Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Social Exchange in Virtual Offices and the Effects of Remote Work on Employees

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2831 - 2860, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347

Öz

With the acceleration of digital transformation, remote work has shifted from a flexibility policy to a more permanent organizational culture that reshapes trust, belonging, communication, and collaboration. The attenuation of physical boundaries in the post-pandemic era has redefined employees’ psychological bonds and intensified questions about justice and social exchange within organizations. Grounded in Social Exchange Theory, this study examines how employees in virtual office environments experience reciprocity, perceived organizational support, and psychological contract dynamics, and how these processes shape psychological safety, motivation, belonging, and performance outcomes. Using a qualitative research design, remote-work-related posts from the X platform (2019–2025) were analyzed through content analysis, and the Gioia methodology was applied to develop a systematic data structure from first-order informant-centered statements to second-order themes and aggregate dimensions. The findings suggest that despite challenges such as perceptions of digital surveillance, loneliness, and reduced visibility, organizational support, leader attentiveness, transparent communication, and perceived justice are associated with stronger motivation, organizational commitment, and psychological resilience. Although social exchange mechanisms remain active in digital contexts, trust and belonging appear more fragile in virtual environments. The study contributes to organizational psychology by linking social exchange dynamics with psychological safety, digital belonging, organizational support, and leader–member interaction. It also offers practical implications for managers, including cultivating digital empathy, adopting trust-based leadership practices, strengthening transparency in digital communication, and implementing output-oriented performance systems. Finally, it outlines future research avenues concerning cultural differences, digital stress, psychological contract breaches, leadership styles, and hybrid work models, offering an interdisciplinary perspective on the evolving domain of “remote work psychology”.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş Tuna, A., ve Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
  • Akça, M., ve Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71–81.
  • Al-Marzooqi, B. Y., & Al-Aamer, F. A. (2020). Worker perceptions on working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643890
  • Association of Internet Researchers. (2019). Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.
  • British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsrep.2021.rep155
  • Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.565
  • Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Cropanzano, R. & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
  • Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2021). How do cities change when we work from home? Journal of Urban Economics, 7(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
  • Dündar, S., Özutku, H., ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 105-119.
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  • Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 146–165.
  • Felstead, A. & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Glavin, P., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2024). Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being. Social Currents, 11(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241228874
  • Göktepe, E. A. (2020). Kriz döneminde iş sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yönetim uygulamaları; COVİD-19 pandemi araştırması. Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(26), 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.311
  • Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures,28(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00003-1
  • Hermann, A., Clar‐Novak, M., & Claes, M. T. (2025). Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context. Gender, Work & Organization, 32(5), 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13231
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A practical guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf
  • Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
  • Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R. & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  • Kavi, E., ve Koçak, O. (2010). Bilgi toplumunda evden çalışmanın etik boyutu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları (59), 69-88.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Le Quéré , C., Jackson , R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
  • Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-005X.00121
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (1996). Modeling the choice of telecommuting: 2. A case of the preferred impossible alternative. Environment and Planning A, 28(10), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1068/a281859
  • Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American journal of sociology, 105(5), 1396-1427. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/210434
  • Naktiyok, A., ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2003). İşgörenlerin evden çalışmaya ilişkin tutumları: bireysel özellikler ve iş sürükleyicileri açısından bir uygulama. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3(6), 53-72.
  • Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I. & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
  • Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P. & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? J. Lee (Ed.), The Impact of ICT on Work (pp. 41–70). Springer.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
  • Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, (2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  • Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2018). Working from home: What is the effect on employees’ effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
  • Selvasundaram, K., & Dasaradhan, S. (2020). A comparative study on work from home during COVID‑2019: Employees’ perception and experiences. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 4621–4627.
  • Stock, R., Strecker, M., & Bieling, G. (2016). Organizational work–family support as universal remedy? A cross-cultural comparison of China, India and the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1192–1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1062039
  • TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, (2013). Her alandaki kadın istihdamının artırılması ve çözüm önerileri. Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu Yayınları, (12).
  • Tortumlu, M. ve Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), (328-341).
  • Wells, M., Taylor, J., & Cunningham, L. (2023). Remote working and health: Ergonomic and psychosocial risks in home-based work environments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
  • Yıldız Bağdoğan, S., ve Özdemir, E. (2024). Uzaktan çalışma konulu yayınların bibliyometrik analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 67–82.
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5203763

