KRONİK KARACİĞER HASTALIĞI VE PULMONER KOMPLİKASYONLAR

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 69 Sayı: 4, 126 - 129, 15.11.2011

Sebati Özdemir Elif Yosunkaya Fenerci At All.

Öz

Kronik karaciğer hastalığı, kardiyopulmoner hastalık olmaksızın solunum sistemiyle ilgili olarak çeşitli bozukluklara yol açabilmektedir. Bu yazıda kronik karaciğer hastalığının yol açtığı hepatopulmoner sendrom, portopulmoner hipertansiyon ve hepatik hidrotoraks incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hepatopulmoner sendrom, portopulmoner hipertansiyon, hepatic hidrotoraks

Kaynakça

• Albano G, Pugliese A, Stabile M, Sirimarco F, Arsieri R. Hydrops foetalis caused by hepatic haemangioma. Acta Paediatr 1998; 87:1307-1309.
• Andrade RJ, Martin-Palanca A, Fraile JM, Alcantara R, Carmona C, Medina MC, Munoz V, Melqarejo F. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of ascites. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22:305-307.
• Arguedas MR, Abrams GA, Krowka MJ, Fallon MB. Prospective evaluation of outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome undergoing liver transplantation. He- patology 2003;37:192-197.
• Avendano CE, Flume PA, Baliga P, Lewin DN, Strange C, Re- uben A. Hepatopulmonary syndrome occurring after orthotopic li- ver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001;7:1081-1084.
• Carter EP, Hartsfield CL, Miyazono M, Jakkula M, Morris KG Jr, McMurtry IF. Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide du- ring hepatopulmonary syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:346-353.
• Castro M, Krowka MJ, Schroeder DR, Beck KC, Plevak DJ, Rett- ke SR, Cortese DA, Wiesner RH. Frequency and clinical implica- tions of increased pulmonary artery pressures in liver transplant patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71:543-551.
• Cheng EY, Woehlck HJ. Pulmonary artery hypertension compli- cating anesthesia for liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 1992;77:389-392.
• De BK, Sen S, Biswas PK, Mandal SK, Das D, Das U, Guru S, Bandyopadhyay K. Occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in Budd-Chiari syndrome and the role of venous decompression. Gastroenterology 2002;122:897-903.
• Dinh-Xuan AT. Endothelial modulation of pulmonary vascular to- ne. Eur Respir J 1992; 5:757-762.
• Garcia N Jr, Mihas AA. Hepatic hydrothorax: pathophysiology, di- agnosis, and management. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38:52-58.
• Gordon FD, Anastopoulos HT, Crenshaw W, Gilchrist B, McEniff N, Falchuk KR, LoCicero J, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Trey C. The successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrotho- rax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Hepato- logy 1997; 25:1366-1369.
• Gupta D, Vijaya DR, Gupta R, Dhiman RK, Bhargava M, Verma J, Chawla YK. Prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirr- hosis and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Am J Gastroen- terol 2001; 96:3395-3399.
• Herve P, Lebrec D, Brenot F, Simonneau G, Humbert M, Sitbon O, Duroux P. Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:1153-1166.
• Hoeper MM, Krowka MJ, Strassburg CP. Portopulmonary hyper- tension and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Lancet 2004;363:1461- 1468.
• Kakizaki S, Katakai K, Yoshinaga T, Higuchi T, Takayama H, Ta- kagi H, Nagamine T, Mori M. Hepatic hydrothorax in the absen- ce of ascites. Liver 1998;18:216-220.
• Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ. Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. Chest 1977;72:305-509.
• Kinasewitz GT, Keddissi JI. Hepatic hydrothorax. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2003; 2:261-265.
• Krowka MJ, Cortese DA. Pulmonary aspects of chronic liver di- sease and liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60:407-418.
• Krowka MJ, Cortese DA .Hepatopulmonary syndrome: an evol- ving perspective in the era of liver transplantation. Hepatology 1990;11:138-142.
• Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA. Hepatopulmonary syndro- me. Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to so- matostatin analogue. Chest 1993;104:515-521.
• Krowka MJ, Plevak DJ, Findlay JY, Rosen CB, Wiesner RH, Krom RA. Pulmonary hemodynamics and perioperative cardi- opulmonary-related mortality in patients with portopulmonary hypertension undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2000;6:443-450.
• Krowka MJ, Porayko MK, Plevak DJ, Pappas SC, Steers JL, Krom RA, Wiesner RH. Hepatopulmonary syndrome with prog- ressive hypoxemia as an indication for liver transplantation: case reports and literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:44-53.
• Krowka MJ, Tajik AJ, Dickson ER, Wiesner RH, Cortese DA. Int- rapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVD) in liver transplant candi- dates. Screening by two-dimensional contrast-enhanced echocar- diography. Chest 1990; 97:1165-1170.
• Krowka MJ, Wiseman GA, Burnett OL, Spivey JR, Therneau T, Porayko MK, Wiesner RH. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: a pros- pective study of relationships between severity of liver disease, PaO(2) response to 100% oxygen, and brain uptake after (99m)Tc MAA lung scanning. Chest 2000; 118:615-624.
• Kuo PC, Johnson LB, Plotkin JS, Howell CD, Bartlett ST, Rubin LJ. Continuous intravenous infusion of epoprostenol for the treat- ment of portopulmonary hypertension. Transplantation 1997; 63:604-606.
• Lange PA, Stoller JK. The hepatopulmonary syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:521-529.
• Lasch HM, Fried MW, Zacks SL, Odell P, Johnson MW, Gerber DA, Sandhu FS, Fair JH, Shrestha R. Use of transjugular intrahe- patic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to liver transplantation in a patient with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome. Liver Transpl 2001;7:147-149.
