Araştırma Makalesi
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Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 348 - 365, 18.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453
https://izlik.org/JA76BT26SF

Öz

This article examines Salmon Is Everything, a community-based play developed in response to the 2002 Klamath River fish kill, as an enactment of relational ethics through ritual performance. The study aimed to move beyond readings of the play as environmental protest or trauma narrative by analyzing how it functions as a ceremony that repairs and reconfigures relationships among Indigenous and settler communities, between humans and salmon, and across ecological and cultural divides. Methodologically, the research combined a close textual analysis of the script with testimonies from participants, audience surveys, and accounts of the collaborative creative process. Findings show that the play not only dramatized ecological crisis but also operated ceremonially: it cultivated intercultural empathy, produced spaces for mourning and reconciliation, and embodied Indigenous ethical protocols in both process and performance. Moreover, the project trained students and empowered Indigenous youth, contributing to long-term gains in intercultural collaboration. The conclusion argues that Salmon Is Everything demonstrates the potential of theatre to act as a form of ceremony that both embodies and generates relational ethics. By bridging artistic practice, activism, and environmental justice, the play offers a model of performance that transforms ecological devastation into a collective act of healing and ethical renewal.

Kaynakça

  • Arons, W., & May, T. J. (2012a). Introduction. In W. Arons & T. J. May (Eds.), Readings in performance and ecology (pp. 3–10). Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Boal, A. (2008). Theatre of the oppressed (C. A. Leal McBride & M. O. Leal McBride, Trans.; New ed.). Pluto Press. (Original work published 1979) google scholar
  • Bogert, J. M., et al. (2022). Reviewing the relationship between neoliberal societies and nature: implications of the industrialized dominant social paradigm for a sustainable future. Ecology and society: A journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability, 27(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13134-270207 google scholar
  • Borrows, J. (2018). Earthbound: Indigenous resurgence and environmental reconciliation. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resur- gence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 49–82). University of Toronto Press. https://doi. org/10.3138/9781487519926-004 google scholar
  • Borrows, J., & Tully, J. (2018). Introduction. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 3–28). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926-002 google scholar
  • Burcell, S. M. (2014). A call to action: We have to do something. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 13–22). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • California Department of Fish and Game. (2004). September 2002 Klamath River fish-kill: Final analysis of contributing factors and impacts. California Department of Fish and Game. https://klamathbasincrisis.org/fishkill/DFGreport2004.pdf google scholar
  • Carr, T. W. (2015). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Theatre Topics, 25(3), 306–307. https://doi. org/10.1353/tt.2015.0033 google scholar
  • Cohen-Cruz, J. (2005). Local acts: Community-based performance in the United States. Rutgers University Press. google scholar
  • Ermine, W. (2007). The ethical space of engagement. Indigenous Law Journal, 6(1), 193–203. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ilj/article/view/27669/20400 google scholar
  • Guzman, A. R. (2012). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath Basin (Master’s thesis, Humboldt State University). google scholar
  • https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/etd/2172/google scholar
  • Hagen, D., & Gould, R. K. (2022). Relational values and empathy are closely connected: A study of residents of Vermont's Winooski River watershed Ecology and Society, 27(3): 19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13406-270319 google scholar
  • Hernandez, R. (2021, December 13). Bringing Indigenous perspectives to the stage. OPB. https://www.opb.org/article/2021/12/13/ bringing-indigenous-perspectives-to-the-stage/ google scholar
  • Howe, L. (1999). Tribalography: The power of Native stories. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, 14(1), 117–125. google scholar
  • Ives, C. D., et al. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 13(5), 1389–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 11625-018-0542-9 google scholar
  • Kammer, M. (2015). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, 30(1), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2015.0022 google scholar
  • Kershaw, B. (2007). Theatre ecology: Environments and performance events. Cambridge University Press.google scholar
  • Kimbrough, L. (2024, October 17). Largest dam removal ever, driven by Tribes, kicks off Klamath River recovery. Mongabay. https://news. mongabay.com/2024/10/largest-dam-removal-ever-driven-by-tribes-kicks-off-klamath-river-recovery/google scholar
