Araştırma Makalesi
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The Politics of EU towards Environmental Education and Sustainable Development

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 944 - 962, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1031172

Öz

Although there are many ways to overcome environmental problems, the threat of climate change and resource depletion, which has become a global problem, forces countries to make common policies. However, some economic costs that occur at the same time prevent countries from adopting sustainable environmental policies. Therefore, this article, which emphasizes environmental education, includes examples of cooperation between countries on environmental protection and sustainable development.
Environmental policies and development policies in the member states of the European Union are also among the subjects to be examined. In this way, the level of environmental policy in countries with different foreign policy priorities could be observed. The EU, which has rapidly developed its environmental policies with the effect of globalization, sets an example in this regard. Therefore, the research, it is aimed to discuss the place of environmental protection policies in the education system in European Union (EU) countries.
It is seen that the current education system does not adequately focus on climate change. It has been determined that the environmental policies carried out to overcome the negative effects of environmental problems cannot be integrated into the education system or their sustainability cannot be ensured. If it is desired to have environmentally sensitive societies: It is important to improve the curriculum and analyze the international repercussions of climate challenges on education. Indeed, education is one of the most important stages of this informing process.
In this article, “globalization” will also be discussed together with the EU's environmental policy and education system. Furthermore, it will be analyzed which subjects are included in the curriculum and what the differences are between European countries. There are three main titles in this study in which qualitative research method is preferred: “Introduction”, “The Effects of The Globalization on Environmental Problem”, “Environmental Education in EU and Sustainable Development”.
As a result, in the light of the information obtained, it is seen that the effort to integrate the environmental policies of the European Union into the education system in economic, social, and political life dimensions continues. Considering the EU's 2030 and 2050 sustainable development goals; in addition to a sustainable environmental education policy, investments should be made in sustainable energy and sustainable urbanization policies.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, S. (1997). The Politics of Sustainable Development Theory, Policy, and Practice within the European Union. Global Environmental Change Series.
  • Barnett, J. and Dovers S. (2001). Environmental Security, Sustainability, And Policy. Pacifica Review: Peace Security and Global Change, 13/2. June 2001. p. 157-169.
  • Biermann, F., et al. (2009). The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics 9(4). p.14–40.
  • BSDC (Business and Sustainable Development Commission) (2017). Better Business, Better World. http://report.businesscommission.org.
  • Bulgur, N. (2020). Global Environmental Governance In The Last Period Of The Anthropocene: The Case Of European Union”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI), vol. 09(4), p.21-26.
  • Canadian Environmental Grantmakers Network. (2006). "Environmental Education in Canada: An overview for grantmakers," Toronto: ON. http://www.cegn.org/english/home/documents/EEBrief_Eng.pdf Archived 2013-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Carroll, A. (1979). “A Three Dimensional Conceptual Model Of Corporate Performance”. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 4. No.4. p.497-505.
  • CEE/ SAYEN/ SDC; (2007), Sustainable Development: An Introduction, Internship Series, Volume-I, (http://www.sayen.org/ volume-i.pdf, 05.05.2015).
  • “Climate Change: What the EU is Doing”. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/.
  • “Climate Action and The Green Deal”. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/climate-action-and-green-deal_en.
  • Creswell, J. (2017). Araştırma Deseni: Nitel, Nicel ve Karma Yöntem Yaklaşımları. (Selçuk B. Demir vd., Çev.). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık. (2015).
  • Çokgezen, J. (2007). “Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikası ve Türkiye”. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 2/23. p. 91-115.
  • “Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment”. (1972). The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
  • Death, C. (Ed.). (2014). Critical Environmental Politics. Routledge.
  • Deters, H. (2018). The EU’s Green Dynamism: Deadlock and Change in Energy and Environmental Policy. Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.
  • Dobson, A. (Ed.). (2005). Environmental Citizenship. The MIT Press.
  • Duygu, E. (2006). “İklim Değişikliğinin Akdeniz Havzası ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri Konusundaki Projeksiyonlar”. TMMOB Su Politikaları Kongresi.
  • Elkington, J. (1994). “Towards the Sustainable Corporation: Win-Win-Win Business Strategies for Sustainable Development”. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2307/41165746. Vol: 36, Issue: 2, p.90-100.
