United Nations Secretary Generals as Liberal Agents: an Operational Code Analysis

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 59 - 76, 12.03.2018

Enes Ayaşlı

Öz

The United Nations is exemplified when defining an international
organization or discussing the components of a liberal world order. This
reference is made based on both organization’s size and sphere of influence and
the key roles on settling disputes and promoting peace and security. When
assessed in the context of foreign policy, the said responsibilities require
the presence of leaders for effective implementation of perpetual peace-based
strategies and tactics on behalf of the United Nations. In this context,
traditional mindset considers Secretaries-General to be responsible agents of
the aforementioned issues. Revealing their strategic culture will provide an
understanding about UN’s overall propensity to promote peace. Therefore,
analyses of Secretaries-General were made by applying an automated content
analysis method. A quantitative analysis will help readers see to what extent
liberal mindsets exist in their foreign policy preferences and to what extent
such mindset play a role in promoting peace and security.

Anahtar Kelimeler

United Nations, Secretary Generals, Operational Code Analysis, Liberal world order, Content analysis

Liberal Temsilciler Olarak Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Sekreterleri: “Operasyonel Kod” Analizi

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler, uluslararası bir
örgütün tanımlaması yapılırken ya da liberal düzenin bileşenleri tartışılırken
örnek gösterilir. Yapılan bu atıf, örgütün hem büyüklük ve etki alanı hem de
anlaşmazlıkları çözme ve barış ve güvenliği sağlamadaki kilit rollerinden
kaynaklı yapılmaktadır. Dış politika bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde, bahsi
geçen sorumluluklar kalıcı barış temelli strateji ve taktiklerin Birleşmiş
Milletler adına etkili bir biçimde uygulanması için liderlerin varlığını
gerekli kılar. Bu bağlamda, geleneksel zihin yapısı Genel Sekreterleri bahsi
geçen hususların sağlanması konusunda asıl sorumlular olarak gösterir. Onların
stratejik kültürünü ortaya koymak Birleşmiş Milletler’in barışı sağlama
konusundaki eğilimlerini anlamamızı sağlayacaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda,
otomatik içerik analiz metodu kullanılarak Genel Sekreterlerin analizleri
yapılmıştır. Nicel analiz okuyucuya nitel çözümleme yöntemlerinin ötesinde bir
yardım sağlayarak, okuyucunun Genel Sekreterlerin dış politika tercihlerinde
liberal zihin yapısının ne derece var olduğunu ve bahsi geçen zihin yapısının
barış ve güvenliği sağlama konusunda ne derece rol oynadığını görmesini
sağlayacaktır.           

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birleşmiş Milletler, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Sekreteri, Operational Code Analizi, Liberal dünya düzeni, İçerik analizi

Kaynakça

• Crichlow, S. (1998). Idealism or Pragmatism? “An Operational Code Analysis of Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. Political Psychology, 19(4), 683-706.
• Daws, S., & Weiss, T. G. (2008). The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford.
• George, A. L. (1969). The Operational Code: A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision Making. International Studies Quarterly, 190-222.
• Holsti, O. (1970). The "Operational Code" Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: John Foster Dulles' Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 123-157.
• Leites, N. (1951). The operational code of the Politburo. New York: McGrawHill.
• Malici, A. (2006). Germans as Venutians: The Culture of German Foreign Policy Behavior. Foreign Policy Analysis, 37-62.
• Malici, A. a. (2005). The Operational Codes of Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung: The Last Cold Warriors? Political Psychology, 250-279.
• Meierhenrich, J. (2012). International Organisations. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
• Moravcsik, A. (1992). Liberalism and International Relations Theory. . Cambridge: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.
• Moravcsik, A. (2005). Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics. International Organization, 513-553.
• Pevehouse, J. &. (2006). Democratic International Governmental Organizations Promote Peace. International Organization , 969-1000.
• Roberts, A. (2008). The Equal Application of the laws of war: a principle under pressure. International Review of the Red Cross, 931-962.
• Schafer, M. a. (2000). Bill Clinton’s Operational Code: Assessing Source Material Bias. Political Psychology, 559-571.
• Schafer, M., & Walker, S. (2006). Operational Code Analysis at a Distance: The Verbs in Context System. In M. Schafer, & S. G. Walker, Beliefs and Leadership in World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• UN. (2016). The Role Of The Secretary-General | United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon. Retrieved from United Nations: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/role-secretary-general
• Walker, S. G. (1990). The Evolution of Operational Code Analysis. Political Psychology, 403-418.
• Walker, S. G. (2011). Quantum Politics and Operational Code Analysis. In A. M. S. G. Walker, Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis: States, Leaders, and the Microfoundations of Behavioral International Relations. New York: Routledge.
• Walker, S. G., & Falkowski, L. S. (2001). The Operational Codes of U.S. Presidents and Secretaries of State: Motivational Foundations and Behavioral Consequences. Political Psychology, 237-266.
• Walker, S. G., Malici, A., & Schafer, M. (2011). Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis: States, Leaders, and the Microfoundations of Behavioral International Relations. New York: Routledge.