Vicdan, İtaat ve Otoritenin Kısa Bir Tarihi

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 49, 1 - 12, 30.12.2018

Nedim Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp2018-589758

Öz

Vicdan ve otorite konusu uzun zamandır ahlak felsefesinin gündemindedir. Özellikle, John Locke ve Thomas Hobbes'in görüşleri, din ve vicdan özgürlüğü söz konusu olduğunda ön plana çıkmıştır. Onların görüşleri, bugünün dünyasının ahlak felsefecilerini etkilemeye devam etmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal ilişkilerin düzenlenmesi ve sürdürülmesi açısından geçmişten günümüze değin benimsenen faklı bakış açıları gelmiştir. Bu farklı bakış açılarının imkanı, ortak yaşam pratiklerinin göz önüne alınmasıdır. Günümüz dünyasında, değişen sosyal yapılanmalar ve bir araya gelen farklı etnik ve toplumsal grupların birbirleriyle karşılaşmasından dolayı pek çok problem açığa çıkmaktadır. Bu problemlerin çözüm denemeleri, ortak temaların bulunmasına bağlıdır. Bu ortak temalardan birisi olan kültürel görelilik anlayışı, farklı kültürlerden gelmiş olmaktan kaynaklanan ahlaki yargıların, kültürlerin kendi iç dinamikleri içinde değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine göndermede bulunur. Diğer yandan, evrensel insan hakları ve sosyal dayanışmanın kültürler arası zeminde şekillendirilebilmesi ve sürdürülebilmesi, ek bir başka temanın varlığını kaçınılmaz kılar: Vicdan.

Vicdan, sosyal ilişkilerin sürdürülmesinde ortak yaşam bağlılıklarının kişiler arasında müşterek kılınmasıyla ve dayanışma içinde olunmasıyla ilişkilidir. Vicdan zemininde şekillenecek ilişkilerin özcü bir temele dayandırılması anlayışı, dayanışma aracılığıyla pratik yaşamdaki ilişkilerin ve değerlerin sürekli yeniden şekillendirilmesi anlayışıyla paralellik göstermez. Dayanışma, özcü hakikatlerin bulunmadığı zeminde ve etnik göreliliğinin ve sürdürülebilir birlikteliğin pratikleri içinde değerlerin şekillenmesiyle açığa çıkar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aydınlanma döneminde vicdan, iktidar ve otorite arasındaki ilişkiyi, özellikle de İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda yaşanan trajediler üzerinden tartışmak ve bu konudaki bazı filozofların çözüm önerilerini betimleyerek değerlendirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vicdan, İtaat, Otorite, Synderesis, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Stanley Milgram, Erich Fromm, Agnes Heller

A Short History Of Conscience, Authorty And Obedience

Öz

The issue of conscience and authority has long been on the agenda of moral philosophy. In particular, the views of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes came to the fore when there was freedom of religion and conscience. Their views continue to influence the moral philosophers of today's world. In terms of organizing and maintaining individual and social relationships, different perspectives from past to present have been made possible by taking into account the common life practices. In today's world, the social configurations that have changed compared to the past and the problems arising from the encounter of different ethnic and social groups have caused re-emergence of solidarity in a common theme. The concept of cultural relativism, which is one of these common themes, refers to the evaluation of exposed judgments within the internal dynamics of culture. On the other hand, shaping of universal human rights and social solidarity on an intercultural ground makes the existence of an additional theme inevitable in terms of harmony and sustainability: conscience.

Conscience is related to the commonization of the common living commitments and being in solidarity in sustaining social relations. Predicating the relations to be formed on the basis of conscience upon an essentialist foundation does not run parallel to the continuous reshaping of solidarity in practical life. In the absence of essentialist truths, and outside the original ethnic relativity, a new and sustainable togetherness starts to be shaped within these practices. Therefore, one of the themes that will spring to mind will be the values education. There are studies that include the answers given to the questions that come to mind about the theoretical possibilities of this and the determination and interpretation of the values already positioned in the practical structures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Conscience, Obedience, Authority, Synderesis, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Stanley Milgram, Erich Fromm, Agnes Heller

