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Kapadokya Bölgesi Duvar Resimlerinde Kutsal Anlam Taşıyan ve Apotropaik Etkili Motifler

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 16, 409 - 435, 31.07.2021

Öz

Roma kültüründen devam eden Pagan inançlı ve apotropaik anlamlı unsurların erken Hristiyan toplumunda devamlılık göstermesinin sanatsal üretime yansıdığı gözlemlenmektedir. Pagan inancının izlerini taşıyan Medusa başı, mask gibi temalar Hristiyan ustalar tarafından dekoratif amaçlı kullanılmaya devam ettirilmiştir. Bunun yanında, yeni Bizans sanatının kendine ait bezeme dekorasyonu içerisinde Hristiyan inancına uygun şekilde aynı anlam taşıyan motiflerin kullanımı da görmek mümkündür.
Bölgede duvar resimlerini yapan sanatçıların çoğunluğunun Helenistik gelenekler ve Hristiyan bilgilerine sahip yerli ustalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bizanslı sanatçılar kutsal anlam taşıyan ve apotropaik etkiye sahip motifleri kilise içerisinde resmederken, Bizans estetiği ile de uyum içerisinde olmalarına önem vermişlerdir. Bu anlamda, Kapadokya bölgesi duvar resimlerinde orta ve geç Bizans dönemi duvar resimlerinde bazı anikonik motiflere kutsal anlam ve apotropaik etki eklendiği zaman izleyici açısından aslında ne kadar etkili olduğunu da unutmamak gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışmada özellikle Kapadokya bölgesinde orta ve geç Bizans dönemlerine tarihlendirilen kiliselerin duvar resimlerinde karşılaşılan yaprak mask, ay, güneş, sekiz kollu rozet, dönen disk ve madalyon, antrolak, üç boyutlu zikzak, değerli taşlar, rozet, gibi motiflerin kilise içerisinde konumları, renk kullanımları ile birlikte kutsal apotropaik anlamları üzerinde durulacaktır. Ayrıca, Kapadokyalı Kilise Babalarının doktrinlerinin bu duruma etkileri, dönemin el yazmaları ve duvar resimleri başta olmak üzere Bizans sanatı içerisinde sanat tarihsel çerçevede karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma, 21619 Nolu Doktora Tez Projesi kapsamında İstanbul Üniversitesi BAP Birimi tarafından finansal açıdan desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