Sanal Ofislerde Sosyal Mübadele ve Uzaktan Çalışmanın Çalışanlar Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2831 - 2860, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347

Öz

Dijital dönüşüm ile uzaktan çalışma, yalnızca bir esneklik politikası olmaktan çıkarak örgütlerde güven, aidiyet, iş birliği, iletişim ve sosyal ilişkilerin biçimini köklü biçimde değiştiren kalıcı bir çalışma modeline evrilmiştir. Pandemi sonrası fiziksel sınırların azalması, çalışanların örgütleriyle kurdukları psikolojik bağları ve sosyal etkileşim biçimlerini yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Bu çalışma, Sosyal Mübadele Kuramı çerçevesinde sanal ofis çalışanlarının sosyal mübadele deneyimlerinin psikolojik güven, motivasyon, aidiyet ve performansa etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada; karşılıklılık, örgütsel destek ve psikolojik sözleşme kavramları ekseninde, dijital etkileşimlerin sosyal alışverişi nasıl dönüştürdüğü ve adalet algısının motivasyonla ilişkisi sorgulanmıştır. Nitel araştırmada, 2019–2025 arasında X platformunda uzaktan çalışmaya ilişkin paylaşımlar içerik analiziyle incelenmiş; Gioia metodolojisiyle birinci düzey ifadelerden ikinci düzey temalara ve üst boyutlara uzanan bir veri yapısı kurulmuştur. Bulgular, dijital gözetim, yalnızlık ve görünmezlik hissine rağmen örgütsel destek, lider ilgisi, açık iletişim ve adalet algısının çalışanların motivasyonunu, örgütsel bağlılığını ve psikolojik dayanıklılığını güçlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca sosyal mübadele mekanizmalarının fiziksel ortamlardan bağımsız biçimde dijital bağlamda da sürdüğü, ancak güven ve aidiyet duygusunun sanal ortamlarda daha kırılgan hale geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, örgüt psikolojisi literatürüne, sosyal mübadele ilişkilerini psikolojik güven, dijital aidiyet, örgütsel destek ve lider-üye etkileşimi kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirerek özgün bir kuramsal katkı sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yöneticilere dijital empati geliştirme, güven temelli liderlik uygulamaları oluşturma, çıktı odaklı performans sistemleri kurma, dijital iletişimde şeffaflığı artırma ve çalışanların iyi oluşunu destekleyen örgüt iklimleri inşa etme konusunda pratik öneriler getirmektedir. Ayrıca gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara kültürel farklılıklar, dijital stres, psikolojik sözleşme ihlalleri, liderlik tarzları ve hibrit çalışma modelleri bağlamında yeni yönelimler önermekte; bu yönüyle “uzaktan çalışma psikolojisi” alanına disiplinler arası bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, British Psychological Society (2021) ve Association of Internet Researchers (2019) yönergelerine uygun etik kurallar gözetilerek yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada kişisel verilerin gizliliğine özen gösterilmiş ve etik ihlale yol açabilecek herhangi bir uygulamaya yer verilmemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş Tuna, A., ve Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
  • Akça, M., ve Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71–81.
  • Al-Marzooqi, B. Y., & Al-Aamer, F. A. (2020). Worker perceptions on working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643890
  • Association of Internet Researchers. (2019). Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.
  • British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsrep.2021.rep155
  • Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.565
  • Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Cropanzano, R. & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
  • Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2021). How do cities change when we work from home? Journal of Urban Economics, 7(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
  • Dündar, S., Özutku, H., ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 105-119.
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  • Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 146–165.
  • Felstead, A. & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Glavin, P., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2024). Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being. Social Currents, 11(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241228874
  • Göktepe, E. A. (2020). Kriz döneminde iş sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yönetim uygulamaları; COVİD-19 pandemi araştırması. Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(26), 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.311
  • Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures,28(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00003-1
  • Hermann, A., Clar‐Novak, M., & Claes, M. T. (2025). Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context. Gender, Work & Organization, 32(5), 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13231
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A practical guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf
  • Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
  • Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R. & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  • Kavi, E., ve Koçak, O. (2010). Bilgi toplumunda evden çalışmanın etik boyutu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları (59), 69-88.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Le Quéré , C., Jackson , R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
  • Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-005X.00121
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (1996). Modeling the choice of telecommuting: 2. A case of the preferred impossible alternative. Environment and Planning A, 28(10), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1068/a281859
  • Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American journal of sociology, 105(5), 1396-1427. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/210434
  • Naktiyok, A., ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2003). İşgörenlerin evden çalışmaya ilişkin tutumları: bireysel özellikler ve iş sürükleyicileri açısından bir uygulama. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3(6), 53-72.
  • Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I. & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
  • Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P. & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? J. Lee (Ed.), The Impact of ICT on Work (pp. 41–70). Springer.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
  • Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, (2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  • Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2018). Working from home: What is the effect on employees’ effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
  • Selvasundaram, K., & Dasaradhan, S. (2020). A comparative study on work from home during COVID‑2019: Employees’ perception and experiences. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 4621–4627.
  • Stock, R., Strecker, M., & Bieling, G. (2016). Organizational work–family support as universal remedy? A cross-cultural comparison of China, India and the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1192–1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1062039
  • TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, (2013). Her alandaki kadın istihdamının artırılması ve çözüm önerileri. Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu Yayınları, (12).
  • Tortumlu, M. ve Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), (328-341).
  • Wells, M., Taylor, J., & Cunningham, L. (2023). Remote working and health: Ergonomic and psychosocial risks in home-based work environments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
  • Yıldız Bağdoğan, S., ve Özdemir, E. (2024). Uzaktan çalışma konulu yayınların bibliyometrik analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 67–82.
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5203763

