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James Baldwin’s “Somber Question” and “Befriending the Fallen” in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 307 - 328, 21.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497

Abstract

Departing from the United States in 1948, James Baldwin (1924-1987) lived intermittently in Istanbul between 1961 and 1971. Baldwin’s Turkish experience comes into being through his friendship with the Turkish actor Engin Cezzar, whom Baldwin met in the late 1950s in New York City. Commissioned to write about racial relationships on a larger scale, including the Middle East and Africa, Baldwin began to travel in 1961. As he explored the colonized geography, he faced, in his words, a “somber question” about African Americans’ role inside and outside the United States in relation to civil rights struggles. Unable to handle the question, he flew to Turkey. Acknowledging Turkey as a beneficiary of American financial aid against Soviet influence, Baldwin was furiously critical of American claims to freedom and democracy. His stay in Istanbul marks the period in which Baldwin evaluates racism as a historical and global component of colonialism that goes beyond the civil rights struggles in the US. Substantially written in Istanbul, No Name in the Street reflects this broadscale critique. Additionally, our theater history bears Baldwin’s traces as he directed Düşenin Dostu, produced by the Sururi-Cezzar Theater. As an important chapter in Turkish theater, the