The Indian Hunas from the Beginning to Last Periods of Mihiragula Era

Öz

At the end of the 1st Century AD, as a result of the bloody Han-Northern Hun Wars, which took place in the Southern skirts of the Altai Mountains and Western Mongolia, the defeated Hunnic tribes had migrated to the Ili Valley and Jeti-su areas. Between 120 and 160 AD, after attempting a few unsuccessful assaults against the Tun-huang and Hsien-pi armies, the Northern Hun tribes completely lost their military and political authorities, and were forced to migrate beyond the Tarbagatai region. Toward the middle of the 4th Century AD, Hunnic tribal confederations entered into a new westward migration movement because of unstable circumstances in Central Asia and the rapidly growing power of the savage group, Juan-Juan/Ju-Ju horde. It is most likely that these confederations were divided into two main branches. One of these penetrated Europe through the Northern Black Sea steppe region, while the other penetrated Bactria, Transoxiana, Persia, and India through the south-west route. Around 455 AD, during the rule of the brave Gupta ruler Skandagupta, these mounted archers entered into the north-western borders of India, and prepared for the wars that would lead to the fall of the Gupta Empire. Despite their short-term sovereignity period, their two glorious chieftains, Toramana and his son Mihirakula, left deep marks in the history of India.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Huns,Huna,Thujila/Tunjila,Toramana,Mihirakula,Gupta Empire

BAŞLANGIÇTAN MİHİRAGULA DÖNEMİNİN SONLARINA KADAR HİNDİSTAN HUNALARI (455 – 532)

Öz

M.S. I. yüzyılın sonlarında, Batı Moğolistan ve Altay Dağları’nın güney eteklerinde vuku bulan kanlı Han – Kuzey Hun savaşları sonucunda mağlup Hun boyları İli Vadisi ve Yedi-su sahasına göç etmek zorunda kaldılar. M. S. 120 – 160 yılları arasında Tun-huang ve Hsien-pi’lere karşı yaptıkları hücumlar başarısız olunca askeri ve siyasi otoriteleri tamamen kırılan Kuzey Hun boyları Tarbagatay ötesine itildiler. M.S. IV. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Orta Asya’da oluşan istikrarsız döneme kuvvetle muhtemelen hızla yükselen vahşi Juan-Juan/ Ju-Ju (Cücen) gücü de eklenince, şartlardan rahatsız olan Hun boyları meydana getirdikleri boy konfederasyonlarıyla batıya doğru yeni bir göç hareketine giriştiler. Bu konfederasyonlar kuvvetle muhtemel iki ana kola bölünmüş; bir kol Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki bozkırlara doğru ilerleyerek Avrupa’ya, diğer kol ise güney-batı yönünde ilerleyerek Toharistan, Maveraünnehir, İran ve Hindistan coğrafyalarına sokulmuştur. M. S. 455 civarında Guptalar’ın cesur hükümdarı Skandagupta zamanında, bu atlı savaşçı boyların bir kolu Hindistan’ın kuzey-batı sınırlarından içeri girerek Guptalar’ın sonunu hazırlayacak ve iki şöhretli başbuğları Toramana ile oğlu Mihiragula dönemlerinde Hindistan tarihi üzerinde derin izler bırakacaklardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hunlar,Huna,Thujila/Tunjila,Toramana,Mihiragula/Mihirakula,Gupta İmparatorluğu

Kaynakça

1. ALRAM, M., “Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and Northwest India”, A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007, IAPN (International Assosiation of Professional Numismatics), Special Publication 15, Glasgow, 2009, s. 516-519.
2. ALRAM, Michael, “Three Hunnic Bullae from Nortwest India”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, vol. 17, 2003, s. 177-184.
3. ALRAM, M., “A Rare Hunnish Coin Type”, Silk Road Art and Achaeology, vol. 8, The Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura, 2002, 149-153.
4. ARADİ, É. (2010), “The Yue-chis, Kushans and Hephtalites”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, 2, April-June 2010, s. 45-56.
5. BAMZAI, P. N. K., Culture and Political History of Kashmir, vol. I, M. D. Publication Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 1994.
6. BAYUR, Yusuf H., Hindistan Tarihi, c. I, TTK Basımevi, Ankara, 1946.
7. BEAL, S., Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang, vol. I-II, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, Delhi, 1969.
8. BISWAS, Atreyi, The Political History of Hunas in India, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1973.

9. CHAKRABARTI, K., “The Gupta Kingdom”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia (The crossroads of civilizations: A. D. 250 to 750), vol. III, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, s. 188-210.
10. CUNNINGHAM, Sir A., Later Indo-Scythians, reprint: Indological Book House, Varanasi, 1962.
11. DANI, Ahmad Hasan, The Historic City of Taxila, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore- Pakistan, 1999.
12. DANI, A. H., LITVINSKY, B. A., SAFI, M. H. Zamir, “Eastern Kushans, Kidarites in Gandhara and Kashmir and Later Hephthalites”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia (The crossroads of civilizations: A. D. 250 to 750), vol. III, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, s. 166-187.
13. ENOKI, Kazuo, On the Nationality of the Ephthalites, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, No. 18, Toyo Bunko, Tokyo, 1959.
14. FLEET, John F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas, vol. III., Government of India Central Publications Branch, Calcutta, 1888.
15. GOLDEN, P. B., Türk Halkları Tarihine Giriş, çev. Osman Karatay, Karam Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
16. HSÜAN-CHİH, Yang, A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-Yang,(trans. Yi-t’ung Wang), Princeton, 1984.
17. JACKSON, A. V. Williams, History of India, vol. II, Vincent A. Smith, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1987.
18. KONUKÇU, Enver, Kuşan ve Akhunlar Tarihi, Sevinç Matbaası, Ankara, 1973.
19. KULKE, Hermann, ROTHERMUND, Dietmar, Hindistan Tarihi, (çev. Müfit Günay), İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2001.
20. LITVINSKY, B. A., “The Hephthalite Empire”, History of Civilizations of Central Asia (The crossroads of civilizations: A. D. 250 to 750), vol. III, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, s. 138-165.
21. MARSHALL, Sir John, A Guide to Sanchi, Government Printing, Calcutta, 1918.
22. SHARMA, Tej Ram, A Political History of Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta, New Delhi, 1989.
23. SINOR, Denis, “The Hun Period”, The Cambrdige History of Early Inner Asia, vol. I, Cambridge University Press, 1990, s. 177-205.
24. SIRCAR, D. C., Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History and Civilization, University of Calcutta Press, Calcutta, 1942.
25. SMITH, Darell, “The White Huns (The Ephthalites M.S. 425-570)”, Spearpoint, NASAMW, (XVIII, 3), Ocak-Şubat 2003, s. 14-18.
26. STEIN, Burton, A History of India, Oxford Universty Press, 1998.
27. STEIN, M. A. Stein, Kalhaṇa’s Rājataraṅgiṇī (A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr), vol. I, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1979.
28. TEZCAN, M., “Kuşanlar, Akhunlar ve Eftalitler”, Tarihte Türk-Hint İlişkileri Sempozyumu (31 Ekim – 1 Kasım 2002), TTK Yayınları XXVI, 12, Ankara, s. 9-57, 2006.
29. THAKUR, Upendranath, The Hunas in India, Chowkamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 1967.