Kaynakça

• Adam Smith, The Theory Of Moral Sentiments, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, 1984.
• Agnes Heller, A Philosophy of Morals, Basic Blackwell, Massachusetts, 1990.
• Agnes Heller, General Ethics, Basic Blackwell, Massachusestts, 1990.
• Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Translated an Edited By Roger Crisp, Cambridege, Cambridge University Ptess, 2000.
• Douglas Langston, The Spark of Conscience: Bonaventure's View of Conscience and Synderesis, Franciscan Studies, Volume 53, 1993, pp. 79-95.
• Elizabeth M. Pybus, Saints and Heroes, Philosophy, Vol. 57, No. 220 (Apr., 1982), pp. (193-199)
• Erich Fromm On Disobedience: Why Freedom Means Saying “No” To Power, Perennial Modern Thought Edition Puplished, 2010.
• Erich Fromm, Erich, Man for Himself: An Inquiry Into the Psychology of Ethics, Routledge, 2002.
• Franco Ferarotti, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Autumn, 1994), pp. (105-127)
• Hobbes's Leviathan, Reprinted From The Edition Of 1651 With An Essay By The Late W. G. Pogson Smith, Oxford At The Clerandon Press, London, 1965.
• Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784), In, Immanuel Kant, Practical Philosophy, Translated And Edited By Mary J. Gregor, General Introduction By Allen Wood, Cambridge Universty Press, 1999.
• Immanuel Kant, Kant on Education, With an Introduction By C. A. Foley Rhys Davis, M.A., D. C. Health&Co., Publishers, Boston, 1900.,
• Immanuel Kant, Religion Within The Boundaries Of Mere Reason, And Other Writings, Translated And Edited By Allen Wood, George Di Giovanni, Cambridge Universty Press, 1998.
• Immanuel Kant, The Lectures On Ethics, Translated by Louis Infield, Harper&Row, Puplishers, New York, 1963.
• J. O. Urmson, 'Saints and Heroes', in Essays in Moral Philosophy, A. I. Melden (ed.) University of Washington Press, 1958.
• Jack Russell Weinstein, Adam Smith’s Pluralism: Rationality, Education, and the Moral Sentiments, Yale University Press, 1972.
• James R. Otteson, Adam Smith’s Marketplace Of Life, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Jery Evensky, Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy: A Historical And Contemporary Perspective On Markets, Law, Ethics, And Culture. Camridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• John Grumley, The Ethical Imperative, Agnes Heller: A Moralist in the Vortex of History, Pluto Press, 2005.
• John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Dover Publications, INC. New York, 1959.
• John Locke, Assays on The Law of Nature, Edit. By, W. Von Leyden, Oxford at The Clarendon Press, 1954.
• John Locke, Some Thougts Concerning Education, London, 1779.
• Mark Hanin, Thomas Hobbes’s Theory Of Conscience History Of Political Thought. Vol. Xxxiii. No. 1. Spring 2012.
• Max Horkheimer, Studies In Prejudice, Edited By Max Horkheimer And Samuel H. Flowerman, The Authoritarian Personality, By T. W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunsivik, Daniel J. Levinson And R. Nevitt Sanford, Harper, New York, 1950.
• Mihai Androne, Notes on John Locke’s views on education, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 137 (2014) pp. (74 – 79)
• Paul Strohm, Conscience, A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011.
• Relativism: Interpretation and Confrontation, Michael Krausz(ED.) Notre Dame: University of Notre Dane Press, 1989) Richard Rorty, Solidarity or Objectivity? Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Richard Sorabji, Moral Conscience through the Ages: Fifth Century BCE to the Present, The Universty of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2014.
• Shannon L. Mariotti, Adorno and Democracy, Chapter Title: Democratic Pedagogy: Resistance and an Alternative Model for Civic Education, University Press of Kentucky, 2016.
• Stanly Milgram, Obedience To Authority: An Experimental View, Tavistock, Harper And Row, Puplishers, 1974.
• Teresa M. Bejan, Teaching the Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Education, Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 36, No 5, October 2010, pp. (607-626)
• Thomas Hobbes, De Cive, Edited by Howard Warrender, Oxford At The Clerendon Press, 1987.
• Thomas Hobbes, The Elements of Law Natural and Politic. Edited With A Preface And Critical Notes By Ferdinand Tönnies, Simpkin, Marhall, and Co., London, 1889.
• Timothy C. Potts, Conscientia in Medival Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
• Wehan Murray Coombs, Contingency, Irony and Morality: A Critical Review of Rorty’s Notion of the Liberal Utopia, Humanities 2013, 2, pp. (313–327).
• Zygmund Bauman, Collateral Damage: Social Inequalities in a Global Age, Polyt Press, 2011.
• Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and The Holocaust, Polity Press, 2008.