  • McCovey, K. (2014). I am KARUK! My voice as Rose. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 93–102). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • Lacko, I. (2014). Imaginative communities: The role, practice and outreach of community-based theatre. Ars Aeterna, 6(2), 21–27. https:// doi.org/10.2478/aa-2014-0003 google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2005). Greening the theater: Taking ecocriticism from page to stage. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 7(1), 84–103. https://doi. org/10.2307/41209932 google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2007). Toward communicative democracy: Developing Salmon Is Everything. In P. Kuppers & G. Robertson (Eds.), The community performance reader (pp. 153–164). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014a). The education of an artist. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 103–140). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014b). Introduction. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 1–11). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014c). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2021a). Introduction: Where has theatre been while the world’s been falling apart? In Earth matters on stage: Ecology and environment in American theater (pp. 1–17). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2021b). Preface. In Earth matters on stage: Ecology and environment in American theater (pp. xi–xvi). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2022). Ecodramaturgy and the genesis of the EMOS Ecodrama Festival. Critical Stages/Scènes critiques, 26. https://www.critical-stages.org/26/ecodramaturgy-and-the-genesis-of-the-emos-ecodrama-festival/ google scholar
  • May, T. J., & Clifford, M. L. (2020). Circles of relation: Community-based performance-as-activism in Salmon Is Everything. West- ern Humanities Review, 74(1), 146–175. https://theresajmay.com/files/Circles-of-Relation-Theresa-J-May-Marta-Clifford-Western-Humanities-Review-Spring-2020.pdf google scholar
  • McCovey, K. (2014). I am Karuk! My voice as Rose. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 93–102). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • National Research Council. (2004). Endangered and threatened fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Causes of decline and strategies for recovery. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10838google scholar
  • Noble, B. (2018). Treaty ecologies: With persons, peoples, animals, and the land. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 315–342). University of Toronto Press. google scholar
  • Norgaard, K. M. (2019). Salmon and acorns feed our people: Colonialism, nature, and social action. Rutgers University Press. google scholar
  • O’Hara, J. (2014). The journey home. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 141–148). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • Schechner, R. (2013). Performance studies: An introduction (3rd ed.). Routledge. google scholar
  • Stålhammar, S., & Thorén, H. (2019). Three perspectives on relational values of nature. Sustainability Science, 14, 1201–1212. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11625-019-00718-4 google scholar
  • Starblanket, G., & Stark, H. K. (2018). Towards a relational paradigm—Four points for consideration: Knowledge, gender, land, and modernity. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 175–208). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926-007 google scholar
  • Swezey, S. L., & Heizer, R. F. (1977). Ritual management of salmonid fish resources in California. The Journal of California Anthropology, 4(1), 6–29. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rg7c5vf google scholar
  • Taylor, D. (2003). The archive and the repertoire: Performing cultural memory in the Americas. Duke University Press. google scholar
  • Thompson, L. (1991). To the American Indian: Reminiscences of a Yurok woman. University of California Press. (Original work published 1916) google scholar
  • Turner, V. (1987). From ritual to theatre: The human seriousness of play. Theatre Communications Group.google scholar
  • Turner, V. (2011). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine Transaction. google scholar
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, & NOAA Fisheries. (2003). Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002: Causative factors of mortality. google scholar
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service & National Marine Fisheries Service. https://www.fws.gov/arcata/fisheries/reports/technical/KlamathFishDie-offReport2003.pdf google scholar
  • Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Fernwood Publishing. google scholar
  • Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi–Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 35 (2): 348–365 google scholar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 348 - 365, 18.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453
