Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı Bizans anıtsal resminde çerçeveleme sistemini kısaca tanıtmak, çerçevelemede kullanılan araçları ve işlevlerini tanımlamaktır. Bu bağlamda, öncelikle Bizans çerçeveleme sisteminin doğası açıklanmaya çalışılmış, sistemi oluşturan farklı çerçeve kuşakları tanımlanmıştır. Konu, Bizans sanatının erken döneminden geç dönemine uzanan süreçten seçilmiş örnekler eşliğinde tartışılmıştır. Mimari, resim programı ve çerçeve ilişkisi bağlamında çerçevelemedeki temel prensipler incelenmiştir. Mozaik ve fresko arasındaki belirgin farklar incelenmiş, nedenleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çerçeve ve süsleme arasındaki ilişki de kısaca değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; anıtsal resimde çerçevelemenin; iç-içe geçmiş birkaç çerçeve kuşağından oluşan çok-katmanlı ve çok-işlevli bir yapı olduğu söylenebilir. Çok-katmanlı sistemde, betimleme çerçevesi yoluyla özerk bir birim olarak tanımlanırken, farklı çerçeve kuşakları ile de programa sıkı biçimde eklemlenmiştir. Mozaik ve fresko arasındaki farklılıklar temelde yüzey karakteriyle ilişkili olmalıdır. Bu bağlamda, süslemeyi de çerçevenin işlevlerini geliştiren bir araç olarak değerlendirmemiz mümkündür.
Keywords
References
- AKYÜREK, Engin, Khalkedon’lu (Kadıköy) Azize Euphemia ve Sultanahmet’teki Kilisesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2002.
- BOURAS, Laskarina; Alexander Kazhdan (1991), “Proskinetarion”, The Oxford Dictionary of Bynzatium, (Eds. A. Kazhdan vd.), Oxford University Press, New York 1991, III, s. 1739.
- COŞKUNER, Buket, 11. Yüzyılda Kapadokya Bölgesi’ndeki İsa’nın Doğumu ve İsa’nın Çarmıha Gerilme Sahneleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2009.
- DEMUS, Otto, Byzantine Mosaic Decoration: Aspects of Monumental Art in Byzantium, Boston Books, Boston – Massachusetts, 1964.
- DORA, Veronica della, Landscape, Nature, and the Sacred in Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016.
- FEATHERSTONE, J. M., “Metokhites’in Şiirleri ve Khora”, Kariye Camii, Yeniden (The Kariye Camii Reconsidered), İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, 189-213.
- GASSET, José Ortega y, “Meditations on the Frame”, Perspecta: Theater, Theatricality, and Architecture, (Trans. Andrea L. Bell), 26, 1990, 185-190. GOMBRICH, Ernst Hans, The Sense of Order : A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art, Phaidon Press, London, 1984.
- KALOPISSII VERTI, Sophia, (2006), “The Proskynetaria of the Templon and Narthex: Form, Imagery, Spatial Connections, and Reception”, Thresholds of the Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Liturgical, and Theological Perspectives on Religious Screens, East and West, (Ed. S. E. J. Gerstel, Dumbarton Oaks), Washington D.C., 107-134.
- KITZINGER, Ernst, Byzantine Art in the Making, Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art: 3th – 7th Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
- KOURKOUTIDOU–NIKOLAIDOU, E., A. Tourta, Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki, Kapon Editions, Athens, 1997.
- MARCHIORI, Maria Laura, San Vincenzo ai Volturno and the Use of Ornamental Borders in Romanesque Wall Painting in Central Italy, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria, 2001.
- MASTORA, Pelli; KONSTANTİNOS, T. Raptis, “The Re-discovery of Painted Mortar Frames of Wall Mosaics: Presentation, Examination and Evaluation as Integral Parts of the Mosaic Decoration”, Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics, Palermo 20-26 October 2008, 490-495.
- MOURIKI, Doula, The Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, The Commercial Bank of Greece, Athens, 1985.
- OUSTERHOUT, Robert G., A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies XLII, Washington D.C., 2005.
- OUSTERHOUT, Robert G., Bizans’ın Yapı Ustaları, Çev. Fügen Yavuz, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
- PEERS, Glenn, Sacred Shock: Framing Visual Experience in Byzantium, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park Pennsylvania, 2004.
- PLATT, Verity; SQUIRE, Michael, “Framing the Visual in Greek and Roman Antiquity: An Introduction”, The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, (Eds.V.J. Platt, M.J. Squire), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, s.3–99.
- REİNER, Friederike, Die Panagia Arakiotissa von Lagoudera, Zypern: Bildstrategien im Kirchenraum, Diplomarbeit, Universitat Wien, 2008.
- SQUIRE, Michael, “Framing the Roman “still life”: Campanian Wall-painting and the Frames of Mural Make-believe”, The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, (Eds.V.J. Platt, M.J. Squire), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, s.188-253.
- STYLIANOU, A, Judith, The Painted Churches of Cyprus, Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 1997.
- TÜKEL, Uşun, "Resim Göstergebiliminin Bazı Sorunları", Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 1989, s.9-15.
- UNDERWOOD, Paul A, The Kariye Djami, I, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1967.
- VOJVODİC, Dragan, “Родословне представе и идеја прародитељства у манастиру Студеници (Genealogical Concepts and the Idea of Ancestry in the Studenica Monastery)”, Studenica Monastery: 700 Years of the King’s Church, (Eds. L. Maksimovic, V. Vukasinovic), Belgrade, 2016, 253 – 265.
