Ukrayna için AB Üyeliğinin Perspektifleri: Başlıca Zorluklar ve Tehditler

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 775 - 800, 30.03.2021

Igor Tsependa İhor Hurak

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.880128

Cited By: 1

Öz

With the entry into force of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU the relations between Kyiv and Brussels have reached their peak. At the same time, there are numerous challenges and threats that impede the further deepening of Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The intensification of internal disharmony in the EU after the enlargements in 2004 and 2007 have led to an increase of the enlargement fatigue. The aspirations of some European leaders to first regulate the situation inside the EU and only then to consider the prospects for enlargement potentially threaten Ukraine to stay down in the gray zone between the EU and Russia for a long time. However, the fact that Brussels is continuing a dialogue on enlargement with the Western Balkan countries may be the source for optimism for the Ukrainian side. Citizens of key EU countries consider the high level of corruption and low economic indicators of Ukraine to be the main challenges for the Ukrainian state on its way to membership in the Union. In recent years, despite the ongoing Russian aggression, Ukrainians managed to form an institutional and legal framework to counteract corruption and set the stage for economic growth. This creates grounds for expectations that the impact of relevant negative factors will decrease significantly over time. The position of Russia is the greatest threat for Ukraine's European prospects. After beginning of the Russian aggression in Ukraine, the leading states of the world and EU, while implementing foreign policy in the eastern direction, gradually have opted out of the “Russia First” principle. At the same time, the number of achievements of Russian diplomacy in the EU lately confirms that Russia remains one of the key partners of the leading capitals of Europe. Accordingly, now the Russian factor is a major deterrent to Ukraine's EU membership.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ukrayna, Avrupa Birliği, Üyelik, Ortaklık Anlaşması

Perspectives of the EU Membership for Ukraine: the main Challenges and Threats

Öz

With the entry into force of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU the relations between Kyiv and Brussels have reached their peak. At the same time, there are numerous challenges and threats that impede the further deepening of Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The intensification of internal disharmony in the EU after the enlargements in 2004 and 2007 have led to an increase of the enlargement fatigue. The aspirations of some European leaders to first regulate the situation inside the EU and only then to consider the prospects for enlargement potentially threaten Ukraine to stay down in the gray zone between the EU and Russia for a long time. However, the fact that Brussels is continuing a dialogue on enlargement with the Western Balkan countries may be the source for optimism for the Ukrainian side. Citizens of key EU countries consider the high level of corruption and low economic indicators of Ukraine to be the main challenges for the Ukrainian state on its way to membership in the Union. In recent years, despite the ongoing Russian aggression, Ukrainians managed to form an institutional and legal framework to counteract corruption and set the stage for economic growth. This creates grounds for expectations that the impact of relevant negative factors will decrease significantly over time. The position of Russia is the greatest threat for Ukraine's European prospects. After beginning of the Russian aggression in Ukraine, the leading states of the world and EU, while implementing foreign policy in the eastern direction, gradually have opted out of the “Russia First” principle. At the same time, the number of achievements of Russian diplomacy in the EU lately confirms that Russia remains one of the key partners of the leading capitals of Europe. Accordingly, now the Russian factor is a major deterrent to Ukraine's EU membership.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ukraine, European Union, Membership, Association Agreement, Challenges, Threats

