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Çin'in BRI Ülkelerine Yönelik Kamu Diplomasisi Stratejisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1306 - 1322, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869

Öz

Çin 2013 yılında, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi'ni (BRI) katılımcı ülkeler arasında ekonomik iş birliği ve kalkınmayı teşvik etmek amacıyla başlattı. Şimdiye kadar, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’nin ekonomik ve siyasi boyutları üzerine geniş çapta araştırmalar yapılmış olsa da kamu diplomasisi boyutuna görece daha az dikkat çekilmiştir. Bu makale, BRI çerçevesinde Çin'in kamu diplomasisinin stratejik hedeflerini, işlevlerini ve karşılaştığı zorlukları inceleyerek, bunun uluslararası ilişkiler ve kültürel etkileşim üzerindeki etkilerini vurgulamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışma nitel bir yaklaşım benimseyerek, politika belgelerini, resmî açıklamaları ve kültürel girişimleri analiz etmiş; Çin'in kamu diplomasisini uluslararası imajını şekillendirmede ve BRI ülkeleriyle ekonomik ve kültürel politikalarını desteklemede nasıl kullandığını incelemiştir. Bulgular, kamu diplomasisinin Çin’in yumuşak gücünü genişletmek için başvurduğu temel araçlardan biri olduğunu göstermektedir. BRI kapsamında düzenlenen kültürel etkileşim programları, eğitim ve altyapı iş birlikleri gibi girişimler, insanlar arası bağları güçlendirmeyi ve BRI kapsamındaki ülkelerle güven inşa etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ancak bu çabalar, jeopolitik rekabetler, ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik endişeleri ve yerel toplulukların katılımında yetersiz şeffaflık gibi önemli zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Bu sorunlar, Çin’in kamu diplomasisinin etkinliğini ve BRI çerçevesinde uzun vadeli ortaklıkları sürdürme yeteneğini tehlikeye atma riski taşımaktadır. Makale, bu zorlukları ele almak için uygulanabilir öneriler sunmaktadır. Öneriler arasında tutarlı bir kamu diplomasisi söyleminin geliştirilmesi, halkla ilişkiler stratejilerinin iyileştirilmesi ve kültürel ve insanlar arası bağları kolaylaştırmaya yönelik çabaların genişletilmesi yer almaktadır. Bu eksikliklerin giderilmesiyle, Çin, BRI’nin uzun vadeli başarısını artırabilir, sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı teşvik edebilir ve küresel ölçekte karşılıklı iş birliği ve anlayışı güçlendirebilir. Etkili kamu diplomasisi, BRI’nin iddialı hedeflerine ulaşmasında temel bir yapı taşı olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Osama. 2024. "Pakistan’s Security Challenges Threaten to Undermine Its Relationship with China." Stimson Center, Kasım 20, 2024. https://www.stimson.org/2024/pakistans-security-challenges-threaten-to-undermine-its-relationship-with-china/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Bain, Sean. 2016. "Myanmar: It's Time for Transparency over the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone." International Commission of Jurists, Kasım 20, 2016. https://www.icj.org/resource/myanmar-its-time-for-transparency-over-the-kyaukphyu-special-economic-zone/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Brautigam, Deborah. 2020. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Burcu, Oana and Boni, Filippo. 2023. China’s Public Diplomacy and Its Foreign Policy Towards Central and South Asia. In: Zhang, Xiaoling and Schultz, Corey eds. China's International Communication and Relationship Building. Communicating China. Abingdon: Routledge, 79–96.
  • Carrai, Maria Adele. 2021. "Questioning the Debt-Trap Diplomacy Rhetoric Surrounding Hambantota Port." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5 June 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/05/questioning-the-debt-trap-diplomacy-rhetoric-surrounding-hambantota-port/ (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • Chen, Shuisheng and Xi, Guigui (陈水胜, 席桂桂). 2017. ‘Public Diplomacy to Assist the Construction of ‘Belt and Road’, Should Grasp the ‘Five Ones’ (公共外交助力“一带一路”建设,应抓好“五个一”), Public Diplomacy Quarterly, No.02, 42-47.
  • Chen, Yunnan. 2021. "Laying the Tracks: The Political Economy of Railway Development in Ethiopia’s Railway Sector and Implications for Technology Transfer." China Africa Research Initiative Working Paper, no. 2021/43, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Chin, Tamara. 2013. The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 40, No. 1, 194-219. Chunyan, Liu. 2024. Promoting the Spirit of the Silk Road and Building a Community of Human Destiny, International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development, 11(01), 392-398.
