Uluslararası İlişkilerin Kültürel Boyutunu Yeniden Düşünmek: Kültürel Diplomasi ve Kamu Diplomasisi Kavramlarının Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1292 - 1309, 30.09.2024

Cem Savaş

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1428503

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uluslararası İlişkiler literatüründe çoğunlukla birbirinin yerine kullanılan kültürel diplomasi ve kamu diplomasisi kavramlarını tanımlamak ve bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Devletlerin belirli dış politika hedeflerine ulaşmak için kültürü araçsallaştırdığı çeşitli yollarla tarihsel olarak ilişkilendirilen bir alan olarak kültürel diplomasi, bir devletin kültürünün dış politika hedeflerini desteklemek için konuşlandırılmasını vurgulamaktadır. Kültürel diplomasi günümüzde uluslararası bir etki yaratmak için başvurulan temel araçlardan biridir. Birçok yazar ve araştırmacı tarafından kamu diplomasisinin alt alanlarından birine ya da bununla ilgili bir teknik yönteme indirgenen kültürel diplomasi, aslında kamu diplomasisinin tarihsel temelini teşkil eden bir kavramdır ve kamu diplomasisi tarihsel düzlemde kültürel diplomasinin içinden doğmuştur. Bu çerçevede, çalışmada kamu diplomasisinin öncülü olarak tanımlanabilecek olan kültürel diplomasinin temel nitelikleri üstünde durulacak ve uluslararası ilişkilerin kültürel boyutları ele alınacaktır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde kamu diplomasisinin bir öncülü olarak kültürel diplomasinin temel nitelikleri ve tarihsel gelişimi üzerinde durulacaktır. İkinci bölümde, küreselleşme koşulları altında kültürel diplomasi kavramının edindiği yeni boyutlar tartışılacaktır. Son bölümde ise, kültürel diplomasi ve kamu diplomasisi kavramları arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar eleştirel bir perspektif çerçevesinde incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültürel Diplomasi, Kamu Diplomasisi, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Kültür, Dış Politika

Rethinking the Cultural Dimension of International Relations: A Comparative Analysis of the Concepts of Cultural Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy

Öz

The aim of this study is to define the concepts of cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy, which are often used interchangeably in the International Relations literature, and to examine the relationships between these two concepts. As a field historically associated with the various ways in which states have instrumentalized culture to achieve specific foreign policy goals, cultural diplomacy emphasizes the deployment of a state's culture in support of its foreign policy objectives. Cultural diplomacy continues to function as one of the main tools for creating international influence today. Cultural diplomacy, which has been reduced to one of the subfields of public diplomacy or a technical method related to it by many writers and researchers, is actually a concept that forms the historical basis of public diplomacy, and public diplomacy emerged from cultural diplomacy on a historical level. In this context, the study will focus on the basic characteristics of cultural diplomacy, which can be defined as the predecessor of public diplomacy, and the cultural dimensions of international relations will be discussed. The first part of the study will focus on the basic characteristics and historical development of cultural diplomacy as a predecessor of public diplomacy. In the second part, the new dimensions of the concept of cultural diplomacy under the conditions of globalization will be discussed. In the last section, the similarities and differences between the concepts of cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy will be examined within the framework of a critical perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cultural Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, International Relations, Culture, Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

