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A Handful of Peaceful Simple Men on The Hill: Monte Cassino Monastery

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1439 - 1458, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1457799

Öz

Monte Cassino Monastery, founded by St. Benedict on the hills of Monte Cassino near Rome, Italy, in the Middle Ages, pioneered the formation of European culture and civilization and the development of Western medicine with its rich library and hospices where monks were educated and also served the patients. However, it was an important center of science and culture, offering a retreat to the leading scientists of its time (they were translating the works of Eastern scientists into Latin). Benedict's rule had three basic principles: peace, reading, and manual labor. The monastery established close relations with political and religious authorities, as it enjoyed the support of the nobility and also recruited the children of the aristocracy into its ranks. Later, with many monasteries and a chain of monasteries established in line with the teachings of St. Benedict, he contributed to the formation of the cultural and political map of Europe. He had indirect influences on the events of his time through his close relations with the leading religious and political actors of his age (papacy and royalty, nobility). During the reform movement, it was one of the leading figures of its time. And also supported the reforms of Pope Gregory VII. During the abbacy of Desiderius II. the monastery had good relations with the East Roman Empire, and as due result Byzantine art was imported to the West. In addition, it played an active role in the First Crusade by hosting the Crusaders on their way and with the loans it gave. The Abbey of Monte Cassino significantly influenced the scientific, cultural, and political life of Europe. This study aims to explore the impact of Benedictine Monte Cassino Monastery on Western Europe’s scientific, cultural, and political arena.

Kaynakça

  • Baker, T. M. (2015). “Be You as Living Stones Built Up, a Spiritual House, a Holy Priesthood”: Cistercian Exegesis, Reform, and the Construction of Holy Architectures (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Bannister, E. A. (2010). ‘A monastic ark against the current flood’: the manuscripts of Peter Damian at the Abbey of Montecassino. European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire, 17(2), 221-240. DOI: 10.1080/13507481003660894.
  • Berthoud, J. (1966). The Italian Renaissance Library. Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 61-80. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 10:0.
  • Bloch, H. (1946). Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 3, 163-224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291045. 78.190.167.141 on Sun, 09 Jul 2023 17:4. 1.
  • Bloch, H. (1987). Origin and Fate of the Bronze Doors of Abbot Desiderius of Monte Cassino. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 41, 89-102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291548. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 09:4.
  • Conant, K. J. (1971). Observations on the Practical Talents and Technology of the Medieval Benedictines. In Cluniac Monasticism in the Central Middle Ages (pp. 77-84). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Cowdrey, H. E. J., & Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1983). The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Clarendon Press.
  • Damian, P. (2013). Letters, 1-30. Catholic University of America Press.
  • Deanesly, M. (2004). A history of the medieval church: 590-1500. Routledge.
  • Fabiani, L. (1968). La terra di S. Benedetto/1. La terra di S. Benedetto studio storico-giuridico sull'Abbazia di Montecassino dall'VIII al XIII secolo, 33.
  • Francis, H. S. (1944). Traditional Representation of Medicine and Healing in the Christian Hierarchy. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 32(3).
  • Frothingham, A. L. (1917). Ancient Orientation Unveiled: III. American Journal of Archaeology, 21(3), 313-336.
  • Gehl, P. F. (1976). Monastic rhetoric and grammar in the age of Desiderius: the works of Alberic of Montecassino. The University of Chicago
  • Gwynn, A. (1944). Monte Cassino and the European Tradition. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 1-11. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:4.
  • Howe, J. (1988). The nobility's reform of the medieval Church. The American Historical Review, 93(2), 317-339. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 09:3.
  • Jotischky, A. (2012). Monastic reform and the geography of Christendom: experience, observation, and influence. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 22, 57-74. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:3.
  • Krey, A. C. (1927). Monte Cassino, Metten, and Minnesota. Minnesota History, 8(3), 217-231. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:38:07 +00:00.
  • Kostick, C. (2008). The social structure of the First Crusade. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004166653.i- 324
  • Loud, G. A. (1985). Church and society in the Norman principality of Capua, 1058-1197. Clarendon Press.
  • Meeder, S. (2018). Monte Cassino’s Network of Knowledge. The Earliest Manuscript Evidence. Writing in the Early Medieval West: Studies in Honor of Rosamond McKitterick, 131-145.
  • Owens, M. S. (1987). The Montecassino passion play: theatre in a monastic community. University of California, Berkeley.
  • Palmarocchi, R. (1913). L'abbazia di Montecassino e la conquista normanna. E. Loescher.
  • Robinson, I. S. (2004). The papal reform of the eleventh century: lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII. In The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century. Manchester University Press, 1st Edition. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526112668
  • Roguin, A. L., Roguin, A., & Roguin, N. (2021). Historical advancements and evolution in understanding human anatomy and pathology: the contribution of the middle ages. Advances in anatomic pathology, 28(3), 171- 177. file:///C:/Users/serpil/Downloads/historical_advancements_and_evolution_in.5.pdf
  • Russo, L. (2014). The Monte Cassino Tradition of the First Crusade: From the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis to the Hystoria de via et recuperatione Antiochiae atque Ierusolymarum. In Writing the Early Crusades. Texts, Transmission and Memory (pp. 53-62). Boydell.
  • Sigerist, H. E. (1958). The Latin medical literature of the early Middle Ages. Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, 127-146. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Tschanz, D. W. (1997). The Arab roots of European medicine. Aramco Services Company. bxscience.edu. https://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2008/12/12/60049615/Arab%20Roots%20of%20European%20Med icine.pdf.
  • Van Engen, J. (1986). The" Crisis of Cenobitism" Reconsidered: Benedictine Monasticism in the Years 1050- 1150. Speculum, 61(2), 269-304. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Walsh, J. J. (1903). By-Paths Of History. The Church And Science In The Dark Ages."Ten Silent Centuries Found A Voice"—Carlyle. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, 14(2), 217-242. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Wickstrom, J. B. (1994). Text and image in the making of a Holy Man: An illustrated life of Saint Maurus of Glanfeuil MS vat. lat. 1202. Studies in iconography, 16, 53-82. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Wickstrom, J. B. (1998). Gregory The Great's" Life Of St. Benedict" And The Illustrations Of Abbot Desiderius II. Studies in Iconography, 19, 31-73. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.