  • Dams, Ties, Xiaoxue Martin, and Vera Kranenburg. 2021. China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times. European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ETNC-2021-Chinas-Soft-Power-in-Europe-Falling-on-Hard-Times-1.pdf (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • D'Hooghe, Ingrid. 2007. The rise of China's public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations" Clingendael", Diplomacy Papers No.12.
  • Hartig, Fall. 2016. How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests, International Studies Review (2016) 0, 1–26.
  • Hu, Biliang. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 1-10.
  • Jacob, Jabin. T. 2017. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspectives from India. China & World Economy, 25(5), 78–100.
  • Jiang, Yuan. 2022. “Revealing China’s diplomatic narratives ofthe Belt and Road Initiative”, Journal of Language and Politics 22 (1), 1-19.
  • Jing, Xing (邢晶). 2017. ‘The flexible moulding of national image by public diplomacy’ (公共外交对国家形象的柔性塑造), Yinshan Journal,30(05):14-17.
  • Kelechi, Withney. 2024. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding. Journal of Public Relations, 3(1), 40–51.
  • Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. Global Gateway: The EU Alternative to China’s BRI, 27 September 2021. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/global-gateway-the-eu-alternative-to-chinas-bri/
  • Leydesdorff, Loet, Probst, Carole. 2009. The Delineation of an Interdisciplinary Specialty in Terms of a Journal Set: The Case of Communication Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8):1709–1718.
  • Li, Hongxiu (李红秀). 2019. New media public diplomacy under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative: Theory and practice (一带一路”倡议下的新媒体公共外交:理论与实践), Academic Forum, 42(02), 142-148.
  • Li, Yixiang and Yu, Hongjun. (李一骁,于洪君). 2020. ‘Characteristics, Challenges and Construction Paths of Public Diplomacy of Think Tanks on the Belt and Road’ (一带一路”智库公共外交的特点、挑战及建设路径) Contemporary World, (12), 73-77.
  • Ma, Xinyue. 2024. Cultural diplomacy and China's image in Southeast Asia: Managing bilateral relations through soft power. Journal of Political Science Research, 5(2), 39–54.
  • Moiz Khan, Abdul. 2023. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Too Little, Too Late?, 12 December 2023. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/12/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-imec-too-little-too-late?lang=en (Accessed on 21.04.2025)
  • Nye, Joseph. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, Joseph. 2008. ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Russel R. Daniel. and Berger, Blake. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative, The Asia Society Policy Institute.
  • Shahriar, S. 2022. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
  • Simonin, Bernard L. 2008. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.32, No.3, 19-34.
  • Slamgazhy, Ainur. Liu, Ran. Zhappassov, Zharylkassyn & Tassilova, Aigerim. 2024. Kazakhstan's media coverage of China: How the Belt and Road Initiative strengthens geopolitical ties. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Vol.1, No.2, 362-376.
  • Tian, Lijia and Gao, Yingtong (田立加, 高英彤). 2017. ‘Study on Formulating the Development Path of China-ASEAN Public Diplomacy under the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路”倡议下制定中国—东盟公共外交发展路径研究), 广西社会科学), Vol.12, 57-61.
  • Trailović, Dragan. 2024. “Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia. In: The 4rd “Dialogues on China” International Academic Conference: Harvesting the winds of change: China and the global actors. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 283-306.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, Annual Report to Congress.
  • Wang, Zhaohui. 2021. Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective, Chinese Journal of International Review Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-26.
  • Wu, Yabo. 2024. Constructing Chinese Firms as Development Catalysts: State-Firm Public Diplomacy Collaboration in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary China, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2024.2388174
  • Wuthnow, Joel. 2017. Chinese Perspectives on the Belt Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12.
  • Xiaoyu, Chen. 2021. Cross-cultural Communication in the Belt and Road Strategy, The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 8: 48-56.
  • Yu, Hong. 2024. Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Springer.
  • Zacharias, Georgios. 2021. China's public diplomacy: evolution, challenges, and the Greek case. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(3), 79-89.
  • Zhang, Yin (张银). 2018. ‘The Enhancement of China's International Discourse and the Shaping of International Image under the Perspective of “Belt and Road” (一带一路”视域下中国国际话语权的提升与国际形象的塑造),齐齐哈尔大学学报, Philosophy and Social Science Edition, (12), 72-75.

