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Roma İnancında Ev Kültleri ve Mezarlardaki Naiskoslu Nişler Üzerine Bir Öneri

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 22, 75 - 106, 29.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2019.22.651105

Öz

Roma dünyasında ritüellerinin uygulandığı mekan ya da alanlar da çeşitlilik göstermekte, tapınaklar, sunaklar, meydanlar, açık hava ritüel alanları, mezarlıkların yanısıra evlerde de ritüeller gerçekleştirilmektedir. Evlerdeki ritüellerin uygulanmasında iki farklı anlayış söz konusudur. Bunlardan ilki, evde devletin tanımladığı ve kabul ettiği kültlere bağlı olan ritüellerin gerçekleştirilmesidir. Diğeri ise paterfamilias’ın bir rahip görevi üstlenerek, ailenin kendine has kültleri kapsamındaki ritüellerin aile bireylerince yerine getirilmesinden oluşmaktadır. Her iki durumda da “ev”, bu ritüellerin uygulanışı sırasında dışarıdan müdahale edilemeyen ve yönetilemeyen bir kült yeri, aynı zamanda korunan bir alandır. Evlerde gerçekleştirilen ritüellerde lares, genius ve dii penates kültleri ve ona dair ritüel pratikleri ön plana çıkmakta, bu kültlerin uygulama biçimlerindeki farklılıklar ve benzerlikler çalışmamızda ele alınmaktadır. Konu, arkeolojik veriler ve antik kaynakların sağladıkları bilgiler bağlamında değerlendirilmekte; Roma evlerinde ritüellerin nerelerde gerçekleştiği konusuna da değinilmektedir. Özellikle larariumlar, başta Pompeii olmak üzere önemli Roma kentlerindeki örnekleriyle tanıtılmaktadır. Ayrıca, bir öneri olarak Olba’daki tapınak cepheli kaya mezarı örnek gösterilerek mezar odalarındaki naiskoslu nişlerin de aslında birer lararium’u temsil etmekte olabileceği önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, T. (2014). Olba’daki Tapınak Cepheli Kaya Mezarı, Seleucia ad Calycadnum, IV, 79–94.
  • Akçay, T. (2017). Yunan ve Roma’da Ölü Kültü, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
  • Akçay, T. (2018). Olba’da Ölü Kültü, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
  • Bendemann, R. (2011). Formen nichtöffentlicher Frömmigkeit bei Griechen und Römern, Weltauffassung – Kult – Ethos, NTAK, 3, 224–229.
  • Cardauns, B. (2008). Lar (Lararium). Schöllgen Geurg u.a. (Hgg.). RAC 22 (pp. 978-989). Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann.
  • Deissman, M. L. (1998). Familie IV. Griechenland und Rom, DNP, 4, 412–417.
  • Dessau, H. (1994). Lares. Kroll Wilhelm (Hg.). J. B. Metzler. RE 22 (1) (pp. 806-833). Stuttgart/Niemar: Anton Hiersemann.
  • Duncan, F. (2014). Augustus and the cult of the emperor, Studia Historica. Historia Antigua 32, 47–60.
  • Erten, E. (2004). Mersin, Silifke, Olba Yüzey Araştırması 2003, AST 22, (2) Cilt, 11–23.
  • Fox, W. S. (1916). The Mythology of All Races - Greek and Roman - Vol. I., Boston: Marshall Jones Company.
  • Fröhlich, T. (1991). Lararien- und Fassadenbilder in den Vesuvstädten: Untersuchungen zur “volkstümlichen” pompejanischen Malerei, Darmstadt: Verlag Phillip von Zabern in Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
  • Georges, K. E. (1902). Kleines Lateinisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Leipzig: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
  • Gradel, I. (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gordon, R. (2003). From Republic to Principate: Priesthood Religion and Ideology. Ando, C. (Eds.), Roman Religion (pp. 62-84), London: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Herter, H., Hoheisel, K., & Brakman, H. (1985). Haus I, Reallexicon für Antike und Christentum, 13, 770-801.
