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GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 3, 82 - 92, 14.11.2011

Öz

Grelin, 1999 yılında Masayasu Kojima tarafından tanımlanmış bir hormondur. 28 aminoasitten oluşmuş bir polipeptiddir. Dolaşımdaki grelin miktarının önemli bir kısmı mideden salgılanır ve biyolojik olarak aktif olabilmesi için üçüncü aminoasidi olan serin kalıntısına n-oktanoik asit bağlanması gereklidir. Grelin, reseptörü olan GHSR1a’a bağlanarak hücreiçi Ca konsantrasyonlarını arttırır, büyüme hormonu (GH) salgılanmasına neden olur ve birçok fizyolojik etkisini bu yolla gösterir. Grelin, hipotalamik arkuat nükleusa etki ederek, gıda alımını kontrol eder; açlıkta grelin düzeyleri yükselir, yemek yemeyi takiben düşer. Oreksijenik etkilidir ve leptine zıt etki gösterdiği bildirilmiştir. Açillenmemiş (n-oktanoik asit bağlanmamış) grelinin de biyolojik fonksiyonları olduğu düşünülmektedir; ancak henüz bağlandığı reseptör ve etki mekanizması tanımlanmamıştır. Açillenmemiş grelinin; hücre proliferasyonunda, lipolizde, adipogenezde ve kardivaskuler fonksiyonlarda etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Fizyolojik ve patolojik değişimlerde, grelin düzeylerinin azaldığı veya arttığı bildirilmiştir. Obezlerde ve tip 2 diyabetli kişilerde de grelin düzeylerinin düşük olduğu gösterilmiştir. Grelin salgılanması sirkadyen ritm gösterir; özellikle sabaha karşı 2 saatlerinde dolaşımdaki grelin miktarı en yüksek düzeydedir. Önümüzdeki dönemlerde yapılacak çalışmaların grelinin birçok bilinmeyen fonksiyonuna ve özellikle açillenmemiş grelinin biyolojik etkilerine ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fuji- no MA, Kasuga M, Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 2003; 52: 947-952.
  • Baldanzi G, Filigheddu N, Cutrupi S, Catapano F, Bonisso- ni S, Fubini A, Malan D, Baj G, Granata R, Broglio F, Papot- ti M, Surico N, Bussolino F, Isgaard J, Deghenghi R, Sini- gaglia F, Prat M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Graziani A. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:1029-1037.
  • Barkan AL, Dimaraki EV, Jessup SK, Symons KV, Ermolen- ko M, Jaffe CA. Ghrelin secretion in humans is sexually di- morphic, suppressed by somatostatin, and not affected by the ambient growth hormone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2180–2184.
  • Bedendi I, Alloatti G, Marcantoni A, Malan D, Catapano F, Ghe C, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E, Muccioli G. Cardiac effects of ghrelin and its endogenous derivatives des-octanoyl ghre- lin and des-Gln14-ghrelin. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 22: 476: 87-95.
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  • Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, Gottero C, Muccioli G, Papot- ti M, Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglyce- mia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endoc- rinol Metab 2001; 86: 5083–5086.
  • Broglio F, Benso A, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Filtri L, Arvat E, van der Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Non-acy- lated ghrelin does not possess the pituitaric and pancreatic endocrine activity of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Endocri- nol Invest 2003; 26: 192-196.
  • Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Muccioli G, Pa- potti M, Abribat T, Van Der Lely AJ, Ghigo E. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3062-3065.
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Yıl 2007, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 3, 82 - 92, 14.11.2011