China's Public Diplomacy Strategy towards the BRI Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1306 - 1322, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869

Öz

In 2013, China introduced the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to enhance economic cooperation, connectivity, and development among participating nations. While extensive research has examined the economic and political dimensions of the BRI, its public diplomacy efforts have received comparatively less attention. This article explores the strategic objectives, functions, and challenges of China’s public diplomacy within the BRI framework, emphasizing its influence on international relations, mutual understanding, and cultural exchange. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study analyzes policy documents, official statements, and cultural initiatives to understand how China uses public diplomacy to shape its international image and support its economic and cultural goals in collaboration with BRI nations. The findings demonstrate that public diplomacy is an essential tool for China to expand its soft power. Initiatives within the scope of BRI such as cultural outreach programs, educational exchanges, and infrastructure collaborations aim to strengthen people-to-people connections and promote trust with partner countries. However, these efforts face significant challenges, including geopolitical rivalries, concerns over economic feasibility, and insufficient transparency in engaging local communities. Such issues risk undermining China’s public diplomacy effectiveness and its ability to sustain long-term partnerships under the BRI framework. To address these challenges, the article proposes actionable recommendations. These include developing a cohesive and consistent public diplomacy narrative, improving public relations strategies, and expanding efforts to facilitate cultural and interpersonal connections. By addressing these weaknesses, China can enhance the BRI’s potential for long-term success, fostering a global environment of sustainable development, mutual cooperation, and greater international understanding. Ultimately, effective public diplomacy can serve as a cornerstone for achieving the BRI’s ambitious goals.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Osama. 2024. "Pakistan’s Security Challenges Threaten to Undermine Its Relationship with China." Stimson Center, Kasım 20, 2024. https://www.stimson.org/2024/pakistans-security-challenges-threaten-to-undermine-its-relationship-with-china/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Bain, Sean. 2016. "Myanmar: It's Time for Transparency over the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone." International Commission of Jurists, Kasım 20, 2016. https://www.icj.org/resource/myanmar-its-time-for-transparency-over-the-kyaukphyu-special-economic-zone/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Brautigam, Deborah. 2020. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Burcu, Oana and Boni, Filippo. 2023. China’s Public Diplomacy and Its Foreign Policy Towards Central and South Asia. In: Zhang, Xiaoling and Schultz, Corey eds. China's International Communication and Relationship Building. Communicating China. Abingdon: Routledge, 79–96.
  • Carrai, Maria Adele. 2021. "Questioning the Debt-Trap Diplomacy Rhetoric Surrounding Hambantota Port." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5 June 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/05/questioning-the-debt-trap-diplomacy-rhetoric-surrounding-hambantota-port/ (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • Chen, Shuisheng and Xi, Guigui (陈水胜, 席桂桂). 2017. ‘Public Diplomacy to Assist the Construction of ‘Belt and Road’, Should Grasp the ‘Five Ones’ (公共外交助力“一带一路”建设,应抓好“五个一”), Public Diplomacy Quarterly, No.02, 42-47.
  • Chen, Yunnan. 2021. "Laying the Tracks: The Political Economy of Railway Development in Ethiopia’s Railway Sector and Implications for Technology Transfer." China Africa Research Initiative Working Paper, no. 2021/43, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Chin, Tamara. 2013. The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 40, No. 1, 194-219. Chunyan, Liu. 2024. Promoting the Spirit of the Silk Road and Building a Community of Human Destiny, International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development, 11(01), 392-398.
  • Dams, Ties, Xiaoxue Martin, and Vera Kranenburg. 2021. China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times. European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ETNC-2021-Chinas-Soft-Power-in-Europe-Falling-on-Hard-Times-1.pdf (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • D'Hooghe, Ingrid. 2007. The rise of China's public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations" Clingendael", Diplomacy Papers No.12.
  • Hartig, Fall. 2016. How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests, International Studies Review (2016) 0, 1–26.
  • Hu, Biliang. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 1-10.
  • Jacob, Jabin. T. 2017. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspectives from India. China & World Economy, 25(5), 78–100.
  • Jiang, Yuan. 2022. “Revealing China’s diplomatic narratives ofthe Belt and Road Initiative”, Journal of Language and Politics 22 (1), 1-19.
  • Jing, Xing (邢晶). 2017. ‘The flexible moulding of national image by public diplomacy’ (公共外交对国家形象的柔性塑造), Yinshan Journal,30(05):14-17.
  • Kelechi, Withney. 2024. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding. Journal of Public Relations, 3(1), 40–51.
  • Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. Global Gateway: The EU Alternative to China’s BRI, 27 September 2021. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/global-gateway-the-eu-alternative-to-chinas-bri/
  • Leydesdorff, Loet, Probst, Carole. 2009. The Delineation of an Interdisciplinary Specialty in Terms of a Journal Set: The Case of Communication Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8):1709–1718.
