İşe Gömüşmüşlük; İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi Uygulamaları ve Personel Güçlendirmeden Etkilenir mi; Türkiye ve Irak’ ta Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 2162 - 2186, 31.12.2022

Ramazan Vedat Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1146538

Öz

Örgütlerin amaçlarına ulaşabilmeleri, varlıklarını sürdürebilmeleri ve yaşanan yoğun rekabette güçlü olabilmeleri için iş görenlerin örgüte katkı sunmaları önemlidir. Bu katkı iş görenlerin yüksek performans ile çalışmaları, örgütsel amaçları benimsemeleri ve örgüte uyum göstermeleri ile elde edilebilir. Örgüt- iş gören uyumu, iş görenin örgütle bütünleşmesi, işine bağlı olması, örgütsel amaçlara katkısı ve işe devamlılığı işe gömülmüş olma ile sağlanabileceği ifade edilebilir. İş görenlerin örgütte neden kaldıkları ve nasıl uyum sağladıkları sorusuna cevap veren işe gömülmüş olma kavramı birtakım değişkenlerden etkilenebilmektedir. Son dönemlerde yaşanan pandemi sürecinde sağlık kurumları ve iş görenleri genel sağlık hizmetlerinin verilmesinde ve sürdürülebilirliğin de mevcut önemini bir kat daha artırmıştır. Bu süreçte pandemi yükünün önemli bir kısmını sağlık kurumları ve çalışanları taşımıştır. Bu sektörde çalışan iş görenlerin örgütsel devamlılığı, uyumu, bağlılığı örgütsel başarı ve performans açısından olduğu kadar insan sağlığı açısından da kritik öneme sahip olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Bu sektörde çalışan iş görenlerin sürekliliği, uyumu, işyerinde kalma ve çalışma istekleri ile buna etki eden değişkenlerin belirlenmesi araştırılması gereken bir konu olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı; iki farklı ülkede sağlık sektöründe insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları ile personel güçlendirmenin işe gömülmüşlük üzerine etkisini belirlemek, sonuçları karşılaştırmak, elde edilen veriler ışığında öneriler geliştirmek, araştırmacılara yeni veriler sunmak ve ilgili literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Araştırma Türkiye ve Irakta sağlık sektöründe hizmet veren işletmelerde çalışanlara yönelik anket tekniği kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 25.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; Türkiye’de işe gömülmüşlük üzerine insan kaynakları yönetimi uygulamaları boyutu olan ücret ve ödül etkili olur iken, Irak’ta yapılan araştırmada ise eğitim ve performans değerleme boyutlarının etkili olduğu verisi elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bir diğer veri, her iki ülkede de personel güçlendirmenin işe gömülmüşlük üzerine etkili olduğu verisidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşe Gömülmüşlük, İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, Personel Güçlendirme, Sağlık Sektörü, Türkiye, Irak, Iraq

İs Job Embeddednes Affected by Human Resources Management Practıces And Personnel Empowerment; A Research In Turkey And Iraq

Öz

It is important that employees contribute to the organization, work at high performance, embrace the organization's goals, and adapt so that organizations can achieve their goals, secure their existence and compete strongly. Harmony between the organization and its employees can be ensured by the employee's satisfaction with his job, his integration into the organization, his commitment to his work, his contribution to the organization's goals job embeddedness. The concept of job embeddedness, which answers the question of why employees stay in the organization, can be influenced by a number of variables. Considering the importance of continuity and harmony of health workers, who bear the brunt of the pandemic process that occurred in December 2019, in health care companies, The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of human resource management practices and personnel empowerment on job embeddedness in the health sector in two different countries, compare the results, develop proposals based on the data obtained, present new data to researchers, and contribute to the relevant literature. The research was conducted through a survey of health sector company employees in Turkey and Iraq. Analyzes of the data were made with SPSS 25.0 package program. As a result of the research: The salary and reward dimensions of human resource management have an effect on job embeddedness in companies in Turkey. In the enterprises in Iraq, data were obtained that the dimensions of education and performance evaluation were effective on job embeddedness. Another finding from the research is that personnel empowerment has an impact on job embeddedness in both countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Job Embeddednes, Human Resource Management, Personel Empowerment, Health Sector, Türkiye, Iraq

