ABSENCE OF FOVEAL DEPRESSION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH REFRACTIVE STATUS AND STRABISMUS IN CHILDREN WITH HISTORY OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY

Öz

Objective: To evaluate the foveal depression (FD) status on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its relationship with strabismus, amblyopia and refractive errors in children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Material and Method: Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, ocular and medical history, systemic disorders, ophthalmologic and OCT findings. Patients were categorized into two groups according to foveal depression status on OCT: absence of FD (Non-FD Group) and presence of FD (FD Group). Demographic data, refractive errors (RE), strabismus, amblyopia and anisometropia were compared between the groups. Result: Mean age of the patients was 11.1±2.7 years in the Non-FD group and 10.1±2.9 years in the FD group (p=0.136). Mean gestastional age (GA) at birth and birth weight (BW) of the Non-FD group (28.8±2.7 weeks, 1269.1±455.5 grams) were significantly lower than those of the FD group (30.8±2.1weeks, 1530.8±415.2 grams) (p=0.002 and p=0.02, respectively). Although there was no significant difference between the groups in the mean spherical equivalent (SE) RE (-1.19± 4.86D in the Non-FD group and 0.77±4.08D in the FD group, p=0.09), the distribution of SE refractive errors was significantly different (p=0.001). 54.5% of patients in the Non-FD group had myopia and 72% of the patients in the FD group had hypermetropia. Mild myopia was significantly more in the Non-FD group and mild hypermetropia was significantly more in the FD group (p<0.05 for both). Astigmatism equal or greater than 1.50D was detected in 56.5% of the Non-FD group and 36% of the FD group (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in the incidence of strabismus, amblyopia and anisometropia (p>0.05). Conclusion: We detected lower GA and BW in the Non-FD group than those of the FD group. Myopia is more prevalent in patients with a history of ROP and absence of FD than in those with a normal foveal structure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Retinopathy of prematurity
• optical coherence tomography
• myopia
• astigmatism
• strabismus

PREMATÜRE RETİNOPATİSİ ÖYKÜSÜ OLAN ÇOCUKLARDA FOVEAL DEPRESYON YOKLUĞUNUN REFRAKTİF KUSURLAR VE ŞAŞILIK İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Öz

Amaç: Prematüre retinopatisi (ROP) öyküsü olan çocuklarda optik koherens tomografide (OKT) foveal depresyon (FD) durumunu ve şaşılık, ambliyopi ve refraktif kusurlar ile ilişkisini değerlendirmek. Gereç ve Yöntem: ROP öyküsü olan hastaların klinik kayıtlarından; demografik veriler, oküler ve medikal öykü, sistemik hastalıklar, oftalmolojik ve OKT bulguları incelendi. Hastalar OKT’de FD durumuna göre iki gruba ayrıldı: FD yokluğu (Non-FD Grup) ve FD varlığı (FD Grup). Demografik veriler, refraktif kusurlar, şaşılık, ambliyopi ve anizometropi iki grup arasında kaşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların ortalama yaşı; Non-FD grupta 11,1±2,7 yıl, FD grupta 10,1±2,9 yıl idi (p=0,136). Ortalama doğum haftası (DH) ve doğum ağırlığı (DA) Non-FD grupta (28,8±2,7 hafta, 1269,1±455,5 gram) FD gruba göre (30,8±2,1 hafta,1530,8±415,2 gram) anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (p=0,002, p=0,02). Ortalama sferik ekivalan (SE) refraktif kusurlar gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermemekle birlikte (Non-FD grupta -1,19±4,86D, FD grupta 0,77±4,08D, p=0,09), SE refraktif kusurların dağılımı anlamlı olarak farklıydı (p=0,001). Non-FD grubun %54,5’inde miyopi, FD grubun %72’sinde hipermetropi mevcuttu. Hafif miyopi Non-FD grupta, hafif hipermetropi FD grupta daha fazla saptandı (p<0,05). Non-FD grubun %56,5’inde, FD grubun %36’sında 1,50D ve üzeri astigmatizma mevcuttu (p>0,05). Şaşılık, ambliyopi ve anizometropi insidasında gruplar arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p>0,05). Sonuç: FD yokluğu olan hastalarda daha düşük doğum haftası ve doğum ağırlığı saptanmıştır. ROP öyküsü olan hastalarda FD yokluğu eşlik etmesi durumunda, normal foveal yapı gösterenlere göre daha sık miyopi izlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Prematüre retinopatisi
• optik koherens tomografi
• şaşılık
• refraktif bozukluk

