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YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4, 114 - 121, 14.11.2011

Öz

Uyku karmaşık, yüksek derecede organizasyon gösteren, birçok iç ve dış faktörden etkilenen, belli dönemlerinde beyinin uyanıklık kadar aktif olduğu, geri dönüşümlü bir bilinçsizlik ve seçici yanıtsızlık özellikleri gösteren bir süreçtir. Uyku fizyolojisi konusundaki bilgilerimizin hızla artması ve uykuyu oluşturan mekanizmaların çoğunun aydınlatılmasına rağmen uykunun işlevi, diğer deyişle “niçin uyuruz?” sorusunun yanıtı gizemini korumaktadır. Uyku ile ilgili birçok hipotez ileri sürülmesine rağmen bunlardan hiçbirisi uyku araştırmacılarını inandıracak düzeyde deneysel kanıt sağlayamamıştır. Bu hipotezler arasında, enerjinin korunması, beyin detoksifikasyonu, beyin termoregülasyonu, doku yenilenmesi, öğrenme ve bellek oluşumu sayılabilir. REM uykusunun tanımlanmasından sonra bu uyku dönemi ile öğrenme ve bellek pekiştirme arasında bağlantı olduğunu gösteren önemli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak, uyku olmadan öğrenme mümkün görünmekte, her uyku dönemini mutlaka bellek pekiştirmesinin takip edip etmediği bilinmemekte ve insanlarda bellek pekiştirmesine olan gereksinim uyku oluşması için gerekli ve yeterli bir nedendir denilememektedir. Son dönemde ileri sürülen ilgi çekici hipotezlerden biri de uykunun beyinde sinaptik ağırlığı düzenlediğini savunan sinaptik homeostasis hipotezidir. Bu hipoteze göre uyanıklık süresince beyinde kortikal devrelerde sinaptik potansiasyon olmaktadır; bu potansiasyon yavaş dalga aktivitesi ile ilişkilidir; yavaş dalga aktivitesi sinaptik büyümeyi eski haline getirecek şekilde sinaptik küçülme sağlamaktadır. Elli yıllık araştırmaya rağmen uykunun işlevi ile ilgili söylenebilen ve herkesin hemfikir olduğu tek açıklama şudur: uykululuğu engellemek için uyuruz. Böyle bir bakış açısı, “acıkmayı engellemek için yemek yeriz” ya da “susamamak için su içeriz” açıklamaları kadar umutsuz görünmektedir. Uyku tıbbının kurucularından Allen Rechtschaffen, yukarıdaki açıklama için şöyle söylemektedir: Bu doğru ise uyku, doğanın yaptığı en büyük hatalardan biridir.