  • Li, Hongxiu (李红秀). 2019. New media public diplomacy under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative: Theory and practice (一带一路”倡议下的新媒体公共外交:理论与实践), Academic Forum, 42(02), 142-148.
  • Li, Yixiang and Yu, Hongjun. (李一骁,于洪君). 2020. ‘Characteristics, Challenges and Construction Paths of Public Diplomacy of Think Tanks on the Belt and Road’ (一带一路”智库公共外交的特点、挑战及建设路径) Contemporary World, (12), 73-77.
  • Ma, Xinyue. 2024. Cultural diplomacy and China's image in Southeast Asia: Managing bilateral relations through soft power. Journal of Political Science Research, 5(2), 39–54.
  • Moiz Khan, Abdul. 2023. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Too Little, Too Late?, 12 December 2023. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/12/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-imec-too-little-too-late?lang=en (Accessed on 21.04.2025)
  • Nye, Joseph. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, Joseph. 2008. ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Russel R. Daniel. and Berger, Blake. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative, The Asia Society Policy Institute.
  • Shahriar, S. 2022. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
  • Simonin, Bernard L. 2008. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.32, No.3, 19-34.
  • Slamgazhy, Ainur. Liu, Ran. Zhappassov, Zharylkassyn & Tassilova, Aigerim. 2024. Kazakhstan's media coverage of China: How the Belt and Road Initiative strengthens geopolitical ties. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Vol.1, No.2, 362-376.
  • Tian, Lijia and Gao, Yingtong (田立加, 高英彤). 2017. ‘Study on Formulating the Development Path of China-ASEAN Public Diplomacy under the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路”倡议下制定中国—东盟公共外交发展路径研究), 广西社会科学), Vol.12, 57-61.
  • Trailović, Dragan. 2024. “Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia. In: The 4rd “Dialogues on China” International Academic Conference: Harvesting the winds of change: China and the global actors. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 283-306.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, Annual Report to Congress.
  • Wang, Zhaohui. 2021. Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective, Chinese Journal of International Review Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-26.
  • Wu, Yabo. 2024. Constructing Chinese Firms as Development Catalysts: State-Firm Public Diplomacy Collaboration in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary China, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2024.2388174
  • Wuthnow, Joel. 2017. Chinese Perspectives on the Belt Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12.
  • Xiaoyu, Chen. 2021. Cross-cultural Communication in the Belt and Road Strategy, The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 8: 48-56.
  • Yu, Hong. 2024. Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Springer.
  • Zacharias, Georgios. 2021. China's public diplomacy: evolution, challenges, and the Greek case. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(3), 79-89.
  • Zhang, Yin (张银). 2018. ‘The Enhancement of China's International Discourse and the Shaping of International Image under the Perspective of “Belt and Road” (一带一路”视域下中国国际话语权的提升与国际形象的塑造),齐齐哈尔大学学报, Philosophy and Social Science Edition, (12), 72-75.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1306 - 1322, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Osama. 2024. "Pakistan’s Security Challenges Threaten to Undermine Its Relationship with China." Stimson Center, Kasım 20, 2024. https://www.stimson.org/2024/pakistans-security-challenges-threaten-to-undermine-its-relationship-with-china/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Bain, Sean. 2016. "Myanmar: It's Time for Transparency over the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone." International Commission of Jurists, Kasım 20, 2016. https://www.icj.org/resource/myanmar-its-time-for-transparency-over-the-kyaukphyu-special-economic-zone/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Brautigam, Deborah. 2020. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Burcu, Oana and Boni, Filippo. 2023. China’s Public Diplomacy and Its Foreign Policy Towards Central and South Asia. In: Zhang, Xiaoling and Schultz, Corey eds. China's International Communication and Relationship Building. Communicating China. Abingdon: Routledge, 79–96.
  • Carrai, Maria Adele. 2021. "Questioning the Debt-Trap Diplomacy Rhetoric Surrounding Hambantota Port." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5 June 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/05/questioning-the-debt-trap-diplomacy-rhetoric-surrounding-hambantota-port/ (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • Chen, Shuisheng and Xi, Guigui (陈水胜, 席桂桂). 2017. ‘Public Diplomacy to Assist the Construction of ‘Belt and Road’, Should Grasp the ‘Five Ones’ (公共外交助力“一带一路”建设,应抓好“五个一”), Public Diplomacy Quarterly, No.02, 42-47.