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Aka- mizu T, Suda M, Koh T, Natsui K, Toyooka S, Shirakami G, Usui T, Shimatsu A, Doi K, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghre- lin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immu- noreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4753-4758.
  • Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M, Fuji- no MA, Kasuga M, Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice. Gut 2003; 52: 947-952.
  • Baldanzi G, Filigheddu N, Cutrupi S, Catapano F, Bonisso- ni S, Fubini A, Malan D, Baj G, Granata R, Broglio F, Papot- ti M, Surico N, Bussolino F, Isgaard J, Deghenghi R, Sini- gaglia F, Prat M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Graziani A. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:1029-1037.
  • Barkan AL, Dimaraki EV, Jessup SK, Symons KV, Ermolen- ko M, Jaffe CA. Ghrelin secretion in humans is sexually di- morphic, suppressed by somatostatin, and not affected by the ambient growth hormone levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2180–2184.
  • Bedendi I, Alloatti G, Marcantoni A, Malan D, Catapano F, Ghe C, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E, Muccioli G. Cardiac effects of ghrelin and its endogenous derivatives des-octanoyl ghre- lin and des-Gln14-ghrelin. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 22: 476: 87-95.
  • Bellone S, Rapa A, Vivenza D, Castellino N, Petri A, Bello- ne J, Me E, Broglio F, Prodam F, Ghigo E, Bona G. Circula- ting ghrelin levels as function of gender, pubertal status and adiposity in childhood. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25: 13-15.
  • Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, Gottero C, Muccioli G, Papot- ti M, Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglyce- mia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endoc- rinol Metab 2001; 86: 5083–5086.
  • Broglio F, Benso A, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Filtri L, Arvat E, van der Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Non-acy- lated ghrelin does not possess the pituitaric and pancreatic endocrine activity of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Endocri- nol Invest 2003; 26: 192-196.
  • Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Muccioli G, Pa- potti M, Abribat T, Van Der Lely AJ, Ghigo E. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3062-3065.
  • Cappiello V, Ronchi C, Morpurgo PS, Epaminonda P, Arosio M, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. Circulating ghrelin levels in basal conditions and during glucose tolerance test in acrome- galic patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 147: 189–194.
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  • Korbonits M, Goldstone AP, Gueorguiev M, Grossman AB. Ghrelin—a hormone with multiple functions. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 2004; 25: 27-68.
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  • Marchesini G, Pagotto U, Bugianesi E, De Iasio R, Manini R, Vanni E, Pasquali R, Melchionda N, Rizzetto M. Low ghrelin concentrations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are related to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5674-5679.
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  • McKee KK, Tan CP, Palyha OC, Liu J, Feighner SD, Hreni- uk DL, Smith RG, Howard AD, Van der Ploeg LH. Cloning and characterization of two human G protein-coupled recep- tor genes (GPR38 and GPR39) related to the growth hormo- ne secretagogue and neurotensin receptors. Genomics 1997; 46:426-434.
  • Miraglia del Giudice E, Santoro N, Cirillo G, Raimondo P, Grandone A, D'Aniello A, Di Nardo M, Perrone L. Molecu- lar screening of the ghrelin gene in Italian obese children: the Leu72Met variant is associated with an earlier onset of obe- sity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 447-450.
  • Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. The NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasis. Int J Obesity Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 56-62.
  • Muccioli G, Pons N, Ghe C, Catapano F, Granata R, Ghigo E. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin both inhibit isoproterenol-in- duced lipolysis in rat adipocytes via a non-type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 498: 27-35.
  • Muller AF, Janssen JA, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW, Bidling- maier M, Strasburger CJ, Der Lely AJA. Blockade of the growth hormone (GH) receptor unmasks rapid GH-releasing peptide-6-mediated tissue-specific insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 590-593.
  • Murdolo G, Lucidi P, Di Loreto C, Parlanti N, De Cicco A, Fanelli C, Perriello G, Mughetti D, Pippi R, Brozzetti A, Santeusanio F, De Feo P. Circulating ghrelin levels of visce- ral obese men are not modified by a short-term treatment with very low doses of GH replacement. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26: 244-249.
  • Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, Date Y, Nakazato M, Okumura H, Hosoda H, Shimizu W, Yamagishi M, Oya H, Koh H, Yutani C, Kangawa K. Elevated circulating level of ghrelin in cachexia associated with chronic heart failure: re- lationships between ghrelin and anabolic/catabolic factors. Circulation 2001; 104: 2034-2038.
  • Ott V, Fasshauer M, Dalski A, Meier B, Perwitz N, Klein HH, Tschop M, Klein J. Direct peripheral effects of ghrelin include suppression of adiponectin expression. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34: 640-645.
  • Otto B, Cuntz U, Fruehauf E, Wawarta R, Folwaczny C, Ri- epl RL, Heiman ML, Lehnert P, Fichter M, Tschöp M. We- ight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 145: 669-673.
  • Pagotto U, Gambineri A, Vicennati V, Heiman ML, Tschöp M, Pasquali R. Plasma ghrelin, obesity, and the polycystic ovary syndrome: correlation with insulin resistance and and- rogen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 5625-5629.
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  • Pettersson I, Muccioli G, Granata R, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E, Ohlsson C, Isgaard J. Natural (ghrelin) and synthetic (hexa- relin) GH secretagogues stimulate H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell proliferation. J Endocrinol 2002; 175: 201-209.
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  • Riis AL, Hansen TK, Moller N, Weeke J, Jorgensen JO. Hyperthyroidism is associated with suppressed circulating ghrelin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 853-857.
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  • Thompson NM, Gill DA, Davies R, Loveridge N, Houston PA, Robinson IC, Wells T. Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism inde- pendent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue recep- tor. Endocrinology 2004; 145:234-242.
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  • Tschöp M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, Devanarayan V, Ravus- sin E, Heiman ML, Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 2001; 50: 707–709.
  • van der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biologi- cal, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 426-457.
  • Volante M, Allia E, Gugliotta P, Funaro A, Broglio F, Deg- henghi R, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Papotti M. Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87:1300-1308.
  • Weikel JC, Wichniak A, Ising M, Brunner H, Friess E, Held K, Mathias S, Schmid DA, Uhr M, Steiger A. Ghrelin pro- motes slow-wave sleep in man. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 284: 407-415.
  • Wierup N, Svensson H, Mulder H, Sundler F. The ghrelin cell: A novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the hu- man pancreas. Regul Pept 2002; 107:63-69.
  • Wisse BE, Frayo RS, Schwartz MW, Cummings DE. Rever- sal of cancer anorexia by blockade of central melanocortin receptors in rats. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 3292-3301.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yıldız İyidoğan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Kasım 2011
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2007 Cilt: 70 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA İyidoğan, Y. (2011). GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 70(3), 82-92.
AMA İyidoğan Y. GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI. İst Tıp Fak Derg. Kasım 2011;70(3):82-92.
Chicago İyidoğan, Yıldız. “GRELİNİN YAPISI Ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70, sy. 3 (Kasım 2011): 82-92.
EndNote İyidoğan Y (01 Kasım 2011) GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70 3 82–92.
IEEE Y. İyidoğan, “GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI”, İst Tıp Fak Derg, c. 70, sy. 3, ss. 82–92, 2011.
ISNAD İyidoğan, Yıldız. “GRELİNİN YAPISI Ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 70/3 (Kasım 2011), 82-92.
JAMA İyidoğan Y. GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;70:82–92.
MLA İyidoğan, Yıldız. “GRELİNİN YAPISI Ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, c. 70, sy. 3, 2011, ss. 82-92.
Vancouver İyidoğan Y. GRELİNİN YAPISI ve ORGANİZMADAKİ FONKSİYONLARI. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;70(3):82-9.

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