Tepedeki Barışçıl Basit Adamlar: Monte Cassino Manastırı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 1439 - 1458, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1457799

Öz

Orta Çağ’da İtalya, Roma yakınlarında Monte Cassino’nun tepelerinde Aziz Benedict tarafından kurulan Monte Cassino Manastırı Avrupa kültür ve medeniyetinin oluşumuna zengin kütüphanesi, keşişlerin eğitim gördüğü ve aynı zamanda hastalara hizmet verdikleri bakımevleriyle Batı tıbbının gelişimine ön ayak oldu. Bununla birlikte, çağının önde gelen bilim adamlarına inziva mekânı sunmasıyla (doğulu bilim adamlarının eserlerini Latince’ye çeviriyorlardı) önemli bir bilim ve kültür merkeziydi. Benedikt’in kuralının üç temel ilkesi barış, kitap okumak ve ele emeği idi. Manastır soyluların desteğini aldığı ve aynı zamanda aristokrasinin çocuklarını kendi saflarına kattığı için siyasi ve dini otoritelerle yakın ilişkiler tesis etti. Daha sonraları Aziz Benedict’in öğretileri doğrultusunda kurulan pek çok manastır ve manastırlar zinciriyle Avrupa’nın kültürel ve siyasi haritasının oluşuma katkıları oldu. Çağının önde gelen dini ve siyasi aktörleriyle (papalık ve kraliyet, soylular) kurduğu yakın ilişkilerle döneminin olaylarına dolaylı etkiler yaptı. Reform hareketi sırasında zamanının önde gelen isimlerinden biriydi. Ayrıca Papa VII. Gregory'nin reformlarını da destekledi. Desiderius II'nin başrahipliği sırasında. Manastırın Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu ile iyi ilişkileri vardı ve bunun sonucunda Bizans sanatı Batı'ya ithal edildi. Ayrıca yola çıkan Haçlılara ev sahipliği yapması ve verdiği kredilerle I. Haçlı Seferi’nde etkin bir rol oynadı. Monte Cassino Manastırı, Avrupa'nın bilimsel, kültürel ve politik yaşamını önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Desiderius zamanında altın çağını yaşayan manastır aynı zamanda mimari alanda da gelişmelere sahne oldu. Monte Cassino Manastırı Avrupa’nın bilimsel kültürel ve siyasi hayatını önemli ölçüde etkiledi. Bu çalışma, Benedikten Monte Cassino Manastırı'nın Batı Avrupa'nın bilim, kültür ve politik arenasındaki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Baker, T. M. (2015). “Be You as Living Stones Built Up, a Spiritual House, a Holy Priesthood”: Cistercian Exegesis, Reform, and the Construction of Holy Architectures (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Bannister, E. A. (2010). ‘A monastic ark against the current flood’: the manuscripts of Peter Damian at the Abbey of Montecassino. European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire, 17(2), 221-240. DOI: 10.1080/13507481003660894.
  • Berthoud, J. (1966). The Italian Renaissance Library. Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 61-80. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 10:0.
  • Bloch, H. (1946). Monte Cassino, Byzantium, and the West in the Earlier Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 3, 163-224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291045. 78.190.167.141 on Sun, 09 Jul 2023 17:4. 1.
  • Bloch, H. (1987). Origin and Fate of the Bronze Doors of Abbot Desiderius of Monte Cassino. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 41, 89-102. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291548. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 09:4.
  • Conant, K. J. (1971). Observations on the Practical Talents and Technology of the Medieval Benedictines. In Cluniac Monasticism in the Central Middle Ages (pp. 77-84). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Cowdrey, H. E. J., & Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1983). The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the papacy, and the Normans in the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Clarendon Press.
  • Damian, P. (2013). Letters, 1-30. Catholic University of America Press.
  • Deanesly, M. (2004). A history of the medieval church: 590-1500. Routledge.
  • Fabiani, L. (1968). La terra di S. Benedetto/1. La terra di S. Benedetto studio storico-giuridico sull'Abbazia di Montecassino dall'VIII al XIII secolo, 33.
  • Francis, H. S. (1944). Traditional Representation of Medicine and Healing in the Christian Hierarchy. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 32(3).
