive briefing (PE 739.342).
  • Manners, Ian. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Noureddine, Rim. (2016). Normative Power Europe and human rights. ANZJES, 8(2), 32–47.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power. Public Affairs.
  • Radu, Roxana. (2021). Governing artificial intelligence through the EU’s digital diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 623–638.
  • Renda, Andrea. (2022). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Between innovation and regulation. CEPS.
  • Roberts, Huw; Hine, Emmie; Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano. (2024). Global AI governance. International Affairs, 100(3), 1275–1286.
  • Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. WEF.
  • Sjursen, Helene. (2006). The EU as a normative power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Sousa e Silva, Nuno. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical overview. JIPITEC, 16(1), 2–23.
  • Stix, Charlotte. (2021). Actionable principles for AI policy. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110.
  • Veale, Michael & Borgesius, Frederik Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
  • Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent & Floridi, Luciano. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 10556

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2411 - 2431, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124

Öz

Proje Numarası

101176698

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582027
  • Almada, Mariana & Radu, Andrei. (2024). The Brussels side-effect: How the AI Act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.83
  • Askland, Andrew. (2011). Introduction: Why law and ethics need to keep pace with emerging technologies. In G. E. Marchant, B. Allen & J. R. Abbott (Eds.), Innovative governance models for emerging technologies (ss. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-5_1
  • Bradford, Anu. (2020). The Brussels effect. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001
  • Butcher, Jennifer & Berditchevskaia, Aleksandrina. (2023). The EU AI Act: From principles to practice. Ada Lovelace Institute. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/eu-ai-act-principles-to-practice/
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Csernatoni, Raluca). (2024). Charting the geopolitics and European governance of artificial intelligence. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2024/01/25/charting-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence-pub-91873
  • Ciuriak, Dan. (2023). AI and geostrategic governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378419
  • Duchêne, François. (1972). Europe’s role in world peace. In R. Mayne (Ed.), Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead (ss. 32–47). Fontana.
  • Ebers, Martin. (2024). Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4870387
  • Edler, Jakob & Blind, Knut. (2023). Standardisation in support of trustworthy AI: Challenges and policy directions. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de
  • European Commission. (2018a). Communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe (COM(2018) 237 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0237
  • European Commission. (2018b). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence (COM(2018) 795 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence
  • European Commission. (2020). White paper on artificial intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065
  • European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review (COM(2021) 205 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
  • European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
  • European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive) (COM(2022) 496 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2025). AI Act implementation timeline (PE 772.906).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2025/772906/EPRS_ATA(2025)772906_EN.pdf
  • Feldstein, Steven. (2023). Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence global norms? Democratization, 31(5), 1049–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2196068
  • Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2021). The European approach to AI: A path towards global normative leadership. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00460-9
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2011). Normative Power Europe, once again. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02194.x
  • Gill, Alexandra S. & Germann, Sylvain. (2021). Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance. AI & Ethics, 1, 9–17.
  • Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities. International Organization, 46(1), 1–36.
  • High-Level Expert Group on AI. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Jenichen, Anne. (2020). The politics of normative power Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(6), 1558–1574.
  • Karathanasis, Theodoros. (2024). Defining AI systems in the EU and beyond. Computer Law Review International, 25(4), 104–114.
  • Madiega, Tambiama. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive briefing (PE 739.342).
  • Manners, Ian. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Noureddine, Rim. (2016). Normative Power Europe and human rights. ANZJES, 8(2), 32–47.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power. Public Affairs.
  • Radu, Roxana. (2021). Governing artificial intelligence through the EU’s digital diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 623–638.
  • Renda, Andrea. (2022). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Between innovation and regulation. CEPS.
  • Roberts, Huw; Hine, Emmie; Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano. (2024). Global AI governance. International Affairs, 100(3), 1275–1286.
  • Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. WEF.
  • Sjursen, Helene. (2006). The EU as a normative power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Sousa e Silva, Nuno. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical overview. JIPITEC, 16(1), 2–23.
  • Stix, Charlotte. (2021). Actionable principles for AI policy. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110.
  • Veale, Michael & Borgesius, Frederik Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
  • Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent & Floridi, Luciano. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 10556

