Rusya Federasyonu’nun Ulusal Güvenliğinde Kaliningrad Meselesi

Yıl 2024, , 195 - 220, 30.09.2024

Elterişhan Elçibey

https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2024.1496946

Öz

1991 yılında Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından eksklav statüsü kazanan Kaliningrad bölgesi, Sovyet sonrası dönemde Rus iç ve dış politika söyleminde önemli bir tartışma konusu olarak ortaya çıkmış ve jeopolitik açıdan stratejik bir önem kazanmıştır. Önceleri Sovyetler Birliği'nin “askeri kalesi” olarak Batı'ya tehdit oluşturan bölge, Sovyet sonrası dönemde askeri unsurları azaltılmış olan, öncelikli olarak savunma işlevi gören ve Rusya anakarası ile doğrudan bağlantısı bulunmayan bir Rus toprağına dönüşmüştür. Bölgenin stratejik önemi, Avrupa Birliği ve NATO'nun birbirini takip eden doğuya doğru genişlemeleriyle daha da artmıştır. Rusya 1990'lardan bu yana Kaliningrad'ın kuşatılmasına şiddetle karşı çıkmış ve bölge Vladimir Putin'in liderliğinde tekrardan askeri açıdan önem kazanmıştır. Batı ile ilişkiler kötüleştikçe, Rusya bölgedeki askeri unsurlarını güçlendirerek bölgeyi Batı’ya karşı askeri bir hazırlık sahası olarak kullanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Kaliningrad, Kremlin için bir güvenlik politikası aracı haline gelmiş ve özellikle Baltık devletleri ile Polonya'ya yönelik süregelen tehdidin bir parçası olmuştur. Bölgede konuşlanan Rus silahlı kuvvetleri, Rusya'nın bakış açısından genişleyen NATO'ya karşı bir denge unsuru olarak hizmet etmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu makale Rusya'nın Kaliningrad üzerinden Batı ile ilişkilerini askeri güvenlik perspektifinden analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaliningrad, Rusya Federasyonu, Baltık Bölgesi, NATO, Askeri Güvenlik

Etik Beyan

Söz konusu makalede insan ögesi barındıran deneysel yöntemler kullanılmamıştır. Ayrıca çalışma bireysel olarak yürütülmüş olup herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşun bünyesinde gerçekleştirilmemiştir.

Teşekkür

Makalenin değerlendirilmesinde geri bildirim sağlayan Dr. Öğretim Görevlisi Başaran Ayar'a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

The Kaliningrad Question in the National Security of the Russian Federation

Öz

In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kaliningrad region, which gained the status of an exclave, emerged as an important topic of discussion in Russian domestic and foreign policy discourse in the post-Soviet period and gained a strategic geopolitical importance. The region, which previously posed a threat to the West as the "military stronghold" of the Soviet Union, has been transformed into a Russian territory with reduced military elements in the post-Soviet period, primarily serving a defence function and having no direct connection with mainland Russia. The strategic importance of the region has been further enhanced by the successive eastward expansion of the European Union and NATO. Since the 1990s, Russia has strongly opposed the encirclement of Kaliningrad and the region has regained military importance under Vladimir Putin's leadership. As relations with the West deteriorated, Russia strengthened its military assets in the region and used it as a military staging ground against the West. As a result, Kaliningrad has become a security policy tool for the Kremlin and part of the ongoing threat to the Baltic states and Poland in particular. From Russia's perspective, Russian armed forces stationed in the region serve as a counterweight to an expanding NATO. Therefore, this article aims to analyse Russia's relations with the West through Kaliningrad from a military security perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaliningrad, Russian Federation, Baltic Region, NATO, Military Security