  • “Environmental Protection Investments of Total Economy”. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ten00136/default/table?lang=en.
  • Erol, S. (2012). “Çevre Politikası Aracı Olarak Eğitim ve Bilinçlendirme Çalışmaları ve Akdeniz Bölgesi İçin İşlevsel Önemi”. KSÜ Doğa Bil. Der., Özel Sayı. p. 185-192.
  • European Commission, (1997). “XXVIIth Report on Competition Policy (Published in conjunction with the General Report on the Activities of the European Union”. p.1-98.
  • “GDP - Gross Domestic Product”. (2021). https://countryeconomy.com/gdp.
  • Giolitto, P. et. al. (1997). Environmental Education in the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1168d16b-e998-4ff9-a864-606268b15cb6. p.1-156.
  • “GRI Standards Reference Table 2018”. https://www.theheinekencompany.com/sites/theheinekencompany/files/sustainability/our-progress/reporting-center/global-reports/HEINEKEN-GRI-Reference-Table-2018.pdf.
  • Hoffman, A. and Devereaux Jennings, P. (2015). Institutional Theory and The Natural Environment: Research In (And On) The Anthropocene. Organization & Environment 28(1). p.8–31.
  • Karluk, R., (2014). Avrupa Birliği. İstanbul: Beta Press.
  • Kaya, A., et al., Ed. (2011). Avrupa Birliği’ne Giriş: Tarih, Kurumlar ve Politikalar. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
  • Kraft, M. (2017). Environmental Policy and Politics. Routledge.
  • Lewis, S. L., and Maslin, M. A. (2015). “Defining the Anthropocene”. Nature 315. p.171–180.
  • “Living Planet Report: Bending The Curve of Biodiversity Loss”. (2020). https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/LPR%202020%20Full%20report.pdf. WWF. p. 112-140.
  • Manners, I. (2000). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. p. 1-61.
  • Mulvik, I. (2021) “Education for environmental sustainability: policies and approaches in European Union Member States”. Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture Education, and Training. p. 5-13.
  • Murphy, K. (2012). “The Social Pillar of Sustainable Development: A Literature Review and Framework for Policy Analysis”. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 8:1. p.15-29.
  • “National expenditure on environmental protection”. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ten00135/default/table?lang=en
  • Oberthür, Sebastian, and Thomas Gehring, eds. (2006). Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Policies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Özbuğutu, E. and Karahan S. (2014). “Çevre Eğitimi Ve Alternatif Yöntemler-Literatür Taraması”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 11/25. p.393-408.
  • Perdan, S. (2004). “Introduction to Sustainable Development”. Sustainable Development In Practice: Case Studies For Engineers And Scientists. Perdan, S., A Azapagic, S and R Clift (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 3-29.
  • Peterson, M. J. (Ed.). (2019). Contesting Global Environmental Knowledge, Norms, And Governance. New York: Routledge.
  • Rickinson, M. (2001). “Learners and Learning in Environmental Education: A Critical Review of The Evidence”. Environmental Education Research. 7/3. p.207-320.
  • Sachs. Jeffrey D. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Scholte, Jan Aart. (2001). “The Globalization of World Politics”. (John Baylis and Steve Smıth, Ed.). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 2. Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Seelarbokus, C., (2014a). Theorizing State Participation in International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). World Environment 4(3). p.121-142.
  • Seelarbokus, C., (2014b). The Influence Of Treaty Design On The Participation Of Developing And Developed Nations In International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 8(8). p.288-301.
  • Simonis, U., Ayşegül M., Ed. (2007). “Küresel Çevre Yönetimi: Bir Dünya Çevre Örgütü Kurulması Gereği Üzerine”, Bülent D., Trans., V. Kitap: Çevre ve Politika. Ankara, İmge Press. p.1-23.
  • Stevenson, R. B. (2007). “Schooling and environmental education: Contradictions in purpose and practice”. Environmental Education Research. 13 (2). p.139–153.
  • Stokes, E., Ann Edge, and Anne West. (2001). “Environmental education in the educational systems of the European Union”. Centre for Educational Research-London School of Economics and Political Science. Synthesis Report. p. 3-31.
  • Ungureanu, E. and Florentina C. Baldan. (2019). Scientific Bulletin – Economic Sciences. 18 (2). p. 17-25.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2014). “Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development”. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/capacity-building-and-partnerships/educational-materials/.
  • West, P. et. al. (2010). Transition matters: pupils’ experiences of the primary-secondary school transition in the West of Scotland and consequences for well‐being and attainment, Research Papers in Education, 25:1, p.21-50.
  • Willetts, P. (2001). “Transnational Actors and İnternational Organizations in Global Politics”. (John Baylis and Steve Smith, Ed.). The Globalization of World Politics: An İntroduction to İnternational Relations. 2. Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • “The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015”. (2015). UN. New York. p. 1-73.
  • “World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development”. (1980). IUCN-UNEP-WWF.
  • Zelli, F. and Van Asselt, H. (2013). Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance. Global Environmental Environmental Politics 13(3). p. 1–13.

