İslam Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kadınların İşgücüne Katılımı: Kuznets Eğrisinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 5, 2180 - 2194, 31.12.2024

Saime Kavakcı

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1552469

Öz

Sanayileşme ve çeşitli ekonomik gelişmeler sonucunda kadınların işgücüne katılımları sağlanmış ve bu katılım gün geçtikçe artmıştır. Özellikle kadınların işgücüne dahil olmasına ilişkin kamu ve özel sektör temsilcileri çeşitli yatırımlar yapmaktadır. Kadınların işgücüne dahil olmaları ve ekonomik kalkınma süreçleri arasındaki ilişkiye dair literatürde birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel sorusu, modern ülkelerde sanayi öncesi ve sanayi sonrası olarak gerçekleşen U şeklinin İslam ülkelerinde farklılaşmasının mümkün olup olmadığıdır. Çalışmada mevcut literatürün aksine İslam ülkelerinde kadın istihdamı ile ekonomik büyüme arasında U şeklinde değil, ters U şeklinde (Kuznets eğrisi) bir ilişki olduğu savunulmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, İslam ülkelerinde kadınların ekonomi kötüye gittiğinde işgücüne katıldıkları, ekonomi iyiye gittiğinde ise işgücünden çıktıkları savunulmaktadır. Bu iddia çerçevesinde çalışma, 1990-2019 yılları arasında 39 İslam ülkesinin verilerini kullanarak kadınların işgücüne katılımı ve ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki Kuznets eğrisi ilişkisini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada bu ilişkiyi araştırmak için nicel bir araştırma yöntemi olan panel veri analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Kuznets eğrisi İran, Kazakistan, Lübnan, Fas, Pakistan, Kırgız Cumhuriyeti, Maldivler, Mali, Moritanya, Sudan, Tunus, Senegal ve Komorlar'da en az bir modelde tespit edilmiştir. U şeklindeki feminizasyon hipotezi ise Cezayir, Azerbaycan, Bangladeş, Endonezya, Irak, Ürdün, Malezya, Umman, Türkiye, Yemen, BAE, Burkina Faso, Özbekistan, Tacikistan ve Türkmenistan'da en az bir modeli doğrulamaktadır. Çalışmanın iddiası doğrultusunda bazı İslam ülkeleri, genel feminizasyon U teorisinin aksine Kuznets eğrisini temsil etmektedir. Kadın işgücüne katılım oranı ve ekonomik kalkınma arasında tespit edilen Kuznets eğrisinin arkasındaki nedenin din, kültür ve yasal kodlar olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kadın İstihdamı, Ekonomik Büyüme, Kuznets Eğrisi, U Şekli, İslam Ülkeleri

Economic Growth and Female Labor Participation in Islamic Countries: Evidence from Labor Kuznets Curve

Öz

As a result of industrialization and various economic developments, female participation in the labor force has been ensured and this participation has increased day by day. Public, and private sector representatives make various investments, especially for including females in the labor force. There are many studies in the literature on the relationship between female participation in the labor force and economic development processes. The main question of this study is whether it is possible to differentiate the U-shape, which is realized as pre-industrial and post-industrial in modern countries, in Islamic countries. Contrary to the existing literature, the study argues that there is an inverted U-shaped (Kuznets curve) relationship between female labor and economic growth in Islamic countries, not a U-shaped relationship. Accordingly, it is argued that women in Islamic countries join the labor force when the economy is deteriorating and leave the labor force when the economy is improving. Within the framework of this hypothesis, the study investigates the Kuznets curve relationship between female labor force participation and economic development using data from 39 Islamic countries between 1990 and 2019. The study employs panel data analysis, a quantitative research method, to explore this relationship. As a result of the study, the Kuznets curve was found in at least one model in Iran, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Sudan, Tunisia, Senegal and Comoros. The U-shaped feminization hypothesis is confirmed in at least one model in Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Oman, Türkiye, Yemen, UAE, Burkina Faso, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. In line with the study's claim, some Islamic countries represent the Kuznets curve contrary to the general feminization U theory. Religion, culture, and legal codes are thought to be the reason behind the Kuznets curve found between female labor force participation rate and economic development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Female Labor Participation, Economic Growth, Kuznets Curve, U-Shape, Islamic Countries

Kaynakça

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