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2831 - 2860, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş Tuna, A., ve Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
  • Akça, M., ve Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71–81.
  • Al-Marzooqi, B. Y., & Al-Aamer, F. A. (2020). Worker perceptions on working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643890
  • Association of Internet Researchers. (2019). Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.
  • British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsrep.2021.rep155
  • Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.565
  • Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Cropanzano, R. & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
  • Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2021). How do cities change when we work from home? Journal of Urban Economics, 7(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
  • Dündar, S., Özutku, H., ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 105-119.
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  • Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 146–165.
  • Felstead, A. & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Glavin, P., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2024). Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being. Social Currents, 11(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241228874
  • Göktepe, E. A. (2020). Kriz döneminde iş sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yönetim uygulamaları; COVİD-19 pandemi araştırması. Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(26), 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.311
  • Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures,28(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00003-1
  • Hermann, A., Clar‐Novak, M., & Claes, M. T. (2025). Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context. Gender, Work & Organization, 32(5), 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13231
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A practical guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf
  • Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
  • Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R. & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  • Kavi, E., ve Koçak, O. (2010). Bilgi toplumunda evden çalışmanın etik boyutu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları (59), 69-88.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Le Quéré , C., Jackson , R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
  • Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-005X.00121
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (1996). Modeling the choice of telecommuting: 2. A case of the preferred impossible alternative. Environment and Planning A, 28(10), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1068/a281859
  • Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American journal of sociology, 105(5), 1396-1427. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/210434
  • Naktiyok, A., ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2003). İşgörenlerin evden çalışmaya ilişkin tutumları: bireysel özellikler ve iş sürükleyicileri açısından bir uygulama. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3(6), 53-72.
  • Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I. & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
  • Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P. & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? J. Lee (Ed.), The Impact of ICT on Work (pp. 41–70). Springer.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
  • Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, (2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  • Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2018). Working from home: What is the effect on employees’ effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
  • Selvasundaram, K., & Dasaradhan, S. (2020). A comparative study on work from home during COVID‑2019: Employees’ perception and experiences. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 4621–4627.
  • Stock, R., Strecker, M., & Bieling, G. (2016). Organizational work–family support as universal remedy? A cross-cultural comparison of China, India and the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1192–1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1062039
  • TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, (2013). Her alandaki kadın istihdamının artırılması ve çözüm önerileri. Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu Yayınları, (12).
  • Tortumlu, M. ve Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), (328-341).
  • Wells, M., Taylor, J., & Cunningham, L. (2023). Remote working and health: Ergonomic and psychosocial risks in home-based work environments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
  • Yıldız Bağdoğan, S., ve Özdemir, E. (2024). Uzaktan çalışma konulu yayınların bibliyometrik analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 67–82.
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5203763