Kaynakça

• BBC. (2018). +7 vid NATO. Khto shche vysylaie rosiiskykh dyplomativ. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-43546489
• Bilban, C. & Jaeger, S. (February 2020). Sanctions against Russia: between Symbolic and Effective Foreign Policy. IFK Monitor International.
• Biznes. (2019). Amazon zbyraietsia buduvaty tekhnopark v Ukraini. Retrieved from https://business.ua/news/5817-amazon-zbiraetsya-buduvati-tekhnopark-v-ukrajini
• Bloomberg L.P. (2018). France’s Macron Wades Into the Swedish Election. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-02/france-s-macron-says-putin-s-dream-is-dismantling-of-europe
• Bürgernetz Dillingen e.V. (1999). Sarajevo summit declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the participating and facilitating countries of the Stability Pact and the Principals of participating and facilitating International Organisations and Agencies and regional initiatives. Retrieved from http://www.bndlg.de/~wplarre/wa990730b.htm
• Cela, B. (2018). Electronic Asset Declarations for Public Officials – two years after its launch. A panacea against corruption? Retrieved from http://www.ua.undp.org/content/ukraine/en/home/blog/2018/the-expectations-and-reality-of-e-declarations.html
• Cenzor.net. (2018). Tusk: Rosiiany ne zupyniatsia ni pered chym, shchob poslabyty yevropeisku yednist. Retrieved from https://censor.net.ua/ua/n3090268
• Cenzor.net. (2019). Rossiya gibridno raskalyvayet ES. – deputat Evroparlamenta ot Avstrii Karas. Retrieved from https://censor.net.ua/news/3116738/rossiya_gibridno_raskalyvaet_es_deputat_evroparlamenta_ot_avstrii_karas
• Charlish, A. & Rinke, A. (2019). Poland, Germany contradict Macron on EU Balkan enlargement. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-balkans/poland-germany-contradict-macron-on-eu-balkan-enlargement-idUSKCN1U015B
• Demir, M.A. (2020). Ekonomik Entegrasyon Teorisi ve AB. Uluslararası İktisat Hakkında Araştırmalar. Editor: Serkan Dilek, Nobel Publications.
• Demosey, J. (2019). Europe’s Fifteenth Big Bang Enlargement Birthday. Retrieved from https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/79032
• Dilek, S., Özdirek, R. & Kesgingöz, H. (2019). Kayırmacılık Kavramının İslam Ekonomisi Bağlamında İncelenmesi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (4), 3186-3210.
• Duleba, A. (2017). Integration without membership. Potential and limits of Ukraine's association with the EU. Bratislava: Research Center of the Slovak Foreign Policy Association.
• Ekonomichna pravda. (2018). Yakoiu bude ekonomika Ukrainy cherez 5 rokiv – prohnoz MVF. Retrieved from https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2018/09/19/640725/
• Emmott, R. (2018). Join us at the EU table, Balkan aspirants are told. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-balkans/join-us-at-the-eu-table-balkan-aspirants-are-told-idUSKBN1FP1AZ?il=0
• EURACTIV. (2017). EU pushes Ukraine on corruption at Kyiv summit. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/eu-pushes-ukraine-on-corruption-at-kyiv-summit/
• European Commission. (2017). Western Balkans enlargement: common destination. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/western-balkans-enlargement_en.pdf
• European Commission. (2018a). A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf
• European Commission. (2018b). Strategy for the Western Balkans: EU sets out new flagship initiatives and support for the reform-driven region. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/news_corner/news/strategy-western-balkans-eu-sets-out-new-flagship-initiatives-and-support-reform_en
• European Council. (2013). Joint statement by President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy and President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso on Ukraine. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/139720.pdf
• European External Action Service. (2018). Joint press statement following the 5th Association Council meeting between the EU and Ukraine. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/ukraine/55625/node/55625_en
