Sovyet Sonrası Dönemde Belarus Cumhuriyeti ve Lukaşenko Rejiminin Konsolidasyonu

Öz

1991 yılında Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıyla bağımsızlığını kazanan Belarus, kısa bir demokratikleşme ve Batılılaşma sürecinin ardından, 1994′te Aleksandr Lukaşenko’nun devlet başkanı seçilmesiyle otoriter bir yönelime girmiştir. Lukaşenko’nun iktidarı, Sovyet dönemine ait idealize edilmiş bir paradigmanın benimsenmesiyle karakterize edilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım, Belarus’un devlet yapısı ve ulusal kimliği üzerinde kalıcı bir etki bırakmıştır. Lukaşenko, popülist bir liderlik sergileyerek kendisini halkın temsilcisi olarak konumlandırmış ve söylemlerini halkın günlük yaşamındaki zorlukları ele alacak şekilde biçimlendirmiştir. Bu durum, rejim ile toplum arasında, siyasi sadakate karşılık güvenlik ve ekonomik istikrarın sağlandığı bir toplumsal sözleşmenin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Rejimin konsolidasyonu, ekonomi, güvenlik ve sosyal politikaların “neo-Sovyet” ideolojinin temel ilkeleriyle bütünleştirilmesiyle sağlanmıştır. Bu yapısal özellikler nedeniyle, Batı’nın Belarus’u demokratik olmayan bir devlet olarak tasvir etmesinin, rejim desteği üzerindeki etkisi sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu durum, siyasi ve ekonomik yapıdaki tekelleşme, sosyal aktivizmin kısıtlanması ve siyasi baskının varlığı gibi unsurlarla açıklanabilir. Bu makale, Sovyet sonrası dönemde neo-Sovyet bir devlet inşasıyla otoriterleşen Lukaşenko rejiminin konsolidasyon sürecini, Michael Mann’ın “dört boyutlu iktidar teorisi” çerçevesinde analiz ederek söz konusu sürecin altında yatan koşul ve dinamikleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, Belarus’un mevcut siyasi yapısının nasıl oluştuğunu ve hangi mekanizmalarla sürdürüldüğünü anlamaya yönelik önemli bir katkı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Belarus
• Lukaşenko
• Rejim Konsolidasyonu
• Otoriteryanizm
• Neo-Sovyetizm

The Republic of Belarus in the Post-Soviet Era and the Consolidation of the Lukashenko Regime

Öz

Having gained independence in 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus underwent a brief period of democratization. However, with the 1994 election of Alexander Lukashenko as president, the country shifted toward authoritarianism. His rule is defined by the adoption of an idealized Soviet-era paradigm, which has profoundly impacted the state structure and national identity. As a populist leader, Lukashenko positioned himself as the people’s representative, shaping his rhetoric around citizens’ daily struggles. This fostered a social contract where political loyalty was exchanged for security and economic stability. The regime’s consolidation was achieved by integrating economic, security, and social policies with a “neo-Soviet” ideology. This structure has limited the impact of Western criticism regarding Belarus’s undemocratic status, a phenomenon explained by the monopolization of political and economic power, the suppression of social activism, and the presence of political repression. This article, using Michael Mann’s “four-dimensional power theory,” analyzes the consolidation of the Lukashenko regime, which authoritarianized through neo-Soviet state-building. The goal is to uncover the conditions and dynamics underlying this process, thus providing a crucial contribution to understanding how Belarus’s current political structure was formed and is sustained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Belarus
• Lukashenko
• Regime Consolidation
• Authoritarianism
• Neo-Sovietism

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