• Lazaridis KN, Frank JW, Krowka MJ, Kamath PS. Hepatic hydrothorax: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med 1999;107:262-267.
• Luo B, Abrams GA, Fallon MB. Endothelin-1 in the rat bile duct ligation model of hepatopulmonary syndrome: correlation with pulmonary dysfunction. J Hepatol 1998;29:571-578.
• Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg PC. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing trans- jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 2000;31:864-871.
• McDonnell PJ, Toye PA, Hutchins GM. Primary pulmonary hypertension and cirrhosis: are they related? Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 127:437-441.
• Mentes BB, Kayhan B, Gorgul A, Unal S. Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of ascites: report of two cases and review of the mec- hanism. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:781-788.
• Miksad R, de Ledinghen V, McDougall C, Fiel I, Rosenberg H. Hepatic hydrothorax associated with vitamin a toxicity. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34:275-279.
• Nolop KB. Massive hydrothorax complicating occult cirrhosis. South Med J 1985;78:214-215.
• Nunes H, Lebrec D, Mazmanian M, Capron F, Heller J, Tazi KA, Zerbib E, Dulmet E, Moreau R, Dinh-Xuan AT, Simonneau G, Herve P. Role of nitric oxide in hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:879-885.
• Paramesh AS, Husain SZ, Shneider B, Guller J, Tokat I, Gondole- si GE, Moyer S, Emre S. Improvement of hepatopulmonary syndrome after transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunting: case report and review of literature. Pediatr Transplant 2003;7:157-162.
• Regev A, Yeshurun M, Rodriguez M, Sagie A, Neff GW, Molina EG, Schiff ER. Transient hepatopulmonary syndrome in a patient with acute hepatitis A J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:83-86.
• Riegler JL, Lang KA, Johnson SP, Westerman JH. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt improves oxygenation in hepato- pulmonary syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:978-983.
• Robin ED, Laman D, Horn BR, Theodore J. Platypnea related to orthodeoxia caused by true vascular lung shunts. N Engl J Med 1976; 294:941-943.
• Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Dutto L, Polizzi S, Scappatic- ci E, Bergerone S, Morello M, Marzano A, Martinasso G, Saliz- zoni M, Bucca C. Exhaled nitric oxide and oxygenation abnorma- lities in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1997; 26:842-847.
• Rubinstein D, Mc Innes IE, Dudley FJ. Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of clinical ascites: diagnosis and management. Gastroen- terology 1985;88:188-191.
• Sanyal AJ. The use and misuse of transjugular intrahepatic por- tasystemic shunts. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2000;2:61-71.
• Schenk P, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Funk G, Lehr S, Kandel O, Mul- ler C. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive va- lue of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences. Gut 2002;51:853-859.
• Sese E, Xiol X, Castellote J, Rodriguez-Farinas E, Tremosa G. Low complement levels and opsonic activity in hepatic hydrotho- rax: its relationship with spontaneous bacterial empyema. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36:75-77.
• Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Bilier system. 11th ed. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2002; 81-86.
• Siegerstetter V, Deibert P, Ochs A, Olschewski M, Blum HE, Rossle M. Treatment of refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: long-term re- sults in 40 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:529-534.
• Spencer EB, Cohen DT, Darcy MD. Safety and efficacy of trans- jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:385-390.
• Stoller JK, Moodie D, Schiavone WA, Vogt D, Broughan T, Win- kelman E, Rehm PK, Carey WD. Reduction of intrapulmonary shunt and resolution of digital clubbing associated with primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1990;11:54-58.
• Strauss RM, Boyer TD. Hepatic hydrothorax. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:227-232.
• Strauss RM, Martin LG, Kaufman SL, Boyer TD. Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt for the management of sympto- matic cirrhotic hydrothorax. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:1520- 1522.
• Taille C, Cadranel J, Bellocq A, Thabut G, Soubrane O, Durand F, Ichai P, Duvoux C, Belghiti J, Calmus Y, Mal H. Liver transplan- tation for hepatopulmonary syndrome: A ten-year experience in Paris, France. Transplantation 2003;75:1482-1489.
• Taura P, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Beltran J, Izquierdo E, Navasa M, Sala-Blanch J, Mas A, Balust J, Grande L, Visa J. Moderate pri- mary pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing liver transp- lantation. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:675-680.
• Teuber G, Teupe C, Dietrich CF, Caspary WF, Buhl R, Zeuzem S. Pulmonary dysfunction in non-cirrhotic patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2002;13:311-318.
• Vachiery F, Moreau R, Hadengue A, Gadano A, Soupison T, Val- la D, Lebrec D. Hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis: relationship with liver failure and hemodynamic alterations. J Hepatol 1997; 27: 492-495.
• Xiol X, Castellvi JM, Guardiola J, Sese E, Castellote J, Perello A, Cervantes X, Iborra MJ. Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirr- hotic patients: A prospective study. Hepatology 1996; 23:719-723.
• Wong J, Vanderford PA, Fineman JR, Chang R, Soifer SJ. Endot- helin-1 produces pulmonary vasodilation in the intact newborn lamb. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:1318-1325.