• European External Action Service. (2019). Statement by the Spokesperson on the Russian decree enabling the simplified issuing of passports in certain areas of Ukraine’s Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/61444/statement-spokesperson-russian-decree-enabling-simplified-issuing-passports-certain-areas_en
• European Parliament. (2018). MEPs commend Ukraine’s reform efforts and denounce Russian aggression. Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20181205IPR20940/meps-commend-ukraine-s-reform-efforts-and-denounce-russian-aggression
• European Parliament. (2019a). European Parliament resolution of 12 March 2019 on the state of EU-Russia political relations (2018/2158(INI)). Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2019-03-12_EN.html#sdocta23
• European Parliament. (2019b). Situation in Ukraine (debate). Retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-9-2019-10-09-ITM-019_EN.html
• FINBALANCE. (2019). BRR, Total i NBT planuiut buduvaty v Ukraini vitrianyi enerhokompleks. Retrieved from http://finbalance.com.ua/news/BRR-Total-i-NBT-planuyut-buduvati-v-Ukrani-velikiy-vitryaniy-enerhokompleks
• Finance.ua. (2018). Shcho Yevropa chekaie vid Ukrainy dlia chlenstva v YeS: nazvani holovni vymohy. Retrieved from https://news.finance.ua/ua/news/-/436727/shho-yevropa-chekaye-vid-ukrayiny-dlya-chlenstva-v-yes-nazvani-golovni-vymogy
• Gayevskiy, D. (2019). “Troyanskiy kon Putina”: chto smushchayet Evrosoyuz v balkanskikh stranakh. Retrieved from https://baltnews.ee/authors/20190512/1017657824/troyan-putin-evrosoyuz-balkani.html
• HORDON. (2019a). Premier-ministr Saksonii zaklykav zniaty sanktsii z RF Retrieved from https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/worldnews/-prem-jer-ministr-saksoniji-zaklikav-znjati-sanktsiji-z-rf-1125282.html
• HORDON. (2019b). Ukrainski yevrobondy v yevro kupyly investory iz 25 krain svitu – Minfin. Retrieved from https://gordonua.com/ukr/news/money/-ukrajinski-jevrobondi-v-jevro-kupili-investori-z-25-krajin-svitu-minfin-1049895.html
• Hurak Ihor. Rossiyskiy kontekst politiki ES v otnoshenii Ukrainy: ukrainskiy vzglyad na problemu. Wschodnioznawstwo, 2019, 205-225. – S. 216-217. ICTV. (2018). Frantsiia i Nimechchyna ne pidtrymuiut vvedennia sanktsii proty RF – ZMI. Retrieved from https://fakty.com.ua/ua/ukraine/20181128-frantsiya-i-nimechchyna-ne-pidtrymuyut-vvedennya-sanktsij-proty-rf-zmi/
• Jacobsen, H.-D. (2005). Economic Security and the Stability Pact for South East Europe. Retrieved from http://studienforum-berlin.de/Economic%20Security_2005.pdf
• Jónsson, S. D. (2017). European Union Enlargement Policy. The Emergence of Enlargement fatigue and Possible Future Developments. Reykjavík: Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands.
• Kalashnyk, P. (2018). Prezydent Chekhii vystupyv za skasuvannia antyrosiiskykh sanktsii. Retrieved from https://hromadske.ua/posts/prezydent-chekhii-vystupyv-za-skasuvannia-antyrosiiskykh-sanktsii
• Khaietska, O. & Verteletskyi, M. (2018). Analiz dynamiky VVP Ukrainy ta inshykh krain svitu. Retrieved from http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/pdf/1_2018/60.pdf
• Khriashchevska, O. (2019). Polityka rozshyrennia Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu v Zakhidnykh Balkanakh. Retrieved from https://naub.oa.edu.ua/2019/політика-розширення-європейського-с/
• Kontrakty.UA. (2018). V ES rasskazali, skolko vydelili deneg Ukraine. Retrieved from http://kontrakty.ua/article/126387
• Kosatka.Media. (2019). U Zaporizkii ODA obhovoryly budivnytstvo pershoi cherhy VES. Retrieved from https://kosatka.media/uk/category/vozobnovlyaemaya-energia/news/v-zaporozhskoy-oga-obsudili-stroitelstvo-pervoy-ocheredi-ves
• Kosír, I., Slobodníková, I. & Orlícka, J. (2016). The Most Important Factors of Efficiency of Flexible Exogenous Integration to the EU on Ukrainian Example. Politické vedy, 19 (2), 177-207.
• Kuzio, T. (2016). Ukraine between a Constrained EU and Assertive Russia. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55 (1), 103-120. DOI: 10.1111/jcms.12447
• Marchenko, Yu. (2017). Systema ProZorro vyhrala Davos Awards. Retrieved from https://platfor.ma/magazine/text-sq/news/prozorro-peremogla-davos/