  • Chen, Yunnan. 2021. "Laying the Tracks: The Political Economy of Railway Development in Ethiopia’s Railway Sector and Implications for Technology Transfer." China Africa Research Initiative Working Paper, no. 2021/43, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Chin, Tamara. 2013. The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 40, No. 1, 194-219. Chunyan, Liu. 2024. Promoting the Spirit of the Silk Road and Building a Community of Human Destiny, International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development, 11(01), 392-398.
  • Dams, Ties, Xiaoxue Martin, and Vera Kranenburg. 2021. China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times. European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ETNC-2021-Chinas-Soft-Power-in-Europe-Falling-on-Hard-Times-1.pdf (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • D'Hooghe, Ingrid. 2007. The rise of China's public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations" Clingendael", Diplomacy Papers No.12.
  • Hartig, Fall. 2016. How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests, International Studies Review (2016) 0, 1–26.
  • Hu, Biliang. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 1-10.
  • Jacob, Jabin. T. 2017. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspectives from India. China & World Economy, 25(5), 78–100.
  • Jiang, Yuan. 2022. “Revealing China’s diplomatic narratives ofthe Belt and Road Initiative”, Journal of Language and Politics 22 (1), 1-19.
  • Jing, Xing (邢晶). 2017. ‘The flexible moulding of national image by public diplomacy’ (公共外交对国家形象的柔性塑造), Yinshan Journal,30(05):14-17.
  • Kelechi, Withney. 2024. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding. Journal of Public Relations, 3(1), 40–51.
  • Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. Global Gateway: The EU Alternative to China’s BRI, 27 September 2021. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/global-gateway-the-eu-alternative-to-chinas-bri/
  • Leydesdorff, Loet, Probst, Carole. 2009. The Delineation of an Interdisciplinary Specialty in Terms of a Journal Set: The Case of Communication Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8):1709–1718.
  • Li, Hongxiu (李红秀). 2019. New media public diplomacy under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative: Theory and practice (一带一路”倡议下的新媒体公共外交:理论与实践), Academic Forum, 42(02), 142-148.
  • Li, Yixiang and Yu, Hongjun. (李一骁,于洪君). 2020. ‘Characteristics, Challenges and Construction Paths of Public Diplomacy of Think Tanks on the Belt and Road’ (一带一路”智库公共外交的特点、挑战及建设路径) Contemporary World, (12), 73-77.
  • Ma, Xinyue. 2024. Cultural diplomacy and China's image in Southeast Asia: Managing bilateral relations through soft power. Journal of Political Science Research, 5(2), 39–54.
  • Moiz Khan, Abdul. 2023. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Too Little, Too Late?, 12 December 2023. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/12/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-imec-too-little-too-late?lang=en (Accessed on 21.04.2025)
  • Nye, Joseph. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, Joseph. 2008. ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Russel R. Daniel. and Berger, Blake. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative, The Asia Society Policy Institute.
  • Shahriar, S. 2022. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
  • Simonin, Bernard L. 2008. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.32, No.3, 19-34.
  • Slamgazhy, Ainur. Liu, Ran. Zhappassov, Zharylkassyn & Tassilova, Aigerim. 2024. Kazakhstan's media coverage of China: How the Belt and Road Initiative strengthens geopolitical ties. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Vol.1, No.2, 362-376.
  • Tian, Lijia and Gao, Yingtong (田立加, 高英彤). 2017. ‘Study on Formulating the Development Path of China-ASEAN Public Diplomacy under the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路”倡议下制定中国—东盟公共外交发展路径研究), 广西社会科学), Vol.12, 57-61.
  • Trailović, Dragan. 2024. “Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia. In: The 4rd “Dialogues on China” International Academic Conference: Harvesting the winds of change: China and the global actors. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 283-306.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, Annual Report to Congress.
  • Wang, Zhaohui. 2021. Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective, Chinese Journal of International Review Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-26.
  • Wu, Yabo. 2024. Constructing Chinese Firms as Development Catalysts: State-Firm Public Diplomacy Collaboration in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary China, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2024.2388174
  • Wuthnow, Joel. 2017. Chinese Perspectives on the Belt Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12.
  • Xiaoyu, Chen. 2021. Cross-cultural Communication in the Belt and Road Strategy, The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 8: 48-56.
  • Yu, Hong. 2024. Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Springer.
  • Zacharias, Georgios. 2021. China's public diplomacy: evolution, challenges, and the Greek case. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(3), 79-89.