Kaynakça

  • Adam K, Oswald I. Sleep is for tissue restoration. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1977; 11:376-388.
  • Allison T, van Twyver H. The evolution of sleep. Nat Hist 1970; 79:56-65.
  • Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occuring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science 1953;118:273-274.
  • Berger RJ, Phillips NH. Energy conservation and sleep. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:65-73.
  • Crick F, Mitchison G. REM sleep and neural nets. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:147-155.
  • Crick F, Mitchison G. The function of dream sleep. Nature 1983; 304:111-114.
  • Ephron HS, Carrington P. Rapid eye movement sleep and cortical homeostasis. Psychol Rev 1966; 73:500-526.
  • Everson CA. Clinical assessment of blood leukocytes, serum cytokines, and serum immunoglobulins as responses to sleep deprivation in laboratory rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: 1054-1063.
  • Gally JA, Edelman GM. Neural reapportionment: a hypothesis to account for the function of sleep. C R Biologies 2004; 327:721-727.
  • Garcia-Arraras JE. Effects of sleep-promoting factor from human urine on sleep cycle of cats. Am J Physiol 1981; 241:269-274.
  • Geschicker EH, Andrews PA, Bullard RW. Nocturnal body temperature regulation in man: A rationale for sweating in sleep. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21:623-630.
  • Gillberg M, Akerstedt T. Body temperature and sleep at different times of day. Sleep 1982; 5:378-388.
  • Glotzbach SF, Heller HC. Central nervous regulation of body temperature during sleep. Science 1976; 194:537-539.
  • Hayward JN, Baker MA. A comparative study of the role of the cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in five mammals. Brain Res 1969; 16:417-440.
  • Hobson A. Sleep. Scientific American Library A Division of HPHLP, Distributed by WH. Freeman and Company, New York 1989.
  • Horne J. Why we sleep? The functions of sleep in humans and other mammals. Oxford University Press, Courier International Ltd. Tiptree, Essex 1988.
  • Ikeda M, Sagara M, Okada T, Clement P, Urade Y, Nagai T, Sugiyama T, Yoshioka T, Honda K, Inoue S. Brain oxidation is an initial process in sleep induction. Neuroscience 2005; 130:1029-1040.
  • Inoue S, Honda K, Komoda Y. Sleep as neuronal detoxification and restitution. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:91-96.
  • Ishimori K. True cause of sleep: A hypnogenic substance as evidenced in the brain of sleep-deprived animals. Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 1909; 23:429-457.
  • Jouvet M. Paradoxical sleep as a programming system. J Sleep Res 1998; 7: 1:1-5.
  • Komoda Y, Honda K, Inoue S. SPS-B, a physiological sleep regulator, from the brainstems of sleep-deprived rats, identified as oxidized glutathione. Chem Pharm Bull 1990; 38:2057-2059.
  • Komoda Y, Ishikawa M, Nagasaki H, Iriki M, Honda K, Inoue S, Higashi A, Uchizono K. Uridine, A sleep promoting substance from brainstems of sleep-deprived rats. Biomed Res 1983; 4:223-228.
  • Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1994; 267:819-829.
  • Krueger JM, Obal F, Fang J. Why we sleep: a theoretical view of sleep function. Sleep Med Rev 1999; 3:119-129.
  • Krueger JM, Obal F, Kapas L, Fang J. Brain organization and sleep function. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:177-185.
  • Legendre R, Pieron H. Recherches sur le besion de sommeil consecutif a une veille prolongée. Z Allgem Physiol 1913; 14:235-262.
  • Maquet P. The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 2001;294:1048–1051.
  • Martin SA, Karnovsky ML, Krueger JM, Pappenheimer JR, Biemann K. Peptidoglycans as promoter of slow-wave sleep. I. Structure of the sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:12652-12658.
  • McGinty D, Szymusiak R. Keeping cool: A hypothesis about the mechanisms and function of slow-wave sleep. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13:480-487.
  • Öztürk L, Pelin Z, Karadeniz D, Kaynak H, Çakar L, Gözükirmizi E. Effects of 48 hours sleep deprivation on human immune profile. Sleep Research Online 1999; 2:107-111.
  • Öztürk L, Saglam Y, Gökhan N. Uykusuzluk süresince ve sonrasinda opsonizasyon. Istanbul Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi 2002; 65:34–38.
  • Öztürk L, Vardar SA, Bulut E, Kurt C, Yaprak M. Tam ve kismi uyku yoksunlugunda vücut sicakligi ve uykululuk düzeyi arasindaki iliflki. Trakya Üniv Tip Fak Derg 2006; 23:88-94.
  • Öztürk L. Uyku yoksunlugunun saglikli insanlarda periferal immün sistem profili üzerine etkileri. Fizyoloji Uzmanlik Tezi, I.Ü. Cerrahpafla Tip Fakültesi Kütüphanesi, Istanbul 1997.
  • Pappenheimer JR, Miller TB, Goodrich CA. Sleep promoting effects of cerebrospinal fluid from sleep deprived goats. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences USA 1967; 58:513-517.
  • Parmelee AH, Stern E. Development of states in infants. In: Clementine CD, Purpura DP, Mayer FE (eds) Sleep and The Maturing Nervous System, Academic Press New York 1972; pp. 199-215.
  • Rechtschaffen A. The function of sleep: methodological issues. In: Drucker-Collin R, Shkurovic M, Sterman MB (eds). The Functions of Sleep. Academic Press, New York 1977, pp. 1–17.
  • Roffwarg HP, Muzio J, Dement WC. Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle. Science 1966; 152:604–619.
  • Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Monnier M. A naturally occuring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits. X. Final isolation, characterization and activity test. Pflügers Arch 1977; 369:99-109.
  • Snyder F. Towards an evolutionary theory of dreaming. Am J Psychiat 1966; 123:121-136.
  • Taheri S, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E. The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy. Annu Rev Neurosci 2002; 25:283-313.
  • Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull 2003; 62:143-150.
  • Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:49-62.
  • Wittern R. Sleep theories in the antiquity and in the Renaissance. In: Horne J (ed) Sleep’88 Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York 1989, pp: 11-22.
Yıl 2007, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4, 114 - 121, 14.11.2011