• Markovic Khaze, N. (2018). European Union’s enlargement fatigue: Russia’s and China’s rise in Southeast Europe? Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 10 (1), 48-63.
• Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. (2019). Derzhavnyi borh Ukrainy. Retrieved from https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/finance/debtgov/
• Ministry of Finance of Ukraine. (2020). Derzhavnyi borh Ukrainy. Retrieved from https://index.minfin.com.ua/ua/finance/debtgov/
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. (2008). Joint Declaration on the EU‒Ukraine Association Agreement (Paris, 9 September). Retrieved from https://mfa.gov.ua/ua/page/open/id/786
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. (2017). Joint Statement by Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Volodymyr Groysman, Prime Minister of Ukraine, following the 4th session of the EU-Ukraine Association Council. Retrieved from https://mfa.gov.ua/en/press-center/news/61765-spilyna-zajava-premjer-ministra-ukrajini-volodimira-grojsmana-i-visokogo-predstavnika-jes-iz-zakordonnih-sprav-i-bezpekovoji-politiki-federiki-mogerini-za-rezulytatami-4-go-zasidannya-radi-asociaciji-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-jevropejsykim-sojuzom
• Mission of Ukraine to the European Union. (2020). Statistics of trade between Ukraine and the EU. Retrieved from https://ukraine-eu.mfa.gov.ua/en/2633-relations/torgovelno-ekonomichne-spivrobitnictvo-ukrayina-yes/pokazniki-torgovelno-ekonomichnogo-spivrobitnictva-ukrayina-yes
• Moshes, A. (December 2019). The Normandy Summit on Ukraine: no winners, no losers, to be continued. FIIA Comment, 1-14.
• National News Agency of Ukraine. (2015). Shcho yevropeitsi dumaiut pro Ukrainu? Infohrafika. Retrieved from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-other_news/1890740-scho-evropeytsi-dumayut-pro-ukrajinu-infografika.html
• National News Agency of Ukraine. (2019a). Hlava Natsbanku nazvav prychyny zmitsnennia hryvni. Retrieved from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/2743175-glava-nacbanku-nazvav-pricini-zmicnenna-grivni.html
• National News Agency of Ukraine. (2019b). KSU vyznav nekonstytutsiinym e-deklaruvannia dlia antykoruptsiinykh aktyvistiv. Retrieved from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2716131-ksu-viznav-nekonstitucijnim-edeklaruvanna-dla-antikorupcijnih-aktivistiv.html
• National News Agency of Ukraine. (2019c). Ukraine gets investment for construction of one of Europe’s largest wind power plants. Retrieved from https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/2625830-ukraine-gets-investment-for-construction-of-one-of-europes-largest-wind-power-plants.html
• National News Agency of Ukraine. (2019d). V Ukrainu do kintsia roku zaide nyzka mizhnarodnykh brendiv. Retrieved from https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/2737707-v-ukrainu-do-kinca-roku-zajde-nizka-miznarodnih-brendiv.html
• Obozrevatel'. (2019). Khto holosuvav za povernennia Rosii v PARIe: povnyi spysok. Retrieved from https://www.obozrevatel.com/ukr/abroad/hto-golosuvav-za-povernennya-rosii-v-pare-povnij-spisok.htm
• O’brennan, J. (November 2013). Enlargement Fatigue and its Impact on the Enlargement Process in the Western Balkans. The Crisis of EU Enlargement. IDEAS Special Report, 18, 36-44.
• Official Journal of the European Communities. (2014). Association agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22014A0529(01)&from=en
• Official website of the European Union. (2003). Eu-Western Balkans Summit. Thessaloniki, 21 June 2003. Declaration. Retrieved from https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-03-163_en.htm
• Official website of the European Union. (n.d.). Conditions for membership. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/conditions-membership_en
• Panchenko, Yu. (2019). Nimetskyi deputat: My vpevneni, yakym kursom ytyme Ukraina u razi obrannia Zelenskoho. Retrieved from https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/interview/2019/04/18/7095315/
• President of Ukraine. (2018). Statement following the 20th EU-Ukraine Summit, Brussels, 9 July 2018. Retrieved from https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/zayava-za-rezultatami-20-go-samitu-ukrayina-yes-bryussel-9-l-48590