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2831 - 2860, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş Tuna, A., ve Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
  • Akça, M., ve Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71–81.
  • Al-Marzooqi, B. Y., & Al-Aamer, F. A. (2020). Worker perceptions on working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643890
  • Association of Internet Researchers. (2019). Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.
  • British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsrep.2021.rep155
  • Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.565
  • Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Cropanzano, R. & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
  • Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2021). How do cities change when we work from home? Journal of Urban Economics, 7(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
  • Dündar, S., Özutku, H., ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 105-119.
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  • Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 146–165.
  • Felstead, A. & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Glavin, P., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2024). Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being. Social Currents, 11(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241228874
  • Göktepe, E. A. (2020). Kriz döneminde iş sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yönetim uygulamaları; COVİD-19 pandemi araştırması. Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(26), 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.311
  • Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures,28(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00003-1
  • Hermann, A., Clar‐Novak, M., & Claes, M. T. (2025). Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context. Gender, Work & Organization, 32(5), 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13231
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A practical guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf
  • Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
  • Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R. & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  • Kavi, E., ve Koçak, O. (2010). Bilgi toplumunda evden çalışmanın etik boyutu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları (59), 69-88.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Le Quéré , C., Jackson , R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
  • Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-005X.00121
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (1996). Modeling the choice of telecommuting: 2. A case of the preferred impossible alternative. Environment and Planning A, 28(10), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1068/a281859
  • Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American journal of sociology, 105(5), 1396-1427. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/210434
  • Naktiyok, A., ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2003). İşgörenlerin evden çalışmaya ilişkin tutumları: bireysel özellikler ve iş sürükleyicileri açısından bir uygulama. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3(6), 53-72.
  • Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I. & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
  • Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P. & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? J. Lee (Ed.), The Impact of ICT on Work (pp. 41–70). Springer.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
  • Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, (2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  • Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2018). Working from home: What is the effect on employees’ effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
  • Selvasundaram, K., & Dasaradhan, S. (2020). A comparative study on work from home during COVID‑2019: Employees’ perception and experiences. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 4621–4627.
  • Stock, R., Strecker, M., & Bieling, G. (2016). Organizational work–family support as universal remedy? A cross-cultural comparison of China, India and the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1192–1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1062039
  • TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, (2013). Her alandaki kadın istihdamının artırılması ve çözüm önerileri. Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu Yayınları, (12).
  • Tortumlu, M. ve Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), (328-341).
  • Wells, M., Taylor, J., & Cunningham, L. (2023). Remote working and health: Ergonomic and psychosocial risks in home-based work environments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
  • Yıldız Bağdoğan, S., ve Özdemir, E. (2024). Uzaktan çalışma konulu yayınların bibliyometrik analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 67–82.
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5203763