Kaynakça

• Aalto, Pami. “A European Geopolitical Subject in the Making? EU, Russia and the Kaliningrad Question.” Geopolitics 7, no. 3 (Aralık 2002): 142-74. google scholar
• Archer, Clive ve Tobias Etzold. “The European Union and Kaliningrad: Taking the Low Road.” Geopolitics 15, no. 2 (Mayıs 2010): 329-44. google scholar
• Black, J. L. “Russia and NATO Expansion Eastward: Red-Lining the Baltic States.” International Journal 54, no. 2 (1999): 249. google scholar
• Browning, Christopher S. “The Internal/External Security Paradox and the Reconstruction of Boundaries in the Baltic: The Case of Kaliningrad.” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 28, no. 5 (Kasım 2003): 545-81. google scholar
• Browning, Christopher S., and Pertti Joenniemi. “The Identity of Kaliningrad: Russian, European or a Third Space?” In The Baltic Sea Region in the European Union: Reflections on Identity, Soft-Security and Marginality, edited by Fabrizio Tassinari, 1-58. BaltSeaNet, 2003. google scholar
• Cichocki, Bartosz , Katarzyna Pelczynska-Nalecz, and Andrzej Wilk. “The Kaliningrad Oblast in the Context of EU Enlargement.” Warsaw: Center for Eastern Studies, Temmuz 2001. google scholar Collins, Arthur. “Kaliningrad and Baltic Security.” MSc Thesis, 2001. google scholar
• Cybriwsky, Roman. “Königsberg and Kaliningrad: An Historic European City and a Strategic Exclave of Russia.” Focus on Geography 56, no. 4 (Aralık 2013): 117-23. google scholar
• Das Kundu, Nivedita. “Kaliningrad: Russian Enclave in the European Union.” Strategic Analysis 27, no. 4 (Ekim 2003): 626-42. google scholar
• Dembinska, Magdalena, Frederic Merand ve Anastasiya Shtaltovna. “Conflict and Cooperation between Europe and Russia: The Autonomy of the Local.” East European Politics 36, no. 4 (Haziran 2020): 477-98. google scholar
• Demir, Tarık. “Anklav, Eksklav ve Uç Topraklar-Güvenlik İlişkisi.” Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, no. Uluslararası Güvenlik Kongresi Özel Sayısı (Şubat 2020): 51-77. google scholar
• Diener, Alexander ve Joshua Hagen. “Geopolitics of the Kaliningrad Exclave and Enclave: Russian and EU Perspectives.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52, no. 4 (Temmuz 2011): 567-92. google scholar
• DiRubbio, William. “Countering Kaliningrad’s Threat to NATO.” The RUSI Journal 167, no. 6/7 (Şubat 2023): 1-14. google scholar
• Fedorov, Gennady M. “On the Economic Security of Russia’s Kaliningrad Exclave.” Baltic Region 12, no. 3 (2020): 40-54. google scholar
• Frühling, Stephan ve Guillaume Lasconjarias. “NATO, A2/AD and the Kaliningrad Challenge.” Survival 58, no. 2 (Mart 2016): 95-116. google scholar
• Horris, James. “Kaliningrad and Its Effect on EU-Russian Relations.” Towson University Journal of International Affairs 47, no. 1 (2014): 25-44. google scholar
• Jokubaitis, Alvydas ve Raimundas Lopata. “Geopolitical Transformation of the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation.” Baltic Region 4, no. 2 (2010): 24-38. google scholar
• Kiseleva, Ekaterina. “Kaliningrad Transit: Why to Facilitate?” MSc Thesis, 2005. google scholar
• Kramer, Mark. “Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, and Baltic Security.” Washington D.C.: PONARS Eurasia, Ekim 1997. google scholar
• Lanoszka, Alexander. “Thank Goodness for NATO Enlargement” In Evaluating NATO Enlargement: From Cold War Victory to the Russia-Ukraine War, edited by James Golgeier and Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, 1-639. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. google scholar
• Laurinavicius, Ceslovas. “The Euro-Atlantic Integration and the Future of Kaliningrad Oblast.” Vilnius: NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, 2002. google scholar
• Lopata, Raimundas. “Kaliningrad in the European Security Architecture after the Annexation of Crimea.” Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 16, no. 1 (Aralık 2018): 303-28. google scholar
• Maass, Anna-Sophie. “Kaliningrad: A Dual Shift in Cooperation and Conflict.” East European Politics 36, no. 4 (Mayıs 2020): 515-28. google scholar