Abstract
This paper aims to introduce the framing system in Byzantine monumental painting and describe its elements and functions. First, the nature of the Byzantine framing system has been explained, and the different framing elements that form the system have been defined. The subject has been discussed through selected examples from early to late period Byzantine art history. The main principles of the Byzantine framing system have also been briefly examined in relationship to architecture, painting programs, and frames. Moreover, the paper indicates the different framing practices, and reasons for them, between mosaic and fresco decorations and the relationship between the ornament and the frame. In conclusion, it can be argued that framing in monumental painting was a multilayered and multifunctioning system, formed by several intertwined frame layers. In the multilayered framing order, while each representation has its own autonomy with its frame, framing integrates the overall program through different frame layers as well. In this paper, we show the different framing modes between mosaic and fresco reflect the difference in surface characteristics, and how an ornament can be seen as a means of improving the functions of framing.
Keywords
References
- AKYÜREK, Engin, Khalkedon’lu (Kadıköy) Azize Euphemia ve Sultanahmet’teki Kilisesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2002.
- BOURAS, Laskarina; Alexander Kazhdan (1991), “Proskinetarion”, The Oxford Dictionary of Bynzatium, (Eds. A. Kazhdan vd.), Oxford University Press, New York 1991, III, s. 1739.
- COŞKUNER, Buket, 11. Yüzyılda Kapadokya Bölgesi’ndeki İsa’nın Doğumu ve İsa’nın Çarmıha Gerilme Sahneleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara 2009.
- DEMUS, Otto, Byzantine Mosaic Decoration: Aspects of Monumental Art in Byzantium, Boston Books, Boston – Massachusetts, 1964.
- DORA, Veronica della, Landscape, Nature, and the Sacred in Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016.
- FEATHERSTONE, J. M., “Metokhites’in Şiirleri ve Khora”, Kariye Camii, Yeniden (The Kariye Camii Reconsidered), İstanbul Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, 189-213.
- GASSET, José Ortega y, “Meditations on the Frame”, Perspecta: Theater, Theatricality, and Architecture, (Trans. Andrea L. Bell), 26, 1990, 185-190. GOMBRICH, Ernst Hans, The Sense of Order : A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art, Phaidon Press, London, 1984.
- KALOPISSII VERTI, Sophia, (2006), “The Proskynetaria of the Templon and Narthex: Form, Imagery, Spatial Connections, and Reception”, Thresholds of the Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Liturgical, and Theological Perspectives on Religious Screens, East and West, (Ed. S. E. J. Gerstel, Dumbarton Oaks), Washington D.C., 107-134.
- KITZINGER, Ernst, Byzantine Art in the Making, Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art: 3th – 7th Century, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
- KOURKOUTIDOU–NIKOLAIDOU, E., A. Tourta, Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki, Kapon Editions, Athens, 1997.
- MARCHIORI, Maria Laura, San Vincenzo ai Volturno and the Use of Ornamental Borders in Romanesque Wall Painting in Central Italy, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria, 2001.
- MASTORA, Pelli; KONSTANTİNOS, T. Raptis, “The Re-discovery of Painted Mortar Frames of Wall Mosaics: Presentation, Examination and Evaluation as Integral Parts of the Mosaic Decoration”, Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the International Committee for the Conservation of Mosaics, Palermo 20-26 October 2008, 490-495.
- MOURIKI, Doula, The Mosaics of Nea Moni on Chios, The Commercial Bank of Greece, Athens, 1985.
- OUSTERHOUT, Robert G., A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies XLII, Washington D.C., 2005.
- OUSTERHOUT, Robert G., Bizans’ın Yapı Ustaları, Çev. Fügen Yavuz, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2016.
- PEERS, Glenn, Sacred Shock: Framing Visual Experience in Byzantium, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park Pennsylvania, 2004.
- PLATT, Verity; SQUIRE, Michael, “Framing the Visual in Greek and Roman Antiquity: An Introduction”, The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, (Eds.V.J. Platt, M.J. Squire), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, s.3–99.
- REİNER, Friederike, Die Panagia Arakiotissa von Lagoudera, Zypern: Bildstrategien im Kirchenraum, Diplomarbeit, Universitat Wien, 2008.
- SQUIRE, Michael, “Framing the Roman “still life”: Campanian Wall-painting and the Frames of Mural Make-believe”, The Frame in Classical Art: A Cultural History, (Eds.V.J. Platt, M.J. Squire), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017, s.188-253.
- STYLIANOU, A, Judith, The Painted Churches of Cyprus, Leventis Foundation, Nicosia, 1997.
- TÜKEL, Uşun, "Resim Göstergebiliminin Bazı Sorunları", Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 1989, s.9-15.
- UNDERWOOD, Paul A, The Kariye Djami, I, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1967.
- VOJVODİC, Dragan, “Родословне представе и идеја прародитељства у манастиру Студеници (Genealogical Concepts and the Idea of Ancestry in the Studenica Monastery)”, Studenica Monastery: 700 Years of the King’s Church, (Eds. L. Maksimovic, V. Vukasinovic), Belgrade, 2016, 253 – 265.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | MAKALELER/ARTICLES |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 30, 2018 |
| Submission Date | April 15, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Issue: 10 |