https://izlik.org/JA76BT26SF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arons, W., & May, T. J. (2012a). Introduction. In W. Arons & T. J. May (Eds.), Readings in performance and ecology (pp. 3–10). Palgrave Macmillan. google scholar
  • Boal, A. (2008). Theatre of the oppressed (C. A. Leal McBride & M. O. Leal McBride, Trans.; New ed.). Pluto Press. (Original work published 1979) google scholar
  • Bogert, J. M., et al. (2022). Reviewing the relationship between neoliberal societies and nature: implications of the industrialized dominant social paradigm for a sustainable future. Ecology and society: A journal of integrative science for resilience and sustainability, 27(2), 7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13134-270207 google scholar
  • Borrows, J. (2018). Earthbound: Indigenous resurgence and environmental reconciliation. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resur- gence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 49–82). University of Toronto Press. https://doi. org/10.3138/9781487519926-004 google scholar
  • Borrows, J., & Tully, J. (2018). Introduction. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 3–28). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926-002 google scholar
  • Burcell, S. M. (2014). A call to action: We have to do something. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 13–22). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • California Department of Fish and Game. (2004). September 2002 Klamath River fish-kill: Final analysis of contributing factors and impacts. California Department of Fish and Game. https://klamathbasincrisis.org/fishkill/DFGreport2004.pdf google scholar
  • Carr, T. W. (2015). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Theatre Topics, 25(3), 306–307. https://doi. org/10.1353/tt.2015.0033 google scholar
  • Cohen-Cruz, J. (2005). Local acts: Community-based performance in the United States. Rutgers University Press. google scholar
  • Ermine, W. (2007). The ethical space of engagement. Indigenous Law Journal, 6(1), 193–203. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ilj/article/view/27669/20400 google scholar
  • Guzman, A. R. (2012). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath Basin (Master’s thesis, Humboldt State University). google scholar
  • https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/etd/2172/google scholar
  • Hagen, D., & Gould, R. K. (2022). Relational values and empathy are closely connected: A study of residents of Vermont's Winooski River watershed Ecology and Society, 27(3): 19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13406-270319 google scholar
  • Hernandez, R. (2021, December 13). Bringing Indigenous perspectives to the stage. OPB. https://www.opb.org/article/2021/12/13/ bringing-indigenous-perspectives-to-the-stage/ google scholar
  • Howe, L. (1999). Tribalography: The power of Native stories. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, 14(1), 117–125. google scholar
  • Ives, C. D., et al. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 13(5), 1389–1397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 11625-018-0542-9 google scholar
  • Kammer, M. (2015). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, 30(1), 111–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2015.0022 google scholar
  • Kershaw, B. (2007). Theatre ecology: Environments and performance events. Cambridge University Press.google scholar
  • Kimbrough, L. (2024, October 17). Largest dam removal ever, driven by Tribes, kicks off Klamath River recovery. Mongabay. https://news. mongabay.com/2024/10/largest-dam-removal-ever-driven-by-tribes-kicks-off-klamath-river-recovery/google scholar
  • McCovey, K. (2014). I am KARUK! My voice as Rose. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 93–102). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • Lacko, I. (2014). Imaginative communities: The role, practice and outreach of community-based theatre. Ars Aeterna, 6(2), 21–27. https:// doi.org/10.2478/aa-2014-0003 google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2005). Greening the theater: Taking ecocriticism from page to stage. Interdisciplinary Literary Studies, 7(1), 84–103. https://doi. org/10.2307/41209932 google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2007). Toward communicative democracy: Developing Salmon Is Everything. In P. Kuppers & G. Robertson (Eds.), The community performance reader (pp. 153–164). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014a). The education of an artist. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 103–140). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014b). Introduction. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 1–11). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2014c). Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed. Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2021a). Introduction: Where has theatre been while the world’s been falling apart? In Earth matters on stage: Ecology and environment in American theater (pp. 1–17). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2021b). Preface. In Earth matters on stage: Ecology and environment in American theater (pp. xi–xvi). Routledge. google scholar