Kaynakça

• Agarwal, R. ve Ferratt, T,W.(1999) Coping with Labor Scarcity in It: Strategies and Practices for Effective Recruitment and Retention. Pinnaflex Educational Resources inc . Akgündüz et al. (2016).How do trust in managers and distributivejustice affect employee embeddedness? Ege Academic Perspective, 16 (2). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eab/issue/39951/474742.
• Altındağ, E. ve Akgün, B. (2015). The effect of rewarding in organisations on employee motivation and performance. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 12 (30): 281-297. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkusbed/issue/19576/208774.
• Bambacas, M. Kulik, T. C. (2013). Job embeddedness in china: how hr practices ımpact turnover ıntentions, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10): 1933-1952. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2012.725074.
• Bergiel, E. B. Nguyen, V. Q. Clenney, B. F. and Taylor, G. S. (2009). Human resource practices, job embeddedness and ıntention to quit.” Management Research News, 32(3): 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170910943084.
• Can, H. ve Kavuncubaşı, S. (2005). Human resources management in public and private sector, Ankara, Siyasal Publishing House.
• Carrol, A. (1994). What's behind "E" word: myths about empowerment and why you need It? Interaction Design, 1-18.
• Chirico, F. Nucera, G. Magnavita, N. (2020). Protecting the mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID -19 emergency. BJPsych International, 18 (1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2020.39
• Coleman, H.J. (1996). Why employee empowerment is not just a fad, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17 (4): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739610120574.
• Conger, J. A. (1989). Leadership: the art of empowering others, The Academy of Management Review, 3 (1): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1989.4277145.
• Cunnıngham, J. H. ve C. Baldrıg (1996). Empowerment: the power to do what?, Endustrial Relation Journal, 27(2): 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.1996.tb00764.
• Desert, G. (2004). A research on the relationship between empowerment and organizational commitment, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Gebze High Technology University, Institute of Social Sciences.
• Çuhadar, M. T. (2005). Personnel empowerment in turkish public administration: problems and solution proposals. Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25,1-21. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/erciyesiibd/issue/5882/77826.
• Dogan, S. (2003). Personnel empowerment, Istanbul: Sistem Publishing.
• Dundar, G. I. (2018). In career development, human resources management, Istanbul, Beta Publishing.
• Elden, B. (2020). The effects of excessive workload and covid-19 fears encountered by health care professionals during the pandemic period on ıntention to leave and organizational depression, Theory and Research in Social and Human Sciences II, Night Library, Ankara.
• El-Ghalayini, Y. (2017). Human resource management practices and organizational performance in public sector organization, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 8(3): 65-80. http://jbsq.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/March_2017_4.
• Felps, W. Mitchell, T. R. Hekman, D. R. Lee, T. W. Holtom, B. C. Harman, W. S. (2017). Turnover contagıon: ho coworkers' job embeddedness and job search behaviors ınfluence quitting. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 545-561. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41331075
• Gavcar, E. Bulut, ve A. Engin, K. (2006). Performance evaluation systems applied in accommodation businesses and application areas (muğla province example), Celal Bayar University İ.İ.B.F. Journal of Management and Economy, 13(2): 31-45, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/145922.
• Gong, Y. Chow, I. H. Ve Ahlstrom, D. (2011). Cultural diversity in China: dialect, job embeddedness and turnover, Asia Pac J. Manag, 2, 221-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9232-6.
• Gratton, L. (1995). The art of managing people, Financial Times, Mastering Management Series, November.
• Gürbüz, R. (2012). The relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational trust and organizational commitment, Atatürk University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration. master's thesis. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/534183.
• Holtom, B.C. ve Inderrieden, E.J. (2006). Integrating the unfolding model and the job-embedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of management issues, 17(4), 435-452. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604552?seq=1.
• Janssen, O. (2004). The barrier effect of conflict with superiors in the relationship between employee empowerment and organizational commitment, Work & Stres, 18(1): 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370410001690466.
• Jenkıns, D. (1996). Managing empowerment, Century Business, United Kingdom.
• Jung, H. S. and Yoon, H. H. (2015). Understanding pay satisfaction: the ımpacts of pay satisfaction on employees' job engagement and withdrawal in deluxe hotel, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.004.
• Kanten, P. Kanten, S. Dundar, G. (2016).The role of happiness in the effect of wage satisfaction and job characteristics on job embeddedness, Journal of Business Research Turk, 8(3), 64-88. DOI:10.20491/isarder.2016.190.
• Kim, Gu-N. and Lee, Y. M. (2015). Toward a high-performance organization: the effects of job characteristics and job crafting, Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 114, 26-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.114.06.
• Kitapçı, H. Kaynak, R. Ökten, S.S. (2013). The effect of empowerment on job satisfaction and ıntention to leave: a comparative study in public and private sector, International Review of Economics And Management, 1(1), 49 -73. https://doi.org/10.18825/iremjournal.109059.
• Koçel T. (2005). Business management, Istanbul, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
• Laursen, K. and Foss, N. J. (2013). Human resource management practises and Innovation, in Handbook of Innovation Management, Edited by Mark Dodgon, David Gann, Nelson Philips, Oxford University Press.
