Spatiotemporal Analysis of Stadium-Related Theft: An English Case-Study

Öz

Academic studies on football-related crimes have predominantly focused on violent crimes and fans engaged in these crimes. Unlike these studies which may be deemed a reflection of the traditional criminology in the football context, this paper examines the crime patterns focused on where and when theft crimes might occur on match days and why such patterns might emerge. Routine activities theory and crime pattern theory which are two related theories of environmental criminology provide a theoretical framework for the study. These two theories successfully reveal how the components of the social and physical environment provide the necessary conditions for stadium-related theft. Methodologically, for the spatial analysis of theft crimes, the methods of Kernel Density Estimation and spatial permutation test are employed; for the temporal analysis, a “match adjusted temporal analysis” is developed. Using the hotspotting technique around the Elland Road Stadium of Leeds United football team, it is suggested that theft crimes are not randomly distributed in time (match days and non-match days) and space. The risk of theft (per unit of time) is found to be particularly elevated at certain locations near to the stadium on match days, and for a window of time before, during and after matches take place. Analysing the spatial and temporal dimensions of stadium-related theft crime is likely to provide guidance about when and where to deploy officers by informing intelligence services.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stadium-related crime,Theft,Hotspotting,Crime prevention,Crime pattern theory,Routine activities theory

Stadyum İlişkili Hırsızlık Suçunun MekânsalZamansal Analizi: İngiliz Örnekleminde Olay İncelemesi

Öz

Futbola ilişkin akademik çalışmalar, çoğunlukla, şiddet suçlarını ve bu suçları işleyen taraftarları konu edinmiştir. Geleneksel kriminolojinin futbol kontekstine bir yansıması olarak düşünülebilecek bu çalışmalardan farklı olarak bu araştırma, hırsızlık suçlarının maç günlerinde nerede ve ne zaman ortaya çıkabileceğine odaklanan suç desenlerini ve bu desenlerin neden ortaya çıkabileceğini incelemektedir. Çevresel kriminolojinin birbiriyle bağlantılı teorilerinden rutin aktiviteler teorisi ile suç deseni teorisi, bu çalışmanın teorik çerçevesini oluşturmaktadır. Bu iki teori sosyal ve fiziksel çevrenin bileşenlerinin stadyum ilişkili hırsızlık suçu için gerekli şartları nasıl sağladığını başarılı bir şekilde göstermektedir. Metodolojik olarak hırsızlık suçlarının mekânsal analizi için Kernel Yoğunluk Tahmini ve uzaysal permütasyon testi kullanılmış, zamansal analiz içinse bir “maç ayarlı zamansal analiz” geliştirilmiştir. Leeds United futbol takımının Elland Road Stadyumu çevresinde sıcak noktalama tekniği uygulanarak hırsızlık suçlarının zamanda (maç günlerinde ve maç olmayan günlerde) ve mekânda rastgele dağılmadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Stadyum ilişkili hırsızlık suçlarının zamansal ve mekânsal analizi, istihbarat hizmetlerine bilgi sağlayarak güvenlik görevlilerinin ne zaman ve nerede konuşlanması gerektiği konusunda bir rehber olarak kullanılabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stadyum ilişkili suç,Hırsızlık,Sıcak noktalama,Suç deseni teorisi,Rutin aktiviteler teorisi

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