• Anderson, M. S. (1993). The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1450-1919, New York: Longman.
• Berridge, G. R. ve Lloyd, L. (2012). The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionnay of Diplomacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Bjola, C. ve Holmes, M. (Ed.). (2015). Digital Diplomacy. Theory and Practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Bjola, C., Cassidy, J. ve Manor, I. (2019). Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 14 (1-2), 83-101.
• Bolewski, W. (2008). Diplomatic Processes and Cultural Variations : The Relevance of Culture in Diplomacy. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Winter/Spring, 145-160.
• Bound, K., Briggs, R. ve Holden, J S. J. (Ed.) (2007). Cultural Diplomacy, London: Demos.
• Ceylan, E. (2020). Kültürel Diplomasi. A. R. Usul ve İ. Yaylacı (Ed.). Dönüşen Diplomasi ve Türkiye. Aktörler, Alanlar, Araçlar içinde (s. 321-350). İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
• Charillon, F. (Ed.) (2002). Politique Étrangère Nouveaux Regards, Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
• Chaubet, F. (2013). Rôle et enjeux de l’influence culturelle dans les relations internationales, Revue internationale et stratégique, vol. 1, no. 89, 93-101.
• Coombs, P. H. (1964). The Fourth Dimension of Foreign Policy: the educational and cultural affairs. New York, Evanston: Harper and Row.
• Cull, N. J. (2008a). Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. Geoffrey Cowan et Nicholas J. Cull (dir.) Public Diplomacy in a Changing World, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science içinde (s. 31-54) Vol. 616.
• Cull, N. J. (2008b). The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy. Cambridge.
• Cull, N. J. (2013). Foreword. M. K. D. Cross ve J. Melissen (Ed.). European Public Diplomacy Soft Power at Work içinde (s. vii-xiii). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Cummings, M. C. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington: Center for Arts and Culture.
• Demir, V. (2012). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Yumuşak Güç. İstanbul: Beta.
• Devin, G. (2002). Les diplomaties de la politique étrangère. Charillon, F. (Ed.). Politique Étrangère Nouveaux Regards içinde (s. 215-242). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
• Devin, G. (2013). L’International comme dimension compréhensive dans l’enseignement de la science politique. Thierry Balzacq ve Frédéric Ramel (Ed.), Traité de relations internationales içinde (s. 1073-1080). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
• Dulphy, A. (2010). Introduction (La Diplomatie Culturelle). A. Dulphy, R. Frank, M.-A. Matard-Bonucci ve P. Ory (Ed.). Les relations culturelles internationales au XXe siècle. De la Diplomatie culturelle à l'acculturation içinde. (s. 27-30). Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
• Ekşi, M. (2014). Kamu Diplomasisi ve Ak Parti Dönemi Türk Dış Politikası. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Frank, R. (2010). Conclusion. A. Dulphy, R. Frank, M.-A. Matard-Bonucci ve P. Ory (Ed.), Les relations culturelles internationales au XXe siècle. De la Diplomatie culturelle à l'acculturation içinde (s. 667-685). Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
• Gensau, A. V. (1995). Cultural Diplomacy and National Stereotypes: for Official Use only? T. Walas (Ed.). Stereotypes and Nations içinde (s. 247-251). Cracow: International Cultural Centre.
• Hagelstein, M. (2014). Soft Power et diplomatie culturelle. Le cas de Taiwan. Academia-Louvain-la Neuve: L’Harmattan s.a.
• Hocking, B. ve Donna Lee. (2011). Diplomacy. Bertrand Badie, Dirk-Berg Schlosser ve Leonardo Morlino (Ed.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science içinde (s. 659-669). London : Sage.
• Hocking, B. ve Melissen, J. (2015). Diplomacy in the Digital Age, La Haye: Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
• Jönsson, C. ve Martin Hall (2005). Essence of Diplomacy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Holsti, K. J. (1978). Review: A New International Politics? Diplomacy in Complex Interdependence. International Organization, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Spring), 513-530.
• Karadağ, H. (2016). Kamu Diplomasisi. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Yeni Bir Boyut, Ankara: Nobel Kitap.
• Katzenstein, P. J. (2005). A World of Regions. Asia and Europe in the American Imperium. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
• Keohane, R. O. ve Joseph Nye (1987). Jr. Power and Interdependence Revisited. International Organization, Vol. 41, No.4, 725-753.
• Keohane, R. O. (2002). Introduction: From Interdependence and Institutions to Globalization and Governance. Robert O. Keohane (Ed.), Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World içinde (s. 11-23). New York: Routledge.
• Kessler, M.-C. (2018). La diplomatie culturelle. T. Balzacq, F. Charillon ve F. Ramel (Ed.). Manuel de Diplomatie içinde (s. 263-274). Paris: SciencesPo Les Presses.
• Kostid, D. S. (2012). Cultural Diplomacy and the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Practice: the Fortresses on the Danube. T. E. Öztürk (Ed.). Cultural Diplomacy. Creating the culture of co-existence in the Balkans içinde (s. 41-52). Istanbul: TASAM.
• Lane, P. (2013). French scientific and cultural Diplomacy, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
• Lequesne, C. (2013). La diplomatie publique: un objet nouveau? Mondes, Les cahiers du Quai d’Orsay, sayı 11, 9-12.
• Lequesne, C. (2017). Éthnographie du Quai d'Orsay. Les pratiques des diplomates français, Paris: CNRS Éditions.