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2411 - 2431, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124

Öz

Proje Numarası

101176698

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582027
  • Almada, Mariana & Radu, Andrei. (2024). The Brussels side-effect: How the AI Act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.83
  • Askland, Andrew. (2011). Introduction: Why law and ethics need to keep pace with emerging technologies. In G. E. Marchant, B. Allen & J. R. Abbott (Eds.), Innovative governance models for emerging technologies (ss. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-5_1
  • Bradford, Anu. (2020). The Brussels effect. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001
  • Butcher, Jennifer & Berditchevskaia, Aleksandrina. (2023). The EU AI Act: From principles to practice. Ada Lovelace Institute. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/eu-ai-act-principles-to-practice/
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Csernatoni, Raluca). (2024). Charting the geopolitics and European governance of artificial intelligence. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2024/01/25/charting-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence-pub-91873
  • Ciuriak, Dan. (2023). AI and geostrategic governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378419
  • Duchêne, François. (1972). Europe’s role in world peace. In R. Mayne (Ed.), Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead (ss. 32–47). Fontana.
  • Ebers, Martin. (2024). Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4870387
  • Edler, Jakob & Blind, Knut. (2023). Standardisation in support of trustworthy AI: Challenges and policy directions. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de
  • European Commission. (2018a). Communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe (COM(2018) 237 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0237
  • European Commission. (2018b). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence (COM(2018) 795 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence
  • European Commission. (2020). White paper on artificial intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065
  • European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review (COM(2021) 205 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
  • European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
  • European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive) (COM(2022) 496 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2025). AI Act implementation timeline (PE 772.906).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2025/772906/EPRS_ATA(2025)772906_EN.pdf
  • Feldstein, Steven. (2023). Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence global norms? Democratization, 31(5), 1049–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2196068
  • Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2021). The European approach to AI: A path towards global normative leadership. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00460-9
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2011). Normative Power Europe, once again. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02194.x
  • Gill, Alexandra S. & Germann, Sylvain. (2021). Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance. AI & Ethics, 1, 9–17.
  • Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities. International Organization, 46(1), 1–36.
  • High-Level Expert Group on AI. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Jenichen, Anne. (2020). The politics of normative power Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(6), 1558–1574.
  • Karathanasis, Theodoros. (2024). Defining AI systems in the EU and beyond. Computer Law Review International, 25(4), 104–114.
  • Madiega, Tambiama. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive briefing (PE 739.342).
  • Manners, Ian. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Noureddine, Rim. (2016). Normative Power Europe and human rights. ANZJES, 8(2), 32–47.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power. Public Affairs.
  • Radu, Roxana. (2021). Governing artificial intelligence through the EU’s digital diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 623–638.
  • Renda, Andrea. (2022). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Between innovation and regulation. CEPS.
  • Roberts, Huw; Hine, Emmie; Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano. (2024). Global AI governance. International Affairs, 100(3), 1275–1286.
  • Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. WEF.
  • Sjursen, Helene. (2006). The EU as a normative power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Sousa e Silva, Nuno. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical overview. JIPITEC, 16(1), 2–23.
  • Stix, Charlotte. (2021). Actionable principles for AI policy. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110.
  • Veale, Michael & Borgesius, Frederik Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
  • Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent & Floridi, Luciano. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 10556

Avrupa Birliği’nin Yapay Zekâ Yönetiminde Normatif Aktörlüğünün Evrimi ve Sınırlılıkları

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2411 - 2431, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124