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adam K, Oswald I. Sleep is for tissue restoration. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1977; 11:376-388.
  • Allison T, van Twyver H. The evolution of sleep. Nat Hist 1970; 79:56-65.
  • Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occuring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science 1953;118:273-274.
  • Berger RJ, Phillips NH. Energy conservation and sleep. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:65-73.
  • Crick F, Mitchison G. REM sleep and neural nets. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:147-155.
  • Crick F, Mitchison G. The function of dream sleep. Nature 1983; 304:111-114.
  • Ephron HS, Carrington P. Rapid eye movement sleep and cortical homeostasis. Psychol Rev 1966; 73:500-526.
  • Everson CA. Clinical assessment of blood leukocytes, serum cytokines, and serum immunoglobulins as responses to sleep deprivation in laboratory rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: 1054-1063.
  • Gally JA, Edelman GM. Neural reapportionment: a hypothesis to account for the function of sleep. C R Biologies 2004; 327:721-727.
  • Garcia-Arraras JE. Effects of sleep-promoting factor from human urine on sleep cycle of cats. Am J Physiol 1981; 241:269-274.
  • Geschicker EH, Andrews PA, Bullard RW. Nocturnal body temperature regulation in man: A rationale for sweating in sleep. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21:623-630.
  • Gillberg M, Akerstedt T. Body temperature and sleep at different times of day. Sleep 1982; 5:378-388.
  • Glotzbach SF, Heller HC. Central nervous regulation of body temperature during sleep. Science 1976; 194:537-539.
  • Hayward JN, Baker MA. A comparative study of the role of the cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in five mammals. Brain Res 1969; 16:417-440.
  • Hobson A. Sleep. Scientific American Library A Division of HPHLP, Distributed by WH. Freeman and Company, New York 1989.
  • Horne J. Why we sleep? The functions of sleep in humans and other mammals. Oxford University Press, Courier International Ltd. Tiptree, Essex 1988.
  • Ikeda M, Sagara M, Okada T, Clement P, Urade Y, Nagai T, Sugiyama T, Yoshioka T, Honda K, Inoue S. Brain oxidation is an initial process in sleep induction. Neuroscience 2005; 130:1029-1040.
  • Inoue S, Honda K, Komoda Y. Sleep as neuronal detoxification and restitution. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:91-96.
  • Ishimori K. True cause of sleep: A hypnogenic substance as evidenced in the brain of sleep-deprived animals. Tokyo Igakkai Zasshi 1909; 23:429-457.
  • Jouvet M. Paradoxical sleep as a programming system. J Sleep Res 1998; 7: 1:1-5.
  • Komoda Y, Honda K, Inoue S. SPS-B, a physiological sleep regulator, from the brainstems of sleep-deprived rats, identified as oxidized glutathione. Chem Pharm Bull 1990; 38:2057-2059.
  • Komoda Y, Ishikawa M, Nagasaki H, Iriki M, Honda K, Inoue S, Higashi A, Uchizono K. Uridine, A sleep promoting substance from brainstems of sleep-deprived rats. Biomed Res 1983; 4:223-228.
  • Krauchi K, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1994; 267:819-829.
  • Krueger JM, Obal F, Fang J. Why we sleep: a theoretical view of sleep function. Sleep Med Rev 1999; 3:119-129.
  • Krueger JM, Obal F, Kapas L, Fang J. Brain organization and sleep function. Behav Brain Res 1995; 69:177-185.
  • Legendre R, Pieron H. Recherches sur le besion de sommeil consecutif a une veille prolongée. Z Allgem Physiol 1913; 14:235-262.
  • Maquet P. The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science 2001;294:1048–1051.
  • Martin SA, Karnovsky ML, Krueger JM, Pappenheimer JR, Biemann K. Peptidoglycans as promoter of slow-wave sleep. I. Structure of the sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:12652-12658.