• President of Ukraine. (2020). Joint statement following the 22nd EU-Ukraine Summit. Retrieved from https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/spilna-zayava-za-pidsumkami-22-go-samitu-ukrayina-yes-64321
• PROZORRO. (2017). General Prozorro principles. Retrieved from https://e-tender.ua/en/training-tenders/teoriya-zakupivel-3/zagalni-polozhennya-pro-prozorro-5
• Publications Office of the European Union. (1993). Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Poland, of the other part. Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/83db0eca-ebb4-4409-825b-28cc8d7febc9/language-en/format-PDF/source-126410612
• Publications Office of the European Union. (1994a). Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Czech Republic, of the other part. Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9c35fcc6-e13f-4a8a-a7e8-db0fc74a2252/language-en
• Publications Office of the European Union. (1994b). Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Bulgaria, of the other part. Retrieved from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c1c37d1f-e319-47b6-9823-bbfec6babedd/language-en/format-PDF/source-search
• Prokopchuk, D. (2016). V YeS zapevnyly, shcho Brexit ne vplyne na yevrointehratsiiu krain Zakhidnykh Balkan. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/uk/в-єс-запевнили-що-brexit-не-вплине-на-євроінтеграцію-країн-західних-балкан/a-19377690-0
• Rácz, A. & Raik, K. (2018). EU-Russia Relations in the New Putin Era Not Much Light at the End of the Tunnel. Report. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence and Security.
• Radio Liberty. (2018). Derzhavne biuro rozsliduvan pochalo robotu, dyrektor hovoryt pro pereshkody. Retrieved from https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-dbr-truba/29623914.html
• Rodomskyi, R. (2017). Proekt viiskovoho biudzhetu-2018: Skilky Ukraina planuie vytratyty na tekhniku i oboronu. Retrieved from https://www.depo.ua/ukr/war/viyskoviy-byudzhet-2018-skilki-ukrayina-vitratit-na-tehniku-i-oboronu-tablicya-20170919642417
• Rodomskyi, R. (2018). Viiskovyi biudzhet-2019: Skilky Ukraina planuie vytratyty na tekhniku i oboronu. Retrieved from https://www.depo.ua/ukr/war/proekt-viyskovogo-byudzhetu-2019-skilki-ukrayina-planuye-vitratiti-na-tehniku-i-oboronu-tablicya-20180918839036.
• RTVI. (2019). Frantsiya rasskazala ob otmene sanktsiy ES protiv Rossii. Eto proizoydet kogda-nibud. Retrieved from https://rtvi.com/noise/frantsiya-ob-otmene-sanktsiy-es-protiv-rossii-oneday/
• Rudik, O. (2018). Obumovlenist YeS yak rushiina syla yevropeiskoi intehratsii krain Zakhidnykh Balkan. Грані, 21 (3), 102-107. DOI: 10.15421/171845
• Segodnya. (2018a). Intervyu s frantsuzskim deputatom: Prisoyedineniye Ukrainy k ES mozhet sprovotsirovat bolshiye poteri. Retrieved from https://www.segodnya.ua/politics/intervyu-s-francuzskim-deputatom-klyuch-k-okonchaniyu-voyny-v-ukraine-v-moskve-i-eto-proizoydet-uzhe-ne-pri-putine-1167802.html
• Segodnya. (2018b). Mogerini obyasnila, chego v ES zhdut ot Ukrainy. Retrieved from https://www.segodnya.ua/ukraine/mogerini-obyasnila-chego-v-es-zhdut-ot-ukrainy-1123729.html
• Sheiko, Yu. (2019). U YeS vidklaly pochatok perehovoriv pro vstup Pivnichnoi Makedonii ta Albanii. Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/uk/у-єс-відклали-початок-переговорів-про-вступ-північної-македонії-та-албанії/a-49251219
• ShoTam. (2019a). Belhiitsi buduiut v OTH na Zhytomyrshchyni soniachnu elektrostantsiiu. Retrieved from https://shotam.info/bel-hiytsi-buduiut-v-oth-na-zhytomyrshchyni-soniachnu-elektrostantsiiu/
• ShoTam. (2019b). Kanadska kompaniia vidkryla na Mykolaivshchyni potuzhnu soniachnu stantsiiu. Retrieved from https://shotam.info/kanads-ka-kompaniia-vidkryla-na-mykolaivshchyni-potuzhnu-soniachnu-stantsiiu/
• Shymonov, Ya. (2019). Chomu Rosiia povertaietsia u PARIe. 2019. Retrieved from https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30018755.html
• Simonov, L. M. & Pascariu, G. C. (2019). A Critique to EU´s (Lack of) Strategy towards Russia. Politické vedy, 22 (2), 137-158. http://doi.org/10.24040/politickevedy.2019.22.2.137-158