Öz

Yapay zekâ yalnızca belirli bir sektörü değil, bütün ekonomik ve toplumsal yapıları dönüştürme potansiyeline sahip genel amaçlı bir teknoloji biçimidir. Bir başka ifadeyle, yapay zekâ, üretim biçimlerinden iş gücü piyasalarına, kamu yönetiminden veri güvenliğine kadar çok geniş bir alanda önemli değişikliler yaratma potansiyeline sahiptir. İşte bu nedenle yapay zekâ teknolojilerindeki gelişim sıklıkla Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi olarak adlandırılmakta ve elektrik ve buhar gücü gibi devrimsel teknolojilerle kıyaslanmaktadır. Ancak diğer bir taraftan yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması çok önemli etik, hukuki ve sosyolojik tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Yapay zekâ teknolojisinin geliştirilmesi, kullanımı ve yaygınlaştırılması sosyolojik, siyasi ve ekonomik sonuçları itibariyle insanlar ve toplumlar üzerinde önemli sonuçlar doğurma potansiyelini de taşımaktadır. İşte bu bağlamda, mevcut çalışmanın temel amacı, Avrupa Birliği’nin yapay zekâ politikalarının düzenlenmesinde normatif aktörlüğünün gelişimi ve bu aktörlülüğün karşılaştığı sınırlılıkları analiz etmektir. Çalışma ilk olarak AB’nin yapay zekâ yönetişiminde, hem AB, hem de küresel düzeyde, etik ve normatif kuralları nasıl ve ne ölçüde belirleyebilmektedir sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır. İkinci olarak, AB’nin yapay zekâ yönetişiminde normatif rolünü kısıtlayan temel faktörleri analiz edecektir. Kuramsal olarak çalışma Manners (2002) tarafından geliştirilen Normatif Güç Avrupa kavramsal çerçevesini, Finnemore ve Sikkink (1998) tarafından geliştirilen norm yayılma teorisi ile birleştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışma özellikle normların yayılma sürecini açıklayan üç aşamaya odaklanacaktır. Söz konusu aşamalar yapay zekâ yönetişim normlarının ortaya çıkışı, normun yayılması ve normun içselleştirilmesi aşamalarıdır. Bu üçlü çerçeve çalışmanın temel eksenini oluşturacak ve AB’ hem iç, hem de dış bağlamda normatif etkisinin zaman içindeki evrimini değerlendirmek için önemli bir çerçeve sunacaktır. Çalışma Avrupa Birliği’nin ulus-üstü kurumsal yapısını kullanarak yapay zekâ yönetişiminde güçlü bir norm girişimcisi olarak öne çıktığı sonucuna ulaşacaktır. Şeffaflık, hesap verebilirlik ve insan merkezlilik gibi etik normların hukuken bağlayıcı düzenlemelere dönüştürülmesi, AB’nin küresel ölçekte normatif etkisini pekiştirmektedir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmanın bulguları AB’nin normatif aktörlüğünün etkinliğinin hem içsel yapısal sınırlılıklar hem de uluslararası politik rekabet nedeniyle önemli ölçüde sınırlandığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu makale "Revitalization of European Integration: Policies and Actorness under the Process of de-Europeanization" adlı Avrupa Birliği tarafından fonlanan Jean Monnet ModuLü projesi kapsamında tamamlanmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Avrupa Birliği