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2831 - 2860, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş Tuna, A., ve Türkmendağ, Z. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi döneminde uzaktan çalışma uygulamaları ve çalışma motivasyonunu etkileyen faktörler. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 3246-3260. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.1037
  • Akça, M., ve Tepe Küçükoğlu, M. (2020). COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal of International Management, Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(1), 71–81.
  • Al-Marzooqi, B. Y., & Al-Aamer, F. A. (2020). Worker perceptions on working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from Bahrain. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3643890
  • Association of Internet Researchers. (2019). Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0. https://aoir.org/reports/ethics3.pdf
  • Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), pp. 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.
  • British Psychological Society. (2021). Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsrep.2021.rep155
  • Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J. H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(6), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.565
  • Carnevale, J. B. & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, pp. 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Cropanzano, R. & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
  • Delventhal, M. J., Kwon, E., & Parkhomenko, A. (2021). How do cities change when we work from home? Journal of Urban Economics, 7(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2021.103331
  • Dündar, S., Özutku, H., ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: Ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (2), 105-119.
  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  • Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The fearless organization: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation, and growth. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S. & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.
  • Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 44(2), 146–165.
  • Felstead, A. & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097
  • Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
  • Glavin, P., Bierman, A., & Schieman, S. (2024). Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being. Social Currents, 11(4), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294965241228874
  • Göktepe, E. A. (2020). Kriz döneminde iş sürdürülebilirliğine yönelik yönetim uygulamaları; COVİD-19 pandemi araştırması. Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 6(26), 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.311
  • Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (1996). The future of telecommuting. Futures,28(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(96)00003-1
  • Hermann, A., Clar‐Novak, M., & Claes, M. T. (2025). Gender‐Specific Time Poverty: Examining the Impact of Teleworking in the Austrian Context. Gender, Work & Organization, 32(5), 1863-1874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13231
  • Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S. A., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A practical guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf
  • Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K. & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826-1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
  • Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R. & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work-life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  • Kavi, E., ve Koçak, O. (2010). Bilgi toplumunda evden çalışmanın etik boyutu. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları (59), 69-88.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Le Quéré , C., Jackson , R. B., Jones, M. W., Smith, A. J., Abernethy, S., Andrew, R. M., Peters, G. P. (2020). Temporary reduction in daily global CO 2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature Climate Change, 10(7), 647-653. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
  • Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-005X.00121
  • Mokhtarian, P. L., & Salomon, I. (1996). Modeling the choice of telecommuting: 2. A case of the preferred impossible alternative. Environment and Planning A, 28(10), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.1068/a281859
  • Molm, L. D., Takahashi, N., & Peterson, G. (2000). Risk and trust in social exchange: An experimental test of a classical proposition. American journal of sociology, 105(5), 1396-1427. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1086/210434
  • Naktiyok, A., ve İşcan, Ö. F. (2003). İşgörenlerin evden çalışmaya ilişkin tutumları: bireysel özellikler ve iş sürükleyicileri açısından bir uygulama. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 3(6), 53-72.
  • Nakrošienė, A., Bučiūnienė, I. & Goštautaitė, B. (2019). Working from home: Characteristics and outcomes of telework. International Journal of Manpower, 40(1), pp. 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-07-2017-0172
  • Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human resource management review, 27(3), 521-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001
  • Nicklin, J. M., Cerasoli, C. P. & Dydyn, K. L. (2016). Telecommuting: What? Why? When? and How? J. Lee (Ed.), The Impact of ICT on Work (pp. 41–70). Springer.
  • Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
  • Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868
  • Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, (2), 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942
  • Rupietta, K., & Beckmann, M. (2018). Working from home: What is the effect on employees’ effort? Schmalenbach Business Review, 70(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41464-017-0043-x
  • Selvasundaram, K., & Dasaradhan, S. (2020). A comparative study on work from home during COVID‑2019: Employees’ perception and experiences. European Journal of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, 7(3), 4621–4627.
  • Stock, R., Strecker, M., & Bieling, G. (2016). Organizational work–family support as universal remedy? A cross-cultural comparison of China, India and the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1192–1216. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1062039
  • TBMM Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu, (2013). Her alandaki kadın istihdamının artırılması ve çözüm önerileri. Kadın Erkek Fırsat Eşitliği Komisyonu Yayınları, (12).
  • Tortumlu, M. ve Uzunbacak, H. H. (2024). Uzaktan çalışmaya genel bir bakış: Avantajlar, dezavantajlar ve temel unsurlar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(41), (328-341).
  • Wells, M., Taylor, J., & Cunningham, L. (2023). Remote working and health: Ergonomic and psychosocial risks in home-based work environments. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 28(4), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799231176397
  • Yıldız Bağdoğan, S., ve Özdemir, E. (2024). Uzaktan çalışma konulu yayınların bibliyometrik analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(1), 67–82.
  • Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and social media: How we use language to create affiliation on the web. Bloomsbury Academic. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5203763
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Strateji, Yönetim ve Örgütsel Davranış (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Adem Pala 0000-0002-7991-0140

Başak Çiftçioğlu 0000-0003-2908-7093

Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Pala, A., & Çiftçioğlu, B. (2025). Sanal Ofislerde Sosyal Mübadele ve Uzaktan Çalışmanın Çalışanlar Üzerindeki Etkileri. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(5), 2831-2860. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1740347
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. 

35894