  • Henner, V. H. (1988). Das Compitum Acili. In Mathias Hofter (Hrsg.), Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik. Eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni – 14. August 1988 (pp. 398–400) Mainz, von Zabern.
  • Kaiser, M. (1965). Das römische Privatrecht. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Lattimore, R. M. (1962). Themes in Greek and Latin epitaphs. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Latte, K. (1960). Römische Religionsgeschichte, München: C. H. Beck.
  • Lewis, C. T., & Short, C. (2009). genius. A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
  • Linderski, J. (2000). Penates (Di Penates), DNP, 9, 414-416.
  • Lipka, M. (2006). Notes on Pompeian Domestic Cults, Numen Vol. 53, (3), 327–358.
  • Maharam, W. A. (1998). Genius, DNP, 4, 915–917.
  • Mastrocinque, A. (1999). Laren, DNP, 6, 1147–1150.
  • Nilsson, M. P. (1992). Geschichte der griechischen Religion. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Orr, D. G. (1978). Roman Domestic Religion, ANRW, 16 (2), 1559–1591.
  • Palagia, O. (1980). Euphranor, Monumenta Graeca et Romana 3, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Rives, J. B. (2007). Religion in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Rüpke, J. (2001). Die Religion der Römer, München: C. H. Beck.
  • Rüpke, J. (2016). Pantheon, München: C.H. Beck.
  • Schwabl, H. (1972). Zeus I. Halbband, Ziegler Konrad (Hg.). im: RE 2. Reihe. 19. (pp. 253-376). München: Druckenmüller Verlag.
  • Scullard, H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies in Roman Republic. London: Thames and Hudson Press.
  • Schilling, R. (1978). Genius, RAC 10, 51–83.
  • Sessa, K. (2007). Christianity and the Cubiculum: Spiritual Politics and Domestic Space in Late Antique Rome, Journal of Early Christian Studies 15, (2) 171–204.
  • Sjövall, H. (1931). Zeus im altgriechischen Hauskult, Lund: Hakan Ohlsson.
  • Söğüt, B. (2003). Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Mezar Nişleri, Olba, 7, 239–260.
  • Şahin, S. (1975). Das Grabmal des Pantomimen Krispos in Herakleia Pontike, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 18, 293–297.
  • Toynbee, J. M. C. (1978). “Two Romano-British Genii”, In Britannia, Vol. 9, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (pp. 330). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Turcan, R. (1998). The Gods of Ancient Rome. Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times, New York: Routledge.
  • Quatember, U. (2003). Private Kulteinrichtungen im Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos, In B. Asamer – W. Wohlmayr (Hrsg.), Akten des 9. Österreichischen Archäologentages in Salzburg 2001 (pp.171–175), Wien, Phoibos Verlag.
  • Wachsmuth (1980). Aspekte des antiken mediterranen Hauskults, In Numen 27 (pp. 34-75), Van Voos Herma u. a. (Hgg.), Leiden, E. J. Brill. Waelkens, M. (1980). Das Totenhaus in Kleinasien, Antike Welt 4, 3–12.
  • Wallace, H. (1994). Houses and society in Pompeii and Herculaneum, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Weiss, F. (1992). Gellius, Aulus, Die Attischen Nächte. Band 1, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,.
  • Weinstock, S. (1937). Penates, RE 19, (1) 417–157.