21619

Kaynakça

  • Aslanapa, Oktay. Turkish Art and Architecture. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, 2004.
  • Bosselman-Ruickbie, Antje. “The Symbolism of Byzantine Gemstones: Written Sources, Objects and Sympathetic Magic in Byzantium,” Gemstones in the First Millennium Ad. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Tagungen, Band 30. Ed. Alexandra Hilgner, Susanne Greiff ve Dieter Quast. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2017, 293-306.
  • Curcic, Slobodan. “Divine Light: Constructing the Immaterial in Byzantine Art and Architecture.” Architecture of Sacred, Ed. Bonna D. Wescoat ve Robert G. Ousterhout. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, 307-338.
  • Dalton, Ormonde Maddock. Byzantine Art and Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford At The Calarendon Press, 1911.
  • Eastmond, Antony. Tamata’s World The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Epstein, Ann Wharton. “Rock-Cut Churches Chapels in Göreme Valley Cappadocia: The Yılanlı Group and The Column Churches.” Cahiers Archéologiques 24 (1975): 115-135.
  • Fıratlı, Nezih. La Sculpture Figurée an Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul. Ed. Catherine Metzger vd., Paris: Jean Maisonneuve Éditeur, 1990.
  • Frantz, M. Alison. “Byzantine Illuminated Ornament: A Study in Chronology.” Art Bulletin 16/1 (1934): 43-76.
  • Gavrilović, Anđela Đ. “The Representation Of Constantinople On The Folio 145r/b Of The Manuscript Of Madrid Skylitzes Synopsis Of Histories.” International Symposium of Byzantologists Nis and Byzantium IV, Ed. Miša Rakocija (Nis: Cultural Center of Nis, 2016): 373-382.
  • Igorevna, Leshcheva Yana. “Whirling Disc” in the Byzantine Iconography. Search for Meaning.” Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations 19/ 3 (2014): 35-44.
  • Jerphanion, Guillaume De. Une Nouvelle Province de l’art Byzantin: Les Eglises Rupestres de Cappadocia 1.2. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1932.
  • Karahan, Anne. "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea." Byzantion 82 (2012): 165-212.
  • Karahan, Anne. “The Image of God in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Issue of Supreme Transcendence.” Studia Patristica 7 (Leuven-Paris-Walpole: Peeters Publishers, 2013), 97-111.
  • Katsafodos, St. Panayonis. “New Epigraphic Evidence From Mani The Kaphiona Epigrams.” Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias 38 (2017): 1-43.
  • Kaya, Metin. “Reflection of The Islamic and Sassanid Art on the Aniconic Decoration of Byzantine Wall Paintings in Cappadocia.” International Symposium of Byzantologists Nis and Byzantium XVIII, Ed. Miša Rakocija (Nis: Cultural Center of Nis, 2020): 339-346.
  • Levy, Catherine Jolivet. “Bezirana Kilisesi (Cappadoce). Un Exceptionnel Decor Paleologue en teres de Rum. Nouveau temoigage sur les relations entre Byzance et Le Sultanat.” Zograf 41 (2017): 107-141.
  • Maurice, Didron. The History of Christian Art in The Middle Ages I. Çev. E. J. Millington. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1851.
  • Milovanovic, Bebina ve Jelena Anđelković Grašar. “Female Power That Protects: Examples of The Apotropaic and Decorative Functions of The Medusa in Roman Visual Culture From The Territory of The Central Balkans.” Starinar 67 (2017): 167-182.
  • Mouriki, Doula. “The Mask Motif in the Wall Paintings of Mistra. Cultural Implications of a Classical Feature in Late Byzantine Painting.” Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias 10 (1980-1981): 307-338.
  • Nersessian, Sirarpie Der. Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Clicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century Vol. II. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1993.
  • Ousterhout, Robert. Visualizing Community, Material Culture And Settlement in Byzantine Cappadocia. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection, 2017.
  • Öney, Gönül. “Sun and Moon Rosettes in The Shape of Human Heads in Anatolian Seljuk Architecture.” Anatolica III, (1969-1970): 195-203.
  • Podskalsky, Gerhard. “Eschatology.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. I. Ed. Alexander Khazdan. New York: Oxford Press, 1991, 728.
  • Quinones, Ana Maria. Symboles Végétaux: La Flore Sculptée Dans L'art Médiéval. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1995.
  • Ratseva, Avetozara, Velike Tarnovo. “The Mural Spinning Discs an Indication for Spiritual Connections and Artistic Influences.” Series Byzantina XI (2013): 25-40.
  • Restle, Marcell. Byzantine Wall Painting n Asia Minor 1. Shannon: Irish University Press, 1967.
  • Schwartz, C. Ellen. “The Whirling Disc: A Possible Connection between Medieval Balkan Frescoes and Byzantine Icon.” Zograf 8 (1977): 24-29.
  • Svetozar, Radojčić. Mileševa, Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 1963.
  • Tanman, Mehmet Baha. “Beylikler Dönemi Anadolu Türk Mimarlığının İncelenmemiş Bir Ürünü: Korkuteli Alaeddin Camii.” Beylikler Dönemi Kültür ve Sanatı Sempozyum Bildiri Kitabı. İstanbul: Sanat Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2014, 163-183.
  • Trilling, James. The Language of Ornament. New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2001.
  • Uyar, B. Tolga. “Carving, Painting, and Inscribing Sacred Space in Late Byzantium Bezirana Kilisesi Rediscovered (Peristrema-Cappadocia),” Architecture and Visual Culture in the Late Antique and Medieval Mediterranean. Ed. Vasileios Marinis, Amy Papalexandrou ve Jordan Pickett. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2021, 207-222.
  • Warland, Rainer. Byzantinisches Kappadokien. Darmstadt / Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013.
  • Yalçın, Asnu Bilban. “Materiali di eta Paleologa nel Museo Archeologico di Istanbul,” L’arte di Bisanzio e l’Italia al tempo dei Paleologi, Milion Studi e Ricerche di Arte Bizantina 5. Roma: Argos, 1999, 359-382.
  • Yalçın, Asnu Bilban. “Bizans Estetiğine Giriş.” Değişen Tarihsel Süreçler Değişen Kavramlar. Ed. Kıymet Giray. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2008, 47-61. Apotropaico. “Treccani.” Erişim 11 Haziran 2021.
  • https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/apotropaico
  • Zodiac painting on caldarium dome. “Molon.” Erişim 14 Ocak 2021.
  • https://www.molon.de/galleries/Jordan/Castles/Amra/img.php?pic=7