  • Zhang, Yin (张银). 2018. ‘The Enhancement of China's International Discourse and the Shaping of International Image under the Perspective of “Belt and Road” (一带一路”视域下中国国际话语权的提升与国际形象的塑造),齐齐哈尔大学学报, Philosophy and Social Science Edition, (12), 72-75.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1306 - 1322, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Osama. 2024. "Pakistan’s Security Challenges Threaten to Undermine Its Relationship with China." Stimson Center, Kasım 20, 2024. https://www.stimson.org/2024/pakistans-security-challenges-threaten-to-undermine-its-relationship-with-china/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Bain, Sean. 2016. "Myanmar: It's Time for Transparency over the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone." International Commission of Jurists, Kasım 20, 2016. https://www.icj.org/resource/myanmar-its-time-for-transparency-over-the-kyaukphyu-special-economic-zone/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Brautigam, Deborah. 2020. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Burcu, Oana and Boni, Filippo. 2023. China’s Public Diplomacy and Its Foreign Policy Towards Central and South Asia. In: Zhang, Xiaoling and Schultz, Corey eds. China's International Communication and Relationship Building. Communicating China. Abingdon: Routledge, 79–96.
  • Carrai, Maria Adele. 2021. "Questioning the Debt-Trap Diplomacy Rhetoric Surrounding Hambantota Port." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5 June 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/05/questioning-the-debt-trap-diplomacy-rhetoric-surrounding-hambantota-port/ (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • Chen, Shuisheng and Xi, Guigui (陈水胜, 席桂桂). 2017. ‘Public Diplomacy to Assist the Construction of ‘Belt and Road’, Should Grasp the ‘Five Ones’ (公共外交助力“一带一路”建设,应抓好“五个一”), Public Diplomacy Quarterly, No.02, 42-47.
  • Chen, Yunnan. 2021. "Laying the Tracks: The Political Economy of Railway Development in Ethiopia’s Railway Sector and Implications for Technology Transfer." China Africa Research Initiative Working Paper, no. 2021/43, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Chin, Tamara. 2013. The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 40, No. 1, 194-219. Chunyan, Liu. 2024. Promoting the Spirit of the Silk Road and Building a Community of Human Destiny, International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development, 11(01), 392-398.
  • Dams, Ties, Xiaoxue Martin, and Vera Kranenburg. 2021. China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times. European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ETNC-2021-Chinas-Soft-Power-in-Europe-Falling-on-Hard-Times-1.pdf (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • D'Hooghe, Ingrid. 2007. The rise of China's public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations" Clingendael", Diplomacy Papers No.12.
  • Hartig, Fall. 2016. How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests, International Studies Review (2016) 0, 1–26.
  • Hu, Biliang. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 1-10.
  • Jacob, Jabin. T. 2017. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspectives from India. China & World Economy, 25(5), 78–100.
  • Jiang, Yuan. 2022. “Revealing China’s diplomatic narratives ofthe Belt and Road Initiative”, Journal of Language and Politics 22 (1), 1-19.
  • Jing, Xing (邢晶). 2017. ‘The flexible moulding of national image by public diplomacy’ (公共外交对国家形象的柔性塑造), Yinshan Journal,30(05):14-17.
  • Kelechi, Withney. 2024. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding. Journal of Public Relations, 3(1), 40–51.
  • Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. Global Gateway: The EU Alternative to China’s BRI, 27 September 2021. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/global-gateway-the-eu-alternative-to-chinas-bri/
  • Leydesdorff, Loet, Probst, Carole. 2009. The Delineation of an Interdisciplinary Specialty in Terms of a Journal Set: The Case of Communication Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8):1709–1718.
  • Li, Hongxiu (李红秀). 2019. New media public diplomacy under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative: Theory and practice (一带一路”倡议下的新媒体公共外交:理论与实践), Academic Forum, 42(02), 142-148.
  • Li, Yixiang and Yu, Hongjun. (李一骁,于洪君). 2020. ‘Characteristics, Challenges and Construction Paths of Public Diplomacy of Think Tanks on the Belt and Road’ (一带一路”智库公共外交的特点、挑战及建设路径) Contemporary World, (12), 73-77.
  • Ma, Xinyue. 2024. Cultural diplomacy and China's image in Southeast Asia: Managing bilateral relations through soft power. Journal of Political Science Research, 5(2), 39–54.
  • Moiz Khan, Abdul. 2023. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Too Little, Too Late?, 12 December 2023. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/12/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-imec-too-little-too-late?lang=en (Accessed on 21.04.2025)
  • Nye, Joseph. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, Joseph. 2008. ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Russel R. Daniel. and Berger, Blake. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative, The Asia Society Policy Institute.
  • Shahriar, S. 2022. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
  • Simonin, Bernard L. 2008. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.32, No.3, 19-34.