• Lev, S. and Koslowsky, M. (2012a). Teacher gender as a moderator of the on the job embeddedness-ocb relationship, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(1), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00868.x.
• Lev, S. and Koslowsky, M. (2012b). On-the-job embeddedness as a mediator between conscientiousness and school teachers' contextual performance, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21(1), 57- 83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.535656
• Lin, M. Wu, X. Ling, Q. (2017). Assessing the effectiveness of empowerment on service quality: A multi-level study of Chinese tourism firms, Tourism Management, 61, 411-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.001.
• London, M. Larsen, H.H. Thısted, L. N. (1999). Relationships between feedback and self-development, Group and Organization Management, 24(1), pp.5-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601199241002.
• Nafei, W. (2015). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational cynicism and employee performance: a study on sadat city university, International Journal of Business Administration, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v6n1p8.
• Nwachukwu, C. and Chladkova, H. (2017). Human resource management practices and employee satisfaction in microfinance banks in Nigeria. Trends Economics and Management, 28 (1), 23-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13164/trends.2017.28.23.
• Osborne, S. P. (1994). The language of empowerment, The Internationel Journnal of Public Sector Management, 7(3), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513559410061759.
• Oudtshoom, M. V. and Thomas, L. (1995). A management synopsis of empowerment, Training for Qualitiy, Bradford, 3(3). 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684879410056175.
• Özgen, H. and Türk M. (1997). The key to success in competitiveness in the service sector: personnel empowerment, Journal of Public Administration, 30(4), 75-86. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/Dergiler.
• Panaccio, A. Vandenberghe, C. and Ayed, A. K. B. (2014). The role of negative affectivity in the relationships between pay satisfaction, affective and continuance commitment and voluntary turnover: a moderated mediation model, Human Relations, 67(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713516377.
• Sacchetti, S. Tortia, E. C. and Lopez Arceiz, F. J. (2016). Human resource management practices and organizational performance, The mediator role of immaterial satisfaction in Italian social coperatives. Facultad de Econom Empresa, Universidad de Zaragoza.
• Sadullah, O. (2013). Introduction to human resources management, Beta Publications, Istanbul.
• Saeed, R. Lodhi, R. N. Iqbal, A. Sandhu, M. A. Munir, M. Yaseen, S. (2013).The effect of human resource management practices on organization's performance, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 16 (11), 1548-1556. DOI: 10.5829/idosi. mejsr.2013.16.11.12077.
• Spreitzer, G.M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442-465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865.
• Sürgevil, O. Tolay, E. and Topoyan M. (2013). Validity and reliability analyzes of structural empowerment and psychological empowerment scales. Journal of Yaşar University, 8 (31), 5371-5391. https://journal.yasar.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/10Vol8.
• Tannenbaum, S.I. and Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations, Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 399-441. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002151.
• Tokgöz, E. and Aytemiz S. O. (2013). The relationship between organizational trust, organizational ıdentification and organizational citizenship behavior: research in a state hospital, Recommendation Journal. 10, 39. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maruoneri/issue/17900/187803.
• Trehan, S. and Setia, K. (2014). Human resource management practices and organizational performance: An Indian perspective, Global Journal of Finance and Management, 6(8), 789-796. http://www.ripublication.com/gjfm-spl/gjfmv6n8_15.pdf.
• Wang, X. Liao J. Xia D. and Chang T. (2010). The ımpact of organizational justice on work performance-mediating effects of organizational commitment and leader member Exchange, International Journal of Manpower, 31(6): 660- 677. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721011073364.
• Wheeler, A. R. Harris, K. J. Harvey, P. (2010). Moderating and mediating the hrm effectiveness-ıntent to turnover relationship: the roles of supervisors and job embeddedness, Journal of Managerial Issues, 22 (2), 182-196. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20798904?seq=1.
• Wriht, M. P. and Boswell, W. R. (2002). Desegregating hrm: a review and synhesis of micro and macro human resource management research, Journal of Management, Vol.3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00128-9.
• Zincirkıran, M. Çelik, G. M. Ceylan, A. K. Emhan, A. (2015). The effects of employees'organizational commitment, turnover intention, job stress, and employee job satisfaction on organizational performance. A research in the energy sector, Financial Political & Economic Reviews, 52(600),59-71. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/fpeyd/issue/48048/607594.
• “Turkey-health-service-first-3-country-iraq-somali-and-syria-was” https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/2020de-turkiyede-saglik-hizmeti-alan-ilk-3-ulke-irak-somali-ve-suriye-oldu-237293. 07.04.2022.
• “Oyakyatirim.com.tr/News” https://www.oyakyatirim.com.tr/haberler/20140425095409/. 07.04.2022
• “Personal rights of healthcare workers” https://tr.euronews.com/2022/03/14/sagl-k-cal-sanlar-n-n-ozluk-haklar-nda-hangi-iyilestirmeler-yap-ld-yeni-duzenlemeler-neler. 13.04.2022.
• “Legal process in Iraq” https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/irakta-huk%C3%BBmet-sureci-nereye-gidiyor/2466748. 25.04.2022
• “Health workers in the pandemic” https://www.dw.com/tr/ds%C3%B6-pandemide-en-az-115-bin-sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fan%C4%B1-hayat%C4%B1n%C4%B1-kaybetti/a-57640599.
• “Ministry of health personnel data” https://www.saglikpersonelihaber.net/saglik-bakanligi/mart-2022-itibariyle-saglik-bakanliginin-personel-sayisi-h16724.html.
• “Ministry of Health Staff Salaries” https://www.netmaas.com/saglik-bakanligi-personel-maaslari-2022 29.20.2022