Kaynakça

1. 1. Robinson R, O’Keefe M. Follow-up study on premature infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77(2):91-4. [CrossRef] google scholar
2. 2. Smith BT, Tasman WS. Retinopathy of prematurity: late complications in the baby boomer generation (1946-1964). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005;103:225-34. google scholar
3. 3. Yang CS, Wang AG, Sung CS, Hsu WM, Lee FL, Lee SM. Long-term visual outcomes of laser-treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity: a study of refractive status at 7 years. Eye (Lond) 2010;24(1):14-20. [CrossRef] google scholar
4. 4. Villegas, VM, Capo H, Cavuoto K, McKeown CA, Berrocal AM. Foveal structure-function correlation in children with history of retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158(3):508-512.e2. [CrossRef] google scholar
5. 5. Recchia, FM, Recchia CC. Foveal dysplasia evident by optical coherence tomography in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 2007;27(9):1221-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
6. 6. Wu WC, Lin RI, Shih CP, Wang NK, Chen YP, Chao AN, et al. Visual acuity, optical components, and macular abnormalities in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 2012;119(9):1907-16. [CrossRef] google scholar
7. 7. Sayman Muslubas I, Karacorlu M, Hocaoglu M, Arf S, Ozdemir H. Retinal and choroidal thickness in children with a history of retinopathy of prematurity and transscleral diode laser treatment. Eur J Ophthalmol 2017;27(2):190-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
8. 8. Hendrickson A, Possin D, Vajzovic L, Toth CA. Histologic development of the human fovea from midgestation to maturity. Am J Ophthalmol 2012;154(5):767-78. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. 9. Casas-Llera, P, Siverio A, Esquivel G, Bautista C, Alio JL. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography foveal morphology as a prognostic factor for vision performance in congenital aniridia. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020;30(1):58-65. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. 10. Chong GT, Farsiu S, Freedman SF, Sarin N, Koreishi AF, Izatt JA et al. Abnormal foveal morphology in ocular albinism imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127(1):37-44. [CrossRef] google scholar
11. 11. Harvey PS, King RA, Summers CG. Spectrum of foveal development in albinism detected with optical coherence tomography. J AAPOS 2006;10(3):237-42. [CrossRef] google scholar
12. 12. Bijlsma WR, van Schooneveld MJ, Van der Lelij A. Optical coherence tomography findings for nanophthalmic eyes. Retina 2008;28(7):1002-7 [CrossRef] google scholar
13. 13. Ecsedy M, Szamosi A, Karko C, Zubovics L, Varsânyi B, Nemeth J et al. Comparison of macular structure imaged by optical coherence tomography in preterm and full-term children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(11):5207-11. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. 14. Noval S, Freedman SF, Asrani S, El-Dairi MA. Incidence of fovea plana in normal children. J AAPOS 2014;18(5):471-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
15. 15. Âkerblom H, Larsson E, Eriksson U, Holmström G. Central macular thickness is correlated with gestational age at birth in prematurely born children. Br J Ophthalmol 2011;95(6):799-803. [CrossRef] google scholar
16. 16. Thomas MG, Kumar A, Mohammad S, Proudlock FA, Engle EC, Andrews C et al. Structural grading of foveal hypoplasia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography a predictor of visual acuity? Ophthalmology 2011;118(8):1653-60. [CrossRef] google scholar
17. 17. Modrzejewska M, Grzesiak W, Karczewicz D, Zaborski D. Refractive status and ocular axial length in preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity with regard to birth weight and gestational age. J Perinatal Med 2010;38(3):327-31. [CrossRef] google scholar
18. 18. Saw SM, Chew SJ. Myopia in children born premature or with low birth weight. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1997;75(5):548-50. [CrossRef] google scholar
19. 19. Lee YS, See LC, Chang SH, Wang NK, Hwang YS, Lai CC et al. Macular structures, optical components, and visual acuity in preschool children after intravitreal bevacizumab or laser treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2018;192:20-30. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. 20. Wang J, Ren X, Shen L, Yanni SE, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Development of refractive error in individual children with regressed retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54(9):6018-24. [CrossRef] google scholar
21. 21. Darlow BA, Elder MJ, Kimber B, Martin J, Horwood LJ. Vision in former very low birthweight young adults with and without retinopathy of prematurity compared with term born controls: the NZ 1986 VLBW follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol 2018;102(8):1041-6. [CrossRef] google scholar
22. 22. Zhu X, Zhao R, Wang Y, Ouyang L, Yang J, Li Y et al. Refractive state and optical compositions of preterm children with and without retinopathy of prematurity in the first 6 years of life. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(45):e8565. [CrossRef] google scholar
23. 23. Davitt BV, Quinn GE, Wallace DK, Dobson V, Hardy RJ, Tung B et al. Astigmatism progression in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study to 6 years of age. Ophthalmology 2011;118(12):2326-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
24. 24. Villegas VM, Schwartz SG, Hamet TD, McKeown CA, Capo H, Flynn Jr HW. Variable clinical profile of fovea plana in normal children. OSLI Retina 2018;49(4):251-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
25. 25. Schalij-Delfos NE, de Graaf ME, Treffers WF, Engel J, Cats BP. Long term follow up of premature infants: detection of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84(9):963-7. [CrossRef] google scholar
26. 26. VanderVeen DK, Bremer DL, Fellows RR, Hardy RJ, Neely DE, Palmer EA et al. Prevalence and course of strabismus through age 6 years in participants of the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity randomized trial. J AAPOS 2011;15(6):536-40. [CrossRef] google scholar
27. 27. Gursoy H, Basmak H, Bilgin B, Erol N, Colak E. The effects of mild-to-severe retinopathy of prematurity on the development of refractive errors and strabismus. Strabismus 2014;22(2):68-73. [CrossRef] google scholar
28. 28. Bae JH, Choi DG. Refractive errors, amblyopia and strabismus in 3-year-old premature children. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 2010;51(10):1385-91. [CrossRef] google scholar