Proje Numarası

101176698

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582027
  • Almada, Mariana & Radu, Andrei. (2024). The Brussels side-effect: How the AI Act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.83
  • Askland, Andrew. (2011). Introduction: Why law and ethics need to keep pace with emerging technologies. In G. E. Marchant, B. Allen & J. R. Abbott (Eds.), Innovative governance models for emerging technologies (ss. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-5_1
  • Bradford, Anu. (2020). The Brussels effect. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001
  • Butcher, Jennifer & Berditchevskaia, Aleksandrina. (2023). The EU AI Act: From principles to practice. Ada Lovelace Institute. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/eu-ai-act-principles-to-practice/
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Csernatoni, Raluca). (2024). Charting the geopolitics and European governance of artificial intelligence. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2024/01/25/charting-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence-pub-91873
  • Ciuriak, Dan. (2023). AI and geostrategic governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378419
  • Duchêne, François. (1972). Europe’s role in world peace. In R. Mayne (Ed.), Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead (ss. 32–47). Fontana.
  • Ebers, Martin. (2024). Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4870387
  • Edler, Jakob & Blind, Knut. (2023). Standardisation in support of trustworthy AI: Challenges and policy directions. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de
  • European Commission. (2018a). Communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe (COM(2018) 237 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0237
  • European Commission. (2018b). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence (COM(2018) 795 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence
  • European Commission. (2020). White paper on artificial intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065
  • European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review (COM(2021) 205 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
  • European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
  • European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive) (COM(2022) 496 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2025). AI Act implementation timeline (PE 772.906).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2025/772906/EPRS_ATA(2025)772906_EN.pdf
  • Feldstein, Steven. (2023). Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence global norms? Democratization, 31(5), 1049–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2196068
  • Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2021). The European approach to AI: A path towards global normative leadership. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00460-9
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2011). Normative Power Europe, once again. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02194.x
  • Gill, Alexandra S. & Germann, Sylvain. (2021). Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance. AI & Ethics, 1, 9–17.
  • Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities. International Organization, 46(1), 1–36.
  • High-Level Expert Group on AI. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Jenichen, Anne. (2020). The politics of normative power Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(6), 1558–1574.
  • Karathanasis, Theodoros. (2024). Defining AI systems in the EU and beyond. Computer Law Review International, 25(4), 104–114.
  • Madiega, Tambiama. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive briefing (PE 739.342).
  • Manners, Ian. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Noureddine, Rim. (2016). Normative Power Europe and human rights. ANZJES, 8(2), 32–47.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power. Public Affairs.
  • Radu, Roxana. (2021). Governing artificial intelligence through the EU’s digital diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 623–638.
  • Renda, Andrea. (2022). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Between innovation and regulation. CEPS.
  • Roberts, Huw; Hine, Emmie; Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano. (2024). Global AI governance. International Affairs, 100(3), 1275–1286.
  • Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. WEF.
  • Sjursen, Helene. (2006). The EU as a normative power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Sousa e Silva, Nuno. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical overview. JIPITEC, 16(1), 2–23.
  • Stix, Charlotte. (2021). Actionable principles for AI policy. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110.
  • Veale, Michael & Borgesius, Frederik Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
  • Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent & Floridi, Luciano. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 10556

The Evolution and Challenges of the European Union’s Normative Actorness in Artificial Intelligence Governance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2411 - 2431, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124

Öz

AI is considered as a general purpose technology with the potential to transform not just a single sector, but entire economic and social structures. In the meantime, however, AI technology generates important challenges and debates with respect to its social, legal, and ethical consequences. As such, the development and deployment of AI presents an important dichotomy, generating both constraints and benefits, requiring a proactive and multi-dimensional approach to its governance. On this basis, the objective of the study is to find out whether the normative dimensions of the AI policies of the EU really display “normative leadership.” The study aims to understand to what extent the EU established and consolidated global norms for AI regulation, and the challenges that constrain the EU’s normative role in AI governance. Theoretically, the study combines conceptual framework of Normative Power Europe developed by Manners (2002) with norm diffusion theory and its stages of norm development, namely norm emergence, norm cascade and norm internalization (Finnemore and Sikkink 1998, s: 896)Methodologically, the paper examines the evolution of significant AI governance initiatives by referencing various primary sources, including essential AI documents, alongside secondary sources that depict the relevant historical context. This approach helps trace how EU norms have emerged, how they are consolidated and how they are being adopted by others. Through multi-dimensional analysis, the objective of this paper is to understand better both the potential and the limits of the EU’s role as a global leader in AI governance. This study finds that the European Union, through its supranational institutional framework, positions itself as a prominent norm entrepreneur in AI governance. By translating ethical principles such as transparency, accountability, and human-centeredness into legally binding regulations, the EU strengthens its normative influence on the global stage. Nevertheless, the analysis demonstrates that the Union’s normative actorness remains significantly constrained by internal structural challenges and the pressures of international political competition.