  • McGinty D, Szymusiak R. Keeping cool: A hypothesis about the mechanisms and function of slow-wave sleep. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13:480-487.
  • Öztürk L, Pelin Z, Karadeniz D, Kaynak H, Çakar L, Gözükirmizi E. Effects of 48 hours sleep deprivation on human immune profile. Sleep Research Online 1999; 2:107-111.
  • Öztürk L, Saglam Y, Gökhan N. Uykusuzluk süresince ve sonrasinda opsonizasyon. Istanbul Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi 2002; 65:34–38.
  • Öztürk L, Vardar SA, Bulut E, Kurt C, Yaprak M. Tam ve kismi uyku yoksunlugunda vücut sicakligi ve uykululuk düzeyi arasindaki iliflki. Trakya Üniv Tip Fak Derg 2006; 23:88-94.
  • Öztürk L. Uyku yoksunlugunun saglikli insanlarda periferal immün sistem profili üzerine etkileri. Fizyoloji Uzmanlik Tezi, I.Ü. Cerrahpafla Tip Fakültesi Kütüphanesi, Istanbul 1997.
  • Pappenheimer JR, Miller TB, Goodrich CA. Sleep promoting effects of cerebrospinal fluid from sleep deprived goats. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences USA 1967; 58:513-517.
  • Parmelee AH, Stern E. Development of states in infants. In: Clementine CD, Purpura DP, Mayer FE (eds) Sleep and The Maturing Nervous System, Academic Press New York 1972; pp. 199-215.
  • Rechtschaffen A. The function of sleep: methodological issues. In: Drucker-Collin R, Shkurovic M, Sterman MB (eds). The Functions of Sleep. Academic Press, New York 1977, pp. 1–17.
  • Roffwarg HP, Muzio J, Dement WC. Ontogenetic development of the human sleep-dream cycle. Science 1966; 152:604–619.
  • Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Monnier M. A naturally occuring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits. X. Final isolation, characterization and activity test. Pflügers Arch 1977; 369:99-109.
  • Snyder F. Towards an evolutionary theory of dreaming. Am J Psychiat 1966; 123:121-136.
  • Taheri S, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E. The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy. Annu Rev Neurosci 2002; 25:283-313.
  • Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Brain Res Bull 2003; 62:143-150.
  • Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:49-62.
  • Wittern R. Sleep theories in the antiquity and in the Renaissance. In: Horne J (ed) Sleep’88 Gustav Fischer Verlag, New York 1989, pp: 11-22.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Levent Öztürk Bu kişi benim

At All. Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Kasım 2011
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2007 Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, L., & All., A. (2011). YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 70(4), 114-121.
AMA Öztürk L, All. A. YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?. İst Tıp Fak Derg. Kasım 2011;70(4):114-121.
Chicago Öztürk, Levent, ve At All. “YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70, sy. 4 (Kasım 2011): 114-21.
EndNote Öztürk L, All. A (01 Kasım 2011) YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70 4 114–121.
IEEE L. Öztürk ve A. All., “YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?”, İst Tıp Fak Derg, c. 70, sy. 4, ss. 114–121, 2011.
ISNAD Öztürk, Levent - All., At. “YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70/4 (Kasım 2011), 114-121.
JAMA Öztürk L, All. A. YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;70:114–121.
MLA Öztürk, Levent ve At All. “YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, c. 70, sy. 4, 2011, ss. 114-21.
Vancouver Öztürk L, All. A. YANITINI ARAYAN ESKİ BİR SORU: NİÇİN UYURUZ?. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;70(4):114-21.

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