HER YÖNÜYLE ANNE SÜTÜ

Öz

İlk altı ay sadece anne sütü ile beslenmeyi ve en az iki yaşına kadar emzirmeye devam etmeyi dünya çapında ülkelerin sağlık bakan lıkları önermektedir. Emzirme sadece besleyici değil aynı zamanda immünolojik özellikleriyle de sağlığa katkıda bulunur. Anne sütü, sağlıklı büyümeyi sağlayan benzersiz bileşenlere sahiptir. Büyüme faktörleri, sitokinler, mikroRNA'lar, anne sütü oligosakkaritleri ve hücreler gibi biyoaktif maddeler açısından zengindir. Epigenetik çalışmalar, anne sütü ile beslenen ve mama ile beslenen bebekler arasında gen ifadesinde farklılıklar tespit etmiştir. DNA metilasyo nu (DNAm), emzirmenin uzun vadeli sağlık etkilerinin altında ya tan bir mekanizma olarak öne sürülmüştür. Emzirme, yoğun oral kas aktivitesini uyararak, doğru dudak kapanmasını, mandibular fonksiyonu ve dilin damak üzerinde konumlanmasını teşvik ederek uygun maksillofasiyal büyüme ve gelişmeyi destekler. Ekonomide “erdemli mal” genellikle bireylerin istek ve taleplerinden bağımsız olarak toplumların tüketmesi gereken mal (ürün) olarak kabul edi lir. Erdemli ürünlerin en tipik örnekleri eğitim ve sağlıktır. Belirtilen iktisadi bakış açısı ile anne sütünün ekonomik olarak erdemli bir ürün olduğu ve devletlerin emzirmeyi artırmak için kamu gücünü kullanarak kaynak ayırması gerektiği sonucuna varılabilir. Eczacılar ve hemşireler, emzirme döneminde annelere destek ve yardımcı olma konusunda önemli ve hayati bir role sahiptir. Hemşireler em zirmenin başlatılması ve sürdürülmesinde yaşamın her aşamasın da aktif rol oynamalıdırlar. Bu derlemede anne sütü her yönü ile ele alınarak tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emzirme
• sağlık
• ekonomi
• immünoloji
• epigenetik

BREAST MILK IN ALL ASPECTS

Öz

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and continuing to breastfeed until at least 2 years of age is recommended by the Ministries of Health of countries worldwide. Breastfeeding contributes to health not only through its nutritional but also im munological properties. Breast milk has unique ingredients that ensure healthy growth. It is rich in bioactive substances such as growth factors; cytokines, microRNAs, human milk oligosaccha rides, and cells. Epigenetic studies have identified differences in gene expression between breastfed and formula-fed infants. DNA methylation (DNAm) has been suggested as a mechanism under lying the long-term health effects of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding promotes proper maxillofacial growth and development by stimu lating intense oral muscular activity, promoting correct lip closure, mandibular function, and tongue positioning on the palate. In economics, merit good is generally accepted as good (product) that societies should consume regardless of individuals’ wishes or demands. The most typical examples of merit products are education and health. From an economic perspective, it can be concluded that breast milk is an economically merit product, and the states should allocate resources by using their public power to increase breastfeeding. Pharmacists and nurses play important and crucial roles in supporting and assisting mothers during the breastfeeding period. Nurses should always play an active role in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding at every stage of life. In this review, breast milk is discussed in every aspect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Breastfeeding
• health
• economics
• immunology
• epigenetic

Kaynakça

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