Motifs With Sacred and Apotropaic Meanings on the Wall Paintings of Cappadocia Region

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 16, 409 - 435, 31.07.2021

Öz

In early Christian society, the continuation of pagan beliefs and apotropaic elements derived from the Roman culture can be observed in the reflections of artistic production. Apotropaic themes bearing the traces of paganism, such as the Medusa head and the mask were used continuously for decorative purposes by Christian artists. These motifs also show apotropaic features aligning with the Christian faith in the decoration of the new Byzantine art.
We can see that the majority of artists who drew the wall paintings in the region were local artists socialized within Hellenistic traditions and with Christian knowledge. While painting the motifs with sacred meanings and apotropaic effects in the church, Byzantine artists focused on the harmony of these motifs with the Byzantine aesthetic. In this sense, it should not be forgotten how effective it is from a viewer’s point of view to add a sacred meaning and apotropaic effects to these motifs in the Cappadocian wall paintings in the mid or late Byzantine era.
In our study, we will emphasize the motifs we have encountered in the wall paintings of churches, especially in the Cappadocia region, dating back to the middle and late Byzantine periods, such as leaf mask, moon, sun, eight-pointed rosette, rotating disk and medallion, guilloche, interlace, zigzag, three-dimensional folded plate, precious stones and their location within the church, their use of color, and their sacred apotropaic meaning. Moreover, an evaluation of the effects of the doctrines of Cappadocian church fathers on this situation in Byzantine art, especially about the manuscripts and wall paintings of the period, will be conducted by comparing the art within the material historical framework.