AB'nin Çevre Eğitimi ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmaya Yönelik Siyaseti

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 944 - 962, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1031172

Öz

Çevre sorunlarının üstesinden gelmenin birçok yolu olmasına rağmen, küresel bir sorun haline gelen iklim değişikliği ve kaynak tükenmesi tehlikesi ülkeleri ortak politikalar yapmaya zorlamaktadır. Ancak aynı zamanda oluşan bazı ekonomik maliyetler de ülkeleri sürdürülebilir çevre politikalarından alıkoymaktadır. Dolayısıyla çevre eğitimine vurgu yapan bu makalede ülkelerin çevre koruma ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma konusunda iş birliği örneklerine yer verilmektedir. Avrupa Birliği’ne üye ülkelerdeki çevre politikaları ve kalkınma politikaları da incelenecek konular arasında yer almaktadır. Bu sayede farklı dış politika önceliklerine sahip ülkelerdeki çevre politikasının düzeyi gözlemlenebilmiştir.
Küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle çevre politikalarını hızla geliştiren AB, bu konuda bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Dolayısıyla araştırmada, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ülkelerinde çevre koruma politikalarının eğitim sistemindeki yerinin tartışılması amaçlanmaktadır.
Mevcut eğitim sisteminin iklim değişikliğine yeterince odaklanmadığı görülmektedir. Çevre sorunlarının olumsuz etkilerinin üstesinden gelmek adına yürütülen çevre politikalarının, eğitim sistemine entegre edilemediği ya da sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanamadığı tespit edilmiştir. Çevreye duyarlı toplumlara sahip olmak isteniyorsa, müfredatın daha iyi hale getirilmesi ve iklim zorluklarının eğitim üzerindeki uluslararası yansımalarının analiz edilmesi önemlidir. Nitekim eğitim bu bilgilendirme sürecinin en önemli aşamalarındandır.
Bu makalede; AB'nin çevre politikası ve eğitim sistemi ile birlikte “küreselleşme” de tartışılacaktır. Ayrıca, müfredata hangi konuların dâhil edildiği ve Avrupa ülkeleri arasındaki farkların neler olduğu analiz edilecektir. Nitel araştırma yönteminin tercih edildiği bu çalışmada üç ana başlık bulunmaktadır; “Giriş”, “Küreselleşmenin Çevre Sorununa Etkileri”, “AB'de Çevre Eğitimi ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”.
Sonuç olarak elde edilen bilgiler ışığında Avrupa Birliği'nin çevre politikalarının ekonomik, sosyal ve politik yaşam boyutlarında eğitim sistemine entegre edilmesi çabalarının devam ettiği görülmektedir. AB'nin 2030 ve 2050 sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri göz önüne alındığında; sürdürülebilir bir çevre eğitim politikasının yanı sıra sürdürülebilir enerji ve sürdürülebilir kentleşme politikalarına da yatırımlar yapılmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, S. (1997). The Politics of Sustainable Development Theory, Policy, and Practice within the European Union. Global Environmental Change Series.
  • Barnett, J. and Dovers S. (2001). Environmental Security, Sustainability, And Policy. Pacifica Review: Peace Security and Global Change, 13/2. June 2001. p. 157-169.
  • Biermann, F., et al. (2009). The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis. Global Environmental Politics 9(4). p.14–40.
  • BSDC (Business and Sustainable Development Commission) (2017). Better Business, Better World. http://report.businesscommission.org.
  • Bulgur, N. (2020). Global Environmental Governance In The Last Period Of The Anthropocene: The Case Of European Union”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI), vol. 09(4), p.21-26.
  • Canadian Environmental Grantmakers Network. (2006). "Environmental Education in Canada: An overview for grantmakers," Toronto: ON. http://www.cegn.org/english/home/documents/EEBrief_Eng.pdf Archived 2013-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Carroll, A. (1979). “A Three Dimensional Conceptual Model Of Corporate Performance”. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 4. No.4. p.497-505.