• Slovo i Dilo. (2018). Borotba z koruptsiieiu: yak stvoriuvalys novi pravookhoronni ta antykoruptsiini orhany. Retrieved from https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2018/02/23/infografika/polityka/borotba-korupcziyeyu-yak-stvoryuvalys-novi-pravooxoronni-ta-antykorupczijni-orhany
• Slovo i Dilo. (2019). Banky Ukrainy zbilshyly prybutok maizhe vchetvero. Retrieved from https://www.slovoidilo.ua/2019/08/22/novyna/finansy/banky-ukrayiny-zbilshyly-prybutok-majzhe-vchetvero
• Sylina, T. (2017). Khto y chomu chekaie/ne chekaie Ukrainu v YeS i NATO? Retrieved from https://dt.ua/internal/vidlunnya-nashih-sprav-254256_.html
• Szołucha, A. (2010). The EU and Enlargement Fatigue: Why has the European Union not been able to counter enlargement fatigue? Journal of Contemporary European Research. Volume 6, Issue 1. Retrieved from http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/.../
• Terminal. (2019). Frantsuzskaya Total postroit v Ukraine vetrovoy park. Retrieved from http://oilreview.kiev.ua/2019/01/24/francuzskaya-total-postroit-v-ukraine-vetrovoj-park/
• Tryhub, P. (2010). Pytannia yevropeiskoi ta yevroatlantychnoi intehratsii Ukrainy u period svitovoi ekonomichnoi kryza (2008–2010 rr.). Чорноморський літопис, 1, 56-64.
• Volyn 24. (2019). Ukraina – naibidnisha kraina Yevropy: dani Svitovoho banku. Retrieved from https://www.volyn24.com/news/156060-ukraina-najbidnisha-kraina-ievropy-dani-svitovogo-banku
• UA.NEWS. (2019a). «Moy drug Putin»: Italiya namerena otmenit sanktsii ES protiv Rossii. Retrieved from https://ua.news/ru/mij-drug-putin-italiya-zbyrayetsya-skasuvaty-sanktsiyi-yes-proty-rosiyi/
• UA.NEWS. (2019b). Ukraina zbilshyla obsiah torhivli z YeS bilshe, nizh u pivtora razy. Retrieved from https://ua.news/ua/ukrayina-zbilshyla-obsyag-torgivli-z-yes-bilshe-nizh-v-pivtora-razy/
• Umland, A. (November 2019). Why Kyiv’s Confrontation with Moscow in Eastern Ukraine Will Continue without an EU Policy Change. Harvard international review, 1-4.
• Umland, A. (Spring 2020). Can Germany Become a Major Ally of Ukraine? Counterintuitive Deliberations on a Coming Partnership between Kyiv and Berlin. WORLD AFFAIRS, 74-89. DOI: 10.1177/0043820020906371
• UNIAN. (2018). Prozorro pidrakhuvala ekonomiiu biudzhetnykh hroshei vid vykorystannia systemy – 50 miliardiv. Retrieved from https://www.unian.ua/economics/finance/10137383-prozorro-pidrahuvala-ekonomiyu-byudzhetnih-groshey-vid-vikoristannya-sistemi-50-milyardiv.html
• UNIAN. (2019). Ukraina v naiblyzhchi try roky zaplatyt za borhamy $15 miliardiv – ekspert. Retrieved from https://www.unian.ua/economics/finance/10552950-ukrajina-v-nayblizhchi-tri-roki-zaplatit-za-borgami-15-milyardiv-ekspert.html
• Vysokyi Zamok. (2016). Systema Prozorro vyznana naikrashchoiu v sviti u sferi zakupivel. Accessible online: https://wz.lviv.ua/news/171625-systema-prozorro-vyznana-naikrashchoiu-v-sviti-u-sferi-zakupivel
• World Bank Group. (2019). Gross domestic product 2018, PPP. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf
• World Bank Group. (2020a). GDP growth (annual %) – European Union. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=EU
• World Bank Group. (2020b). GDP growth (annual %) – Ukraine. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=UA
• Zeleniuk, K. (2018). Nove rozshyrennia: khto mozhe popovnyty riady YeS do 2025 roku, i chomu v spysku nemaie Ukrainy. Retrieved from https://ukr.segodnya.ua/world/europe/ocherednoe-rasshirenie-kto-mozhet-popolnit-ryady-es-do-2025-goda-i-pochemu-v-etom-spiske-net-ukrainy--1112453.html
• Zerkalo nedeli. Ukraina. (2019). Bilshist zhyteliv Donbasu, yaki otrymaly hromadianstvo RF, vzhe identyfikuvaly – Matios. Retrieved from https://dt.ua/UKRAINE/bilshist-zhiteliv-donbasu-yaki-otrimali-gromadyanstvo-rf-vzhe-identifikuvali-matios-319406_.html
• 112 Ukraina. (2019). Huchni zaiavy, ale bez spilnoi deklaratsii: Yak mynuv KhIKh samit Ukraina – YeS. Retrieved from https://ua.112.ua/polityka/huchni-zaiavy-ale-bez-spilnoi-deklaratsii-yak-proishov-19-i-samit-ukraina-yes-401046.html
• 5 kanal. (2018). Tusk: Yevropa zalyshytsia odnostainoiu v pidtrymtsi Ukrainy. Retrieved from https://www.5.ua/svit/tusk-yevropa-zalyshytsia-odnostainoiu-v-pidtrymtsi-ukrainy-181903.html