  • Slamgazhy, Ainur. Liu, Ran. Zhappassov, Zharylkassyn & Tassilova, Aigerim. 2024. Kazakhstan's media coverage of China: How the Belt and Road Initiative strengthens geopolitical ties. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Vol.1, No.2, 362-376.
  • Tian, Lijia and Gao, Yingtong (田立加, 高英彤). 2017. ‘Study on Formulating the Development Path of China-ASEAN Public Diplomacy under the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路”倡议下制定中国—东盟公共外交发展路径研究), 广西社会科学), Vol.12, 57-61.
  • Trailović, Dragan. 2024. “Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia. In: The 4rd “Dialogues on China” International Academic Conference: Harvesting the winds of change: China and the global actors. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 283-306.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, Annual Report to Congress.
  • Wang, Zhaohui. 2021. Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective, Chinese Journal of International Review Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-26.
  • Wu, Yabo. 2024. Constructing Chinese Firms as Development Catalysts: State-Firm Public Diplomacy Collaboration in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary China, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2024.2388174
  • Wuthnow, Joel. 2017. Chinese Perspectives on the Belt Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12.
  • Xiaoyu, Chen. 2021. Cross-cultural Communication in the Belt and Road Strategy, The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 8: 48-56.
  • Yu, Hong. 2024. Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Springer.
  • Zacharias, Georgios. 2021. China's public diplomacy: evolution, challenges, and the Greek case. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(3), 79-89.
  • Zhang, Yin (张银). 2018. ‘The Enhancement of China's International Discourse and the Shaping of International Image under the Perspective of “Belt and Road” (一带一路”视域下中国国际话语权的提升与国际形象的塑造),齐齐哈尔大学学报, Philosophy and Social Science Edition, (12), 72-75.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 1306 - 1322, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, Osama. 2024. "Pakistan’s Security Challenges Threaten to Undermine Its Relationship with China." Stimson Center, Kasım 20, 2024. https://www.stimson.org/2024/pakistans-security-challenges-threaten-to-undermine-its-relationship-with-china/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Bain, Sean. 2016. "Myanmar: It's Time for Transparency over the Kyaukphyu Special Economic Zone." International Commission of Jurists, Kasım 20, 2016. https://www.icj.org/resource/myanmar-its-time-for-transparency-over-the-kyaukphyu-special-economic-zone/ (Accessed on 22.05.2025).
  • Brautigam, Deborah. 2020. A critical look at Chinese ‘debt-trap diplomacy’: the rise of a meme. Area Development and Policy, 5(1), 1–14.
  • Burcu, Oana and Boni, Filippo. 2023. China’s Public Diplomacy and Its Foreign Policy Towards Central and South Asia. In: Zhang, Xiaoling and Schultz, Corey eds. China's International Communication and Relationship Building. Communicating China. Abingdon: Routledge, 79–96.
  • Carrai, Maria Adele. 2021. "Questioning the Debt-Trap Diplomacy Rhetoric Surrounding Hambantota Port." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5 June 2021. https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/06/05/questioning-the-debt-trap-diplomacy-rhetoric-surrounding-hambantota-port/ (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • Chen, Shuisheng and Xi, Guigui (陈水胜, 席桂桂). 2017. ‘Public Diplomacy to Assist the Construction of ‘Belt and Road’, Should Grasp the ‘Five Ones’ (公共外交助力“一带一路”建设,应抓好“五个一”), Public Diplomacy Quarterly, No.02, 42-47.
  • Chen, Yunnan. 2021. "Laying the Tracks: The Political Economy of Railway Development in Ethiopia’s Railway Sector and Implications for Technology Transfer." China Africa Research Initiative Working Paper, no. 2021/43, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Chin, Tamara. 2013. The Invention of the Silk Road, 1877, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 40, No. 1, 194-219. Chunyan, Liu. 2024. Promoting the Spirit of the Silk Road and Building a Community of Human Destiny, International Multidisciplinary Journal for Research & Development, 11(01), 392-398.
  • Dams, Ties, Xiaoxue Martin, and Vera Kranenburg. 2021. China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times. European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC), https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ETNC-2021-Chinas-Soft-Power-in-Europe-Falling-on-Hard-Times-1.pdf (Acessed on 22.05.2025)
  • D'Hooghe, Ingrid. 2007. The rise of China's public diplomacy, Netherlands Institute of International Relations" Clingendael", Diplomacy Papers No.12.
  • Hartig, Fall. 2016. How China Understands Public Diplomacy: The Importance of National Image for National Interests, International Studies Review (2016) 0, 1–26.
  • Hu, Biliang. 2019. Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection. Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 11(1-2), 1-10.