Proje Numarası

21619

Kaynakça

  • Aslanapa, Oktay. Turkish Art and Architecture. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları, 2004.
  • Bosselman-Ruickbie, Antje. “The Symbolism of Byzantine Gemstones: Written Sources, Objects and Sympathetic Magic in Byzantium,” Gemstones in the First Millennium Ad. Mines, Trade, Workshops and Symbolism, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Tagungen, Band 30. Ed. Alexandra Hilgner, Susanne Greiff ve Dieter Quast. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 2017, 293-306.
  • Curcic, Slobodan. “Divine Light: Constructing the Immaterial in Byzantine Art and Architecture.” Architecture of Sacred, Ed. Bonna D. Wescoat ve Robert G. Ousterhout. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012, 307-338.
  • Dalton, Ormonde Maddock. Byzantine Art and Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford At The Calarendon Press, 1911.
  • Eastmond, Antony. Tamata’s World The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Epstein, Ann Wharton. “Rock-Cut Churches Chapels in Göreme Valley Cappadocia: The Yılanlı Group and The Column Churches.” Cahiers Archéologiques 24 (1975): 115-135.
  • Fıratlı, Nezih. La Sculpture Figurée an Musée Archéologique d’Istanbul. Ed. Catherine Metzger vd., Paris: Jean Maisonneuve Éditeur, 1990.
  • Frantz, M. Alison. “Byzantine Illuminated Ornament: A Study in Chronology.” Art Bulletin 16/1 (1934): 43-76.
  • Gavrilović, Anđela Đ. “The Representation Of Constantinople On The Folio 145r/b Of The Manuscript Of Madrid Skylitzes Synopsis Of Histories.” International Symposium of Byzantologists Nis and Byzantium IV, Ed. Miša Rakocija (Nis: Cultural Center of Nis, 2016): 373-382.
  • Igorevna, Leshcheva Yana. “Whirling Disc” in the Byzantine Iconography. Search for Meaning.” Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations 19/ 3 (2014): 35-44.
  • Jerphanion, Guillaume De. Une Nouvelle Province de l’art Byzantin: Les Eglises Rupestres de Cappadocia 1.2. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1932.
  • Karahan, Anne. "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea." Byzantion 82 (2012): 165-212.
  • Karahan, Anne. “The Image of God in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Issue of Supreme Transcendence.” Studia Patristica 7 (Leuven-Paris-Walpole: Peeters Publishers, 2013), 97-111.
  • Katsafodos, St. Panayonis. “New Epigraphic Evidence From Mani The Kaphiona Epigrams.” Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias 38 (2017): 1-43.
  • Kaya, Metin. “Reflection of The Islamic and Sassanid Art on the Aniconic Decoration of Byzantine Wall Paintings in Cappadocia.” International Symposium of Byzantologists Nis and Byzantium XVIII, Ed. Miša Rakocija (Nis: Cultural Center of Nis, 2020): 339-346.
  • Levy, Catherine Jolivet. “Bezirana Kilisesi (Cappadoce). Un Exceptionnel Decor Paleologue en teres de Rum. Nouveau temoigage sur les relations entre Byzance et Le Sultanat.” Zograf 41 (2017): 107-141.
  • Maurice, Didron. The History of Christian Art in The Middle Ages I. Çev. E. J. Millington. London: Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, 1851.
  • Milovanovic, Bebina ve Jelena Anđelković Grašar. “Female Power That Protects: Examples of The Apotropaic and Decorative Functions of The Medusa in Roman Visual Culture From The Territory of The Central Balkans.” Starinar 67 (2017): 167-182.
  • Mouriki, Doula. “The Mask Motif in the Wall Paintings of Mistra. Cultural Implications of a Classical Feature in Late Byzantine Painting.” Deltion tes Christianikes Archaiologikes Hetaireias 10 (1980-1981): 307-338.
  • Nersessian, Sirarpie Der. Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Clicia from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Century Vol. II. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1993.
  • Ousterhout, Robert. Visualizing Community, Material Culture And Settlement in Byzantine Cappadocia. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library And Collection, 2017.
  • Öney, Gönül. “Sun and Moon Rosettes in The Shape of Human Heads in Anatolian Seljuk Architecture.” Anatolica III, (1969-1970): 195-203.
  • Podskalsky, Gerhard. “Eschatology.” Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. I. Ed. Alexander Khazdan. New York: Oxford Press, 1991, 728.
  • Quinones, Ana Maria. Symboles Végétaux: La Flore Sculptée Dans L'art Médiéval. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1995.
  • Ratseva, Avetozara, Velike Tarnovo. “The Mural Spinning Discs an Indication for Spiritual Connections and Artistic Influences.” Series Byzantina XI (2013): 25-40.
  • Restle, Marcell. Byzantine Wall Painting n Asia Minor 1. Shannon: Irish University Press, 1967.
  • Schwartz, C. Ellen. “The Whirling Disc: A Possible Connection between Medieval Balkan Frescoes and Byzantine Icon.” Zograf 8 (1977): 24-29.
  • Svetozar, Radojčić. Mileševa, Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, 1963.
  • Tanman, Mehmet Baha. “Beylikler Dönemi Anadolu Türk Mimarlığının İncelenmemiş Bir Ürünü: Korkuteli Alaeddin Camii.” Beylikler Dönemi Kültür ve Sanatı Sempozyum Bildiri Kitabı. İstanbul: Sanat Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2014, 163-183.
  • Trilling, James. The Language of Ornament. New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2001.
  • Uyar, B. Tolga. “Carving, Painting, and Inscribing Sacred Space in Late Byzantium Bezirana Kilisesi Rediscovered (Peristrema-Cappadocia),” Architecture and Visual Culture in the Late Antique and Medieval Mediterranean. Ed. Vasileios Marinis, Amy Papalexandrou ve Jordan Pickett. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2021, 207-222.
  • Warland, Rainer. Byzantinisches Kappadokien. Darmstadt / Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2013.
  • Yalçın, Asnu Bilban. “Materiali di eta Paleologa nel Museo Archeologico di Istanbul,” L’arte di Bisanzio e l’Italia al tempo dei Paleologi, Milion Studi e Ricerche di Arte Bizantina 5. Roma: Argos, 1999, 359-382.
  • Yalçın, Asnu Bilban. “Bizans Estetiğine Giriş.” Değişen Tarihsel Süreçler Değişen Kavramlar. Ed. Kıymet Giray. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 2008, 47-61. Apotropaico. “Treccani.” Erişim 11 Haziran 2021.
  • https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/apotropaico
  • Zodiac painting on caldarium dome. “Molon.” Erişim 14 Ocak 2021.
  • https://www.molon.de/galleries/Jordan/Castles/Amra/img.php?pic=7
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER/ARTICLES
Yazarlar

Metin Kaya 0000-0003-1368-7537

Proje Numarası 21619
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kaya, Metin. “Kapadokya Bölgesi Duvar Resimlerinde Kutsal Anlam Taşıyan Ve Apotropaik Etkili Motifler”. Art - Sanat, sy. 16 (Temmuz 2021): 409-35.