• Marten, Kimberly. “NATO Enlargement: Evaluating Its Consequences in Russia.” In Evaluating NATO Enlargement: From Cold War Victory to the Russia-Ukraine War, edited by James Golgeier ve Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson, 1-639. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023. google scholar
• McCrory, Duncan. “Russian Electronic Warfare, Cyber and Information Operations in Ukraine.” The RUSI Journal 165, no. 7 (Şubat 2021): 34-44. google scholar
• Moses, Joel C. “The Politics of Kaliningrad Oblast: A Borderland of the Russian Federation.” Russian Review 63, no. 1 (Ocak 2004): 107-29. google scholar
• Moshes, Arkady. “Kaliningrad: Challenges between Russia and Europe.” In Prospects and Risks beyond ED Enlargement Eastern Europe: Challenges of a Pan-European Policy, edited by Iris Kempe, 1-275. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 2003. google scholar
• Nies, Susanne. “Governance and Diplomacy as Attributes of a Great Power: Russia and the Three Enclaves - Kaliningrad, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan .” In Russia: Re-Emerging Great Power, edited by Roger E. Kanet, 1-225. U.S.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. google scholar
• Nieto, W. Alejandro Sanchez. “Assessing Kaliningrad’s Geostrategic Role: The Russian Periphery and a Baltic Concern.” Journal ofBaltic Studies 42, no. 4 (Kasım 2011): 465-89. google scholar
• Oldberg, Ingmar. “Kaliningrad: Russian Exclave, European Enclave.” Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, Haziran 2001. google scholar
• ———. “The Changing Military Importance of the Kaliningrad Region.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 22, no. 3 (Ağustos 2009): 352-66. google scholar
• ———. “The Kaliningrad Region: An Exclave with Internal and External Problems.” In The Kaliningrad Region a Specific Enclave in Contemporary Europe, edited by Arkadiusz Zukowski ve Wojciech T. Modzelewski, 1-325. Padeborn: Brill, 2021. google scholar
• Preston, Christopher. “Russia in the EU or the EU in Russia? Approaches to Kaliningrad.” In Through the Paper Curtain: Insiders and Outsiders in the New Europe, edited by Julie Smith ve Charles Jenkins, 1-202. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003. google scholar
• Ratti, Luca. “Back to the Future? International Relations Theory and NATO-Russia Relations since the End of the Cold War.” International Journal 64, no. 2 (2009): 399-422. google scholar
• Rywkin, Michael. “An Odd Entity: The Case of the Kaliningrad Enclave.” American Foreign Policy Interests 25, no. 3 (Haziran 2003): 209-16. google scholar
• ———. “The Western Borderlands of the Former Soviet Union.” American Foreign Policy Interests 17, no. 1 (Şubat 1995): 5-12. google scholar
• Sergounin, Alexander. “Kaliningrad: Russian Outpost or Window on Europe?” Budapest: Central European University Center for Policy Studies, 2004. google scholar
• Sukhankin, Sergey. “Kaliningrad and Baltic Sea Region Security.” Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB), 2017. google scholar
• ———. “Kaliningrad in the Post-Crimea Russia. A Bastion or a Weak Link?” Paris: French Institute of International Relations (Ifri), 2021. google scholar
• Veebel, Viljar ve Zdzislaw Sliwa. “The Suwalki Gap, Kaliningrad and Russia’s Baltic Ambitions.” Scandinavian Journal ofMilitary Studies 2, no. 1 (2019): 111-21. google scholar
• Vinokurov, Evgeny. “Kaliningrad in the Framework of EU-Russian Relations: Moving toward Common Spaces.” Leuven: Interbrew Baillet-Latour Fund, 2004. google scholar
• Vitunic, Brian. “Enclave to Exclave: Kaliningrad between Russia and the European Union .” Intermarium 6, no. 1 (2003): 1-28. google scholar
• Westerlund, Fredrik. “Russia’s Military Strategy and Force Structure in Kaliningrad.” Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency , Mayıs 2017. google scholar
• Zverev, Yuri. “The Kaliningrad Defence Industry: Problems of Conversion.” Defence and Peace Economics 9, no. 4 (Ağustos 1998): 395-406. google scholar
• Zyla, Marek. “Kaliningrad Oblast in the Military System of the Russian Federation.” Security andDefence Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Mart 2019): 99-117. google scholar