  • Jacob, Jabin. T. 2017. China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Perspectives from India. China & World Economy, 25(5), 78–100.
  • Jiang, Yuan. 2022. “Revealing China’s diplomatic narratives ofthe Belt and Road Initiative”, Journal of Language and Politics 22 (1), 1-19.
  • Jing, Xing (邢晶). 2017. ‘The flexible moulding of national image by public diplomacy’ (公共外交对国家形象的柔性塑造), Yinshan Journal,30(05):14-17.
  • Kelechi, Withney. 2024. Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding. Journal of Public Relations, 3(1), 40–51.
  • Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. Global Gateway: The EU Alternative to China’s BRI, 27 September 2021. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/global-gateway-the-eu-alternative-to-chinas-bri/
  • Leydesdorff, Loet, Probst, Carole. 2009. The Delineation of an Interdisciplinary Specialty in Terms of a Journal Set: The Case of Communication Studies, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8):1709–1718.
  • Li, Hongxiu (李红秀). 2019. New media public diplomacy under the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative: Theory and practice (一带一路”倡议下的新媒体公共外交:理论与实践), Academic Forum, 42(02), 142-148.
  • Li, Yixiang and Yu, Hongjun. (李一骁,于洪君). 2020. ‘Characteristics, Challenges and Construction Paths of Public Diplomacy of Think Tanks on the Belt and Road’ (一带一路”智库公共外交的特点、挑战及建设路径) Contemporary World, (12), 73-77.
  • Ma, Xinyue. 2024. Cultural diplomacy and China's image in Southeast Asia: Managing bilateral relations through soft power. Journal of Political Science Research, 5(2), 39–54.
  • Moiz Khan, Abdul. 2023. The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Too Little, Too Late?, 12 December 2023. Accessed on 04 August 2024 at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/12/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-imec-too-little-too-late?lang=en (Accessed on 21.04.2025)
  • Nye, Joseph. 2002. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, Joseph. 2008. ‘Public Diplomacy and Soft Power’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 94-109.
  • Russel R. Daniel. and Berger, Blake. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative, The Asia Society Policy Institute.
  • Shahriar, S. 2022. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham.
  • Simonin, Bernard L. 2008. Nation Branding and Public Diplomacy: Challenges and Opportunities, Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol.32, No.3, 19-34.
  • Slamgazhy, Ainur. Liu, Ran. Zhappassov, Zharylkassyn & Tassilova, Aigerim. 2024. Kazakhstan's media coverage of China: How the Belt and Road Initiative strengthens geopolitical ties. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, Vol.1, No.2, 362-376.
  • Tian, Lijia and Gao, Yingtong (田立加, 高英彤). 2017. ‘Study on Formulating the Development Path of China-ASEAN Public Diplomacy under the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路”倡议下制定中国—东盟公共外交发展路径研究), 广西社会科学), Vol.12, 57-61.
  • Trailović, Dragan. 2024. “Steel Friendship” of the Political Elites: How China Became a Soft Power Player in Serbia. In: The 4rd “Dialogues on China” International Academic Conference: Harvesting the winds of change: China and the global actors. Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 283-306.
  • U.S. Department of Defense. 2023. Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China, Annual Report to Congress.
  • Wang, Zhaohui. 2021. Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective, Chinese Journal of International Review Vol. 3, No. 1, 1-26.
  • Wu, Yabo. 2024. Constructing Chinese Firms as Development Catalysts: State-Firm Public Diplomacy Collaboration in Kenya, Journal of Contemporary China, DOI: 10.1080/10670564.2024.2388174
  • Wuthnow, Joel. 2017. Chinese Perspectives on the Belt Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies China Strategic Perspectives, No. 12.
  • Xiaoyu, Chen. 2021. Cross-cultural Communication in the Belt and Road Strategy, The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 8: 48-56.
  • Yu, Hong. 2024. Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Springer.
  • Zacharias, Georgios. 2021. China's public diplomacy: evolution, challenges, and the Greek case. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 6(3), 79-89.
  • Zhang, Yin (张银). 2018. ‘The Enhancement of China's International Discourse and the Shaping of International Image under the Perspective of “Belt and Road” (一带一路”视域下中国国际话语权的提升与国际形象的塑造),齐齐哈尔大学学报, Philosophy and Social Science Edition, (12), 72-75.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uzakdoğu Çalışmaları, Uluslararası Kurumlar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nurettin Akçay 0000-0003-3725-0727

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, N. (2025). China’s Public Diplomacy Strategy towards the BRI Countries. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(3), 1306-1322. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1529869
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.