  • CEE/ SAYEN/ SDC; (2007), Sustainable Development: An Introduction, Internship Series, Volume-I, (http://www.sayen.org/ volume-i.pdf, 05.05.2015).
  • “Climate Change: What the EU is Doing”. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/.
  • “Climate Action and The Green Deal”. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/climate-action-and-green-deal_en.
  • Creswell, J. (2017). Araştırma Deseni: Nitel, Nicel ve Karma Yöntem Yaklaşımları. (Selçuk B. Demir vd., Çev.). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık. (2015).
  • Çokgezen, J. (2007). “Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikası ve Türkiye”. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 2/23. p. 91-115.
  • “Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment”. (1972). The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
  • Death, C. (Ed.). (2014). Critical Environmental Politics. Routledge.
  • Deters, H. (2018). The EU’s Green Dynamism: Deadlock and Change in Energy and Environmental Policy. Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.
  • Dobson, A. (Ed.). (2005). Environmental Citizenship. The MIT Press.
  • Duygu, E. (2006). “İklim Değişikliğinin Akdeniz Havzası ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri Konusundaki Projeksiyonlar”. TMMOB Su Politikaları Kongresi.
  • Elkington, J. (1994). “Towards the Sustainable Corporation: Win-Win-Win Business Strategies for Sustainable Development”. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2307/41165746. Vol: 36, Issue: 2, p.90-100.
  • “Environmental Protection Investments of Total Economy”. (2021). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ten00136/default/table?lang=en.
  • Erol, S. (2012). “Çevre Politikası Aracı Olarak Eğitim ve Bilinçlendirme Çalışmaları ve Akdeniz Bölgesi İçin İşlevsel Önemi”. KSÜ Doğa Bil. Der., Özel Sayı. p. 185-192.
  • European Commission, (1997). “XXVIIth Report on Competition Policy (Published in conjunction with the General Report on the Activities of the European Union”. p.1-98.
  • “GDP - Gross Domestic Product”. (2021). https://countryeconomy.com/gdp.
  • Giolitto, P. et. al. (1997). Environmental Education in the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1168d16b-e998-4ff9-a864-606268b15cb6. p.1-156.
  • “GRI Standards Reference Table 2018”. https://www.theheinekencompany.com/sites/theheinekencompany/files/sustainability/our-progress/reporting-center/global-reports/HEINEKEN-GRI-Reference-Table-2018.pdf.
  • Hoffman, A. and Devereaux Jennings, P. (2015). Institutional Theory and The Natural Environment: Research In (And On) The Anthropocene. Organization & Environment 28(1). p.8–31.
  • Karluk, R., (2014). Avrupa Birliği. İstanbul: Beta Press.
  • Kaya, A., et al., Ed. (2011). Avrupa Birliği’ne Giriş: Tarih, Kurumlar ve Politikalar. Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi University Press.
  • Kraft, M. (2017). Environmental Policy and Politics. Routledge.
  • Lewis, S. L., and Maslin, M. A. (2015). “Defining the Anthropocene”. Nature 315. p.171–180.
  • “Living Planet Report: Bending The Curve of Biodiversity Loss”. (2020). https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/LPR%202020%20Full%20report.pdf. WWF. p. 112-140.
  • Manners, I. (2000). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. p. 1-61.
  • Mulvik, I. (2021) “Education for environmental sustainability: policies and approaches in European Union Member States”. Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture Education, and Training. p. 5-13.
  • Murphy, K. (2012). “The Social Pillar of Sustainable Development: A Literature Review and Framework for Policy Analysis”. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 8:1. p.15-29.
  • “National expenditure on environmental protection”. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ten00135/default/table?lang=en