Household Cults in Roman Religion and A Proposal for Naiskos Niches in Graves

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 22, 75 - 106, 29.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2019.22.651105

Öz

Areas where religious rituals took place in the Roman world varied: Temples, altars, city squares, open air ritual areas and cemeteries as well as houses were all places that hosted rituals. House rituals are of two different types. The first are those that are carried out by family members, in accordance with the cult as defined and accepted by the state. In the second type, the family practices its own rituals with the paterfamilias assuming the role of the priest. In both types, “house” during the ritual is a cult area that is immune to outside interference and governance and is a protected space. Overall house rituals feature lares, genius and dii penates cults and practices related to those, the similarities and differences of which are studied in this article. The subject is evaluated based on archaeological evidence and the information provided by ancient sources, accompanied by discussions of the places inside houses where rituals took place. In particular, lararia across Roman cities are introduced with examples, with the primary city being Pompeii. In addition, taking the rock-cut tomb with a temple façade in Olba as an example, it is proposed that naiskos niches in the burial chambers likely each represent a lararium.

Kaynakça

  • Akçay, T. (2014). Olba’daki Tapınak Cepheli Kaya Mezarı, Seleucia ad Calycadnum, IV, 79–94.
  • Akçay, T. (2017). Yunan ve Roma’da Ölü Kültü, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
  • Akçay, T. (2018). Olba’da Ölü Kültü, Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat.
  • Bendemann, R. (2011). Formen nichtöffentlicher Frömmigkeit bei Griechen und Römern, Weltauffassung – Kult – Ethos, NTAK, 3, 224–229.
  • Cardauns, B. (2008). Lar (Lararium). Schöllgen Geurg u.a. (Hgg.). RAC 22 (pp. 978-989). Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann.
  • Deissman, M. L. (1998). Familie IV. Griechenland und Rom, DNP, 4, 412–417.
  • Dessau, H. (1994). Lares. Kroll Wilhelm (Hg.). J. B. Metzler. RE 22 (1) (pp. 806-833). Stuttgart/Niemar: Anton Hiersemann.
  • Duncan, F. (2014). Augustus and the cult of the emperor, Studia Historica. Historia Antigua 32, 47–60.
  • Erten, E. (2004). Mersin, Silifke, Olba Yüzey Araştırması 2003, AST 22, (2) Cilt, 11–23.
  • Fox, W. S. (1916). The Mythology of All Races - Greek and Roman - Vol. I., Boston: Marshall Jones Company.
  • Fröhlich, T. (1991). Lararien- und Fassadenbilder in den Vesuvstädten: Untersuchungen zur “volkstümlichen” pompejanischen Malerei, Darmstadt: Verlag Phillip von Zabern in Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
  • Georges, K. E. (1902). Kleines Lateinisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Lateinisches Handwörterbuch, Leipzig: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
  • Gradel, I. (2002). Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Gordon, R. (2003). From Republic to Principate: Priesthood Religion and Ideology. Ando, C. (Eds.), Roman Religion (pp. 62-84), London: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Herter, H., Hoheisel, K., & Brakman, H. (1985). Haus I, Reallexicon für Antike und Christentum, 13, 770-801.
  • Henner, V. H. (1988). Das Compitum Acili. In Mathias Hofter (Hrsg.), Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik. Eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni – 14. August 1988 (pp. 398–400) Mainz, von Zabern.
  • Kaiser, M. (1965). Das römische Privatrecht. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Lattimore, R. M. (1962). Themes in Greek and Latin epitaphs. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Latte, K. (1960). Römische Religionsgeschichte, München: C. H. Beck.
  • Lewis, C. T., & Short, C. (2009). genius. A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
  • Linderski, J. (2000). Penates (Di Penates), DNP, 9, 414-416.
  • Lipka, M. (2006). Notes on Pompeian Domestic Cults, Numen Vol. 53, (3), 327–358.
  • Maharam, W. A. (1998). Genius, DNP, 4, 915–917.
  • Mastrocinque, A. (1999). Laren, DNP, 6, 1147–1150.
  • Nilsson, M. P. (1992). Geschichte der griechischen Religion. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Orr, D. G. (1978). Roman Domestic Religion, ANRW, 16 (2), 1559–1591.
  • Palagia, O. (1980). Euphranor, Monumenta Graeca et Romana 3, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Rives, J. B. (2007). Religion in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Rüpke, J. (2001). Die Religion der Römer, München: C. H. Beck.
  • Rüpke, J. (2016). Pantheon, München: C.H. Beck.
  • Schwabl, H. (1972). Zeus I. Halbband, Ziegler Konrad (Hg.). im: RE 2. Reihe. 19. (pp. 253-376). München: Druckenmüller Verlag.
  • Scullard, H. (1981). Festivals and Ceremonies in Roman Republic. London: Thames and Hudson Press.
  • Schilling, R. (1978). Genius, RAC 10, 51–83.
  • Sessa, K. (2007). Christianity and the Cubiculum: Spiritual Politics and Domestic Space in Late Antique Rome, Journal of Early Christian Studies 15, (2) 171–204.
  • Sjövall, H. (1931). Zeus im altgriechischen Hauskult, Lund: Hakan Ohlsson.
  • Söğüt, B. (2003). Dağlık Kilikia Bölgesi Mezar Nişleri, Olba, 7, 239–260.
  • Şahin, S. (1975). Das Grabmal des Pantomimen Krispos in Herakleia Pontike, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 18, 293–297.
  • Toynbee, J. M. C. (1978). “Two Romano-British Genii”, In Britannia, Vol. 9, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (pp. 330). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Turcan, R. (1998). The Gods of Ancient Rome. Religion in Everyday Life from Archaic to Imperial Times, New York: Routledge.
  • Quatember, U. (2003). Private Kulteinrichtungen im Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos, In B. Asamer – W. Wohlmayr (Hrsg.), Akten des 9. Österreichischen Archäologentages in Salzburg 2001 (pp.171–175), Wien, Phoibos Verlag.
  • Wachsmuth (1980). Aspekte des antiken mediterranen Hauskults, In Numen 27 (pp. 34-75), Van Voos Herma u. a. (Hgg.), Leiden, E. J. Brill. Waelkens, M. (1980). Das Totenhaus in Kleinasien, Antike Welt 4, 3–12.
  • Wallace, H. (1994). Houses and society in Pompeii and Herculaneum, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Weiss, F. (1992). Gellius, Aulus, Die Attischen Nächte. Band 1, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,.
  • Weinstock, S. (1937). Penates, RE 19, (1) 417–157.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tuna Akçay Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3090-8354

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçay, T. (2020). Roma İnancında Ev Kültleri ve Mezarlardaki Naiskoslu Nişler Üzerine Bir Öneri. Anatolian Research(22), 75-106. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2019.22.651105

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