  • Frothingham, A. L. (1917). Ancient Orientation Unveiled: III. American Journal of Archaeology, 21(3), 313-336.
  • Gehl, P. F. (1976). Monastic rhetoric and grammar in the age of Desiderius: the works of Alberic of Montecassino. The University of Chicago
  • Gwynn, A. (1944). Monte Cassino and the European Tradition. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 1-11. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:4.
  • Howe, J. (1988). The nobility's reform of the medieval Church. The American Historical Review, 93(2), 317-339. 78.190.161.86 on Sun, 02 Jul 2023 09:3.
  • Jotischky, A. (2012). Monastic reform and the geography of Christendom: experience, observation, and influence. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 22, 57-74. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:3.
  • Krey, A. C. (1927). Monte Cassino, Metten, and Minnesota. Minnesota History, 8(3), 217-231. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:38:07 +00:00.
  • Kostick, C. (2008). The social structure of the First Crusade. Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004166653.i- 324
  • Loud, G. A. (1985). Church and society in the Norman principality of Capua, 1058-1197. Clarendon Press.
  • Meeder, S. (2018). Monte Cassino’s Network of Knowledge. The Earliest Manuscript Evidence. Writing in the Early Medieval West: Studies in Honor of Rosamond McKitterick, 131-145.
  • Owens, M. S. (1987). The Montecassino passion play: theatre in a monastic community. University of California, Berkeley.
  • Palmarocchi, R. (1913). L'abbazia di Montecassino e la conquista normanna. E. Loescher.
  • Robinson, I. S. (2004). The papal reform of the eleventh century: lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII. In The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century. Manchester University Press, 1st Edition. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526112668
  • Roguin, A. L., Roguin, A., & Roguin, N. (2021). Historical advancements and evolution in understanding human anatomy and pathology: the contribution of the middle ages. Advances in anatomic pathology, 28(3), 171- 177. file:///C:/Users/serpil/Downloads/historical_advancements_and_evolution_in.5.pdf
  • Russo, L. (2014). The Monte Cassino Tradition of the First Crusade: From the Chronica Monasterii Casinensis to the Hystoria de via et recuperatione Antiochiae atque Ierusolymarum. In Writing the Early Crusades. Texts, Transmission and Memory (pp. 53-62). Boydell.
  • Sigerist, H. E. (1958). The Latin medical literature of the early Middle Ages. Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, 127-146. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Tschanz, D. W. (1997). The Arab roots of European medicine. Aramco Services Company. bxscience.edu. https://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2008/12/12/60049615/Arab%20Roots%20of%20European%20Med icine.pdf.
  • Van Engen, J. (1986). The" Crisis of Cenobitism" Reconsidered: Benedictine Monasticism in the Years 1050- 1150. Speculum, 61(2), 269-304. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Walsh, J. J. (1903). By-Paths Of History. The Church And Science In The Dark Ages."Ten Silent Centuries Found A Voice"—Carlyle. Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, 14(2), 217-242. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Wickstrom, J. B. (1994). Text and image in the making of a Holy Man: An illustrated life of Saint Maurus of Glanfeuil MS vat. lat. 1202. Studies in iconography, 16, 53-82. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
  • Wickstrom, J. B. (1998). Gregory The Great's" Life Of St. Benedict" And The Illustrations Of Abbot Desiderius II. Studies in Iconography, 19, 31-73. 88.241.87.179 on Sat, 23 Mar 2024 16:2.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dinler Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serpil Çılğın 0009-0007-1828-9163

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 13 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çılğın, S. (2024). A Handful of Peaceful Simple Men on The Hill: Monte Cassino Monastery. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 1439-1458. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1457799
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.