Araştırma Makalesi

Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?

Sayı: 54 30 Haziran 2021
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Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?

Öz

As members of the most evolutionarily developed species on earth, most of us share the common-sensical belief that our treatment of animals should be based more or less on moral grounds. However, it is also an undeniable fact that for more than two millennia, from the appearance of the first moral theories in Ancient Greece until almost the last quarter of the 20th century, this traditional moral concern for animals has gone hand in hand with their systematic exclusion from the moral community of human beings, which deprives them of basic protective rights against moral abuse and mistreatment. A radical paradigm shift in ethics emerges, especially in the last quarter of the 20th century, when some philosophers begin to question this anthropocentric conception of ethics and the “otherness” of animals in terms of their traditional location outside the ethical discourse. Peter Singer, who is a utilitarian, and Tom Regan, who defends the “rights view” against Singer’s utilitarianism, are two prominent representatives of this new ethical approach. After showing how Singer and Regan reject speciesism, this paper focuses on Regan’s critique of Singer’s account and adds new objections that show that utilitarianism has serious general defects even if it is restricted to human beings. Moreover, these defects give rise to more complicated problems when utilitarianism is applied to animals. After pointing to some weak aspects in Regan’s theory, the paper spells out the sketch of an alternative account that points to the possibility of a synthesis of utility principle and right principle. Accordingly, Regan’s worse-off principle deduced from the rights view is interpreted as a formal principle, while the utility principle as the material content of it is accepted: as long as there is no violation of the worse-off principle, one ought to deduce particular commands to maximize utility for specific cases out of the application of the utility principle. In this context, the worse-off principle has only a negative and formal function that prevents the utility principle from overriding individual rights by giving it its obligatory form.. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Aşar, Haluk. “Hayvan Haklarına Yönelik Temel Görüşler ve Yanılgıları” in Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi (30) (2018): 239-251.
  2. Callicot, J. Baird. “Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics”, American Philosophical Quarterly, 21(4)/2012: 299-309
  3. Cushing, Simon. ““Against “Humanism”: Speciesism, Personhood, and Preference”” in Journal of Social Philosophy 34 (2003 October): 556-571. Erişim 10 Mayıs 2021. URL https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9833.00201
  4. Hare, R. M. “The Presidential Address: Principles” in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 73 (1972-1973): 1–18.
  5. Jamieson, Dale. “Rights, Justice, and Duties to Provide Assistance: A Critique of Regan’s Theory of Rights” in Ethics 2 (1990): 349-362.
  6. Krantz, Susan F. Refuting Peter Singer’s Ethical Theory: The İmportance of Human Dignity.Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.
  7. McCloskey, H. J. “An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism” in Philosophical Review 66 (1957 October): 466-485.
  8. Oberg, Andrew. ““All too human? Speciesism, racism, and sexism””. Think 15 (2016): 39-50. E r i ş i m : 10 Mayıs 2021. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/think/article/abs/all-too-human-speciesism-racism-and-sexism/71147DF4646FC4F68601FB61C949E4E1

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Felsefe

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

27 Mayıs 2021

Kabul Tarihi

19 Haziran 2021

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Sayı: 54

Kaynak Göster

APA
Aktok, Ö. (2021). Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals? Felsefe Arkivi, 54, 29-47. https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA
AMA
1.Aktok Ö. Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals? Felsefe Arkivi. 2021;(54):29-47. https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA
Chicago
Aktok, Özgür. 2021. “Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?”. Felsefe Arkivi, sy 54: 29-47. https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA.
EndNote
Aktok Ö (01 Haziran 2021) Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals? Felsefe Arkivi 54 29–47.
IEEE
[1]Ö. Aktok, “Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?”, Felsefe Arkivi, sy 54, ss. 29–47, Haz. 2021, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA
ISNAD
Aktok, Özgür. “Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?”. Felsefe Arkivi. 54 (01 Haziran 2021): 29-47. https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA.
JAMA
1.Aktok Ö. Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals? Felsefe Arkivi. 2021;:29–47.
MLA
Aktok, Özgür. “Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals?”. Felsefe Arkivi, sy 54, Haziran 2021, ss. 29-47, https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA.
Vancouver
1.Özgür Aktok. Between Utility and Right: Where to Meet Animals? Felsefe Arkivi [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2021;(54):29-47. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA78FP26LA