  • May, T. J. (2022). Ecodramaturgy and the genesis of the EMOS Ecodrama Festival. Critical Stages/Scènes critiques, 26. https://www.critical-stages.org/26/ecodramaturgy-and-the-genesis-of-the-emos-ecodrama-festival/ google scholar
  • May, T. J., & Clifford, M. L. (2020). Circles of relation: Community-based performance-as-activism in Salmon Is Everything. West- ern Humanities Review, 74(1), 146–175. https://theresajmay.com/files/Circles-of-Relation-Theresa-J-May-Marta-Clifford-Western-Humanities-Review-Spring-2020.pdf google scholar
  • McCovey, K. (2014). I am Karuk! My voice as Rose. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 93–102). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • National Research Council. (2004). Endangered and threatened fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Causes of decline and strategies for recovery. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10838google scholar
  • Noble, B. (2018). Treaty ecologies: With persons, peoples, animals, and the land. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 315–342). University of Toronto Press. google scholar
  • Norgaard, K. M. (2019). Salmon and acorns feed our people: Colonialism, nature, and social action. Rutgers University Press. google scholar
  • O’Hara, J. (2014). The journey home. In T. J. May (Ed.), Salmon is everything: Community-based theatre in the Klamath watershed (pp. 141–148). Oregon State University Press. google scholar
  • Schechner, R. (2013). Performance studies: An introduction (3rd ed.). Routledge. google scholar
  • Stålhammar, S., & Thorén, H. (2019). Three perspectives on relational values of nature. Sustainability Science, 14, 1201–1212. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11625-019-00718-4 google scholar
  • Starblanket, G., & Stark, H. K. (2018). Towards a relational paradigm—Four points for consideration: Knowledge, gender, land, and modernity. In M. Asch, J. Borrows, & J. Tully (Eds.), Resurgence and reconciliation: Indigenous–settler relations and earth teachings (pp. 175–208). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487519926-007 google scholar
  • Swezey, S. L., & Heizer, R. F. (1977). Ritual management of salmonid fish resources in California. The Journal of California Anthropology, 4(1), 6–29. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rg7c5vf google scholar
  • Taylor, D. (2003). The archive and the repertoire: Performing cultural memory in the Americas. Duke University Press. google scholar
  • Thompson, L. (1991). To the American Indian: Reminiscences of a Yurok woman. University of California Press. (Original work published 1916) google scholar
  • Turner, V. (1987). From ritual to theatre: The human seriousness of play. Theatre Communications Group.google scholar
  • Turner, V. (2011). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine Transaction. google scholar
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, & NOAA Fisheries. (2003). Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002: Causative factors of mortality. google scholar
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service & National Marine Fisheries Service. https://www.fws.gov/arcata/fisheries/reports/technical/KlamathFishDie-offReport2003.pdf google scholar
  • Wilson, S. (2008). Research is ceremony: Indigenous research methods. Fernwood Publishing. google scholar
  • Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi–Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 35 (2): 348–365 google scholar
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kuzey Amerika Dilleri, Edebiyatları ve Kültürleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nesrin Yavaş 0000-0002-2327-9847

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453
IZ https://izlik.org/JA76BT26SF
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavaş, N. (2025). Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 35(2), 348-365. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453
AMA 1.Yavaş N. Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies. 2025;35(2):348-365. doi:10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453
Chicago Yavaş, Nesrin. 2025. “Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 35 (2): 348-65. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453.
EndNote Yavaş N (01 Aralık 2025) Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 35 2 348–365.
IEEE [1]N. Yavaş, “Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance”, Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, c. 35, sy 2, ss. 348–365, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453.
ISNAD Yavaş, Nesrin. “Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 35/2 (01 Aralık 2025): 348-365. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453.
JAMA 1.Yavaş N. Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies. 2025;35:348–365.
MLA Yavaş, Nesrin. “Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, c. 35, sy 2, Aralık 2025, ss. 348-65, doi:10.26650/LITERA2025-1688453.
Vancouver 1.Yavaş N. Staging Relational Ethics: Salmon Is Everything as Ritual Performance. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies [Internet]. 01 Aralık 2025;35(2):348-65. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA76BT26SF