• Lequesne, C. (2021). Introduction. Lequesne, C. (Ed.) La puissance par l’image. Les États et leur diplomatie publique içinde (s. 7-30) Paris: SciencesPo Les Presses.
• Lombard, A. (2003). Politique culturelle internationale. Le modèle français face à la mondialisation, Internationale de l'Imaginaire Nouvelle Série-No. 16. Paris: Babel Maison des Cultures du Monde.
• Lüsebrink, H.-J. (2015). Le Concept de 'Culture' dans la diplomatie culturelle moderne: Évolutions et mises en perspectives comparatistes France-Allemagne-Québec (Annexe 8). Les Actes du Colloque intitulé La Diplomatie publique et culturelle de demain : nouvelles stratégies pour de nouveaux défis. 7-8 Mayıs 2013, Association internationale des études québécoises (AIEQ).
• İskit, T. (2011). Diplomasi. Tarihi, Teorisi, Kurumları ve Uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Manor, I. (2019). The Digitalization of Public Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Mark, S. (2009). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’.
• Mark, S. L. (2010). Rethinking cultural diplomacy: The cultural diplomacy of New Zealand, the Canadian Federation and Québec, Political Science, 62 (I), 62-83.
• McConnell, F., Moreau ve Dittmer T. J. (2012). Mimicking state diplomacy: the legitimizing strategies of unofficial diplomacies. Geoforum, 43, 804-814.
• Melissen, J. (Ed.) (2005). The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Melissen, J. (2011). Beyond the New Public Diplomacy, Clingendael Paper 3, 1-34.
• Mulcahy, K. V. (1999). Cultural Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World: Introduction, Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, Vol. 29, No. 1, 3-6.
• Nowotny, T. (2011). Diplomacy and Global Governance : the Diplomatic Service in An Age of Worldwide Interdependence, New Jersey: Transaction.
• Nye, J. S. (2004). Power in the global information age from realism to globalization. London: Routledge.
• Nye, J. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power, G. Cowan ve N. J. Cull (Ed.) The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, Sage, 94-109.
• Nye, J. S. (2009). Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 4 (July/August), 160- 163.
• Nye, J. S. ve Welch, D. A. (2011). Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation. An introduction to theory and history. Boston: Pearson.
• Nye, J. S. (2013). L'Équilibre des puissances au XXIe Siècle. Géoéconomie, II (65), 19-29.
• Ory, P. (2007). Préface. J.-M. Tobelem (Ed.). L'Arme de la Culture les Stratégies de la diplomatie culturelle non gouvernementale içinde (s. 9-11). Paris: L'Harmattan.
• Ory, P. (2010). Introduction. A. Dulphy, R. Frank, M.-A. Matard-Bonucci ve P. Ory (Ed.). Les relations culturelles internationales au XXe siècle. De la Diplomatie culturelle à l'acculturation içinde (s. 15-24). Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang.
• Öztürk, T. E. (2012). Introduction. T. E. Öztürk (Ed.). Cultural Diplomacy. Creating the culture of co-existence in the Balkans içinde (s. 9-16). Istanbul: TASAM.
• Özdemirkıran Embel, M. ve Savaş, C. (2022). Fransa’daki Uluslararası İlişkiler Anlayışının Temel Nitelikleri: Disiplini Anglo-Amerikan Yaklaşımların Ötesinde Düşünmek. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 17(1), 29-45.
• Pahlavi, P. (2013). La diplomatie publique. T. Balzacq ve F. Ramel (Ed.). Traité de relations internationales içinde (s. 553-606). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
• Pajtinka, E. (2014). Cultural Diplomacy in Theory and Practice of Contemporary International Relations, Political Sciences (Politické vedy), issue: 4, 95-108.
• Pamment, J. (2012). New public diplomacy in the 21st century. A comparative study of policy and practice, New York: Routledge.
• Pamment, J. (2014). Articulating influence: Toward a research agenda for interpreting the evaluation of soft power, public diplomacy and nation brands. Public Relations Review 40, 50-59.
• Panov, D. K. (2012). Soft power and cultural Memory in Television serials in southeastern Europe. T. E. Öztürk (Ed.). Cultural Diplomacy. Creating the culture of co-existence in the Balkans içinde (s. 69-88). Istanbul: TASAM.
• Potter, E. H. (2002). Cyber-diplomacy. Managing Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century. Montréal: McGill- Queen’s University Press.
• Raymond, de J.-F. (2000). L'action culturelle extérieure de la France, Paris: La Documentation française.
• Rosendorf, N. M. (2009). A Cultural Public Diplomacy Strategy. P. Seib (Ed.). Toward a New Public Diplomacy Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy içinde (s. 173-194). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Sancak, K. (2016). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç Kavramı ve Yumuşak Güç, Ankara: Nobel Kitap.
• Schneider, C. P. (2006). Cultural Diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You’d Know It If You Saw It. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, Fall/Winter, Vol. XIII, Issue 1, 191-203.
• Seib, P. (Ed.) (2009). Toward a New Public Diplomacy. Redirecting U.S. Foreign Policy, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Serodes, F. (2007). Le nouveau rôle diplomatique informel des institutions culturelles. Jean-Michel Tobelem, L'Arme de la Culture les Stratégies de la diplomatie culturelle non gouvernementale içinde (s. 195-216) Paris: L'Harmattan.
• Tomlinson, J. (1999). Globalization and Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Zaharna R. S. (2012). The Cultural Awakening in Public Diplomacy, CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy (USC Center on Public Diplomacy at the Annenberg School the University of Southern California). Los Angeles: Figueroa Press.