  • Oberthür, Sebastian, and Thomas Gehring, eds. (2006). Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance: Synergy and Conflict among International and EU Policies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Özbuğutu, E. and Karahan S. (2014). “Çevre Eğitimi Ve Alternatif Yöntemler-Literatür Taraması”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 11/25. p.393-408.
  • Perdan, S. (2004). “Introduction to Sustainable Development”. Sustainable Development In Practice: Case Studies For Engineers And Scientists. Perdan, S., A Azapagic, S and R Clift (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 3-29.
  • Peterson, M. J. (Ed.). (2019). Contesting Global Environmental Knowledge, Norms, And Governance. New York: Routledge.
  • Rickinson, M. (2001). “Learners and Learning in Environmental Education: A Critical Review of The Evidence”. Environmental Education Research. 7/3. p.207-320.
  • Sachs. Jeffrey D. (2015). The Age of Sustainable Development. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Scholte, Jan Aart. (2001). “The Globalization of World Politics”. (John Baylis and Steve Smıth, Ed.). The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 2. Edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Seelarbokus, C., (2014a). Theorizing State Participation in International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). World Environment 4(3). p.121-142.
  • Seelarbokus, C., (2014b). The Influence Of Treaty Design On The Participation Of Developing And Developed Nations In International Environmental Agreements (IEAs). African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 8(8). p.288-301.
  • Simonis, U., Ayşegül M., Ed. (2007). “Küresel Çevre Yönetimi: Bir Dünya Çevre Örgütü Kurulması Gereği Üzerine”, Bülent D., Trans., V. Kitap: Çevre ve Politika. Ankara, İmge Press. p.1-23.
  • Stevenson, R. B. (2007). “Schooling and environmental education: Contradictions in purpose and practice”. Environmental Education Research. 13 (2). p.139–153.
  • Stokes, E., Ann Edge, and Anne West. (2001). “Environmental education in the educational systems of the European Union”. Centre for Educational Research-London School of Economics and Political Science. Synthesis Report. p. 3-31.
  • Ungureanu, E. and Florentina C. Baldan. (2019). Scientific Bulletin – Economic Sciences. 18 (2). p. 17-25.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2014). “Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development”. Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/capacity-building-and-partnerships/educational-materials/.
  • West, P. et. al. (2010). Transition matters: pupils’ experiences of the primary-secondary school transition in the West of Scotland and consequences for well‐being and attainment, Research Papers in Education, 25:1, p.21-50.
  • Willetts, P. (2001). “Transnational Actors and İnternational Organizations in Global Politics”. (John Baylis and Steve Smith, Ed.). The Globalization of World Politics: An İntroduction to İnternational Relations. 2. Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • “The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015”. (2015). UN. New York. p. 1-73.
  • “World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development”. (1980). IUCN-UNEP-WWF.
  • Zelli, F. and Van Asselt, H. (2013). Introduction: The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance. Global Environmental Environmental Politics 13(3). p. 1–13.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Filiz Cicioğlu 0000-0001-6535-0528

Nurbanu Bulgur 0000-0001-7365-2518

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Cicioğlu, F., & Bulgur, N. (2022). The Politics of EU towards Environmental Education and Sustainable Development. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 944-962. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1031172
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.