Proje Numarası

101176698

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. (2004). How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? International Organization, 58(2), 239–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582027
  • Almada, Mariana & Radu, Andrei. (2024). The Brussels side-effect: How the AI Act can reduce the global reach of EU policy. German Law Journal, 25(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.83
  • Askland, Andrew. (2011). Introduction: Why law and ethics need to keep pace with emerging technologies. In G. E. Marchant, B. Allen & J. R. Abbott (Eds.), Innovative governance models for emerging technologies (ss. 1–12). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1356-5_1
  • Bradford, Anu. (2020). The Brussels effect. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001
  • Butcher, Jennifer & Berditchevskaia, Aleksandrina. (2023). The EU AI Act: From principles to practice. Ada Lovelace Institute. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/eu-ai-act-principles-to-practice/
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Csernatoni, Raluca). (2024). Charting the geopolitics and European governance of artificial intelligence. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2024/01/25/charting-geopolitics-and-european-governance-of-artificial-intelligence-pub-91873
  • Ciuriak, Dan. (2023). AI and geostrategic governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378419
  • Duchêne, François. (1972). Europe’s role in world peace. In R. Mayne (Ed.), Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead (ss. 32–47). Fontana.
  • Ebers, Martin. (2024). Truly risk-based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4870387
  • Edler, Jakob & Blind, Knut. (2023). Standardisation in support of trustworthy AI: Challenges and policy directions. Fraunhofer ISI. https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de
  • European Commission. (2018a). Communication on Artificial Intelligence for Europe (COM(2018) 237 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0237
  • European Commission. (2018b). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence (COM(2018) 795 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence
  • European Commission. (2020). White paper on artificial intelligence: A European approach to excellence and trust (COM(2020) 65 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0065
  • European Commission. (2021a). Coordinated plan on artificial intelligence 2021 review (COM(2021) 205 final). https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/coordinated-plan-artificial-intelligence-2021-review
  • European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206
  • European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a directive on adapting non-contractual civil liability rules to artificial intelligence (AI Liability Directive) (COM(2022) 496 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022PC0496
  • European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (AI Act). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj
  • European Parliamentary Research Service. (2025). AI Act implementation timeline (PE 772.906).https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2025/772906/EPRS_ATA(2025)772906_EN.pdf
  • Feldstein, Steven. (2023). Evaluating Europe’s push to enact AI regulations: how will this influence global norms? Democratization, 31(5), 1049–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2023.2196068
  • Finnemore, Martha & Sikkink, Kathryn. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y
  • Floridi, Luciano. (2021). The European approach to AI: A path towards global normative leadership. Philosophy & Technology, 34(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00460-9
  • Forsberg, Tuomas. (2011). Normative Power Europe, once again. Journal of Common Market Studies, 49(6), 1183–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2011.02194.x
  • Gill, Alexandra S. & Germann, Sylvain. (2021). Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance. AI & Ethics, 1, 9–17.
  • Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities. International Organization, 46(1), 1–36.
  • High-Level Expert Group on AI. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai
  • Hyde-Price, Adrian. (2006). ‘Normative’ power Europe: A realist critique. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 217–234.
  • Jenichen, Anne. (2020). The politics of normative power Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(6), 1558–1574.
  • Karathanasis, Theodoros. (2024). Defining AI systems in the EU and beyond. Computer Law Review International, 25(4), 104–114.
  • Madiega, Tambiama. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive briefing (PE 739.342).
  • Manners, Ian. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258.
  • Noureddine, Rim. (2016). Normative Power Europe and human rights. ANZJES, 8(2), 32–47.
  • Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft power. Public Affairs.
  • Radu, Roxana. (2021). Governing artificial intelligence through the EU’s digital diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 43(5), 623–638.
  • Renda, Andrea. (2022). The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Between innovation and regulation. CEPS.
  • Roberts, Huw; Hine, Emmie; Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano. (2024). Global AI governance. International Affairs, 100(3), 1275–1286.
  • Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. WEF.
  • Sjursen, Helene. (2006). The EU as a normative power. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(2), 235–251.
  • Sousa e Silva, Nuno. (2025). The Artificial Intelligence Act: Critical overview. JIPITEC, 16(1), 2–23.
  • Stix, Charlotte. (2021). Actionable principles for AI policy. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110.
  • Veale, Michael & Borgesius, Frederik Z. (2021). Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
  • Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent & Floridi, Luciano. (2021). Why fairness cannot be automated. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 10556
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa ve Bölge Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zelal Başak Yariş 0000-0002-1380-3916

Proje Numarası 101176698
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Yariş, Z. B. (2025). Avrupa Birliği’nin Yapay Zekâ Yönetiminde Normatif Aktörlüğünün Evrimi ve Sınırlılıkları. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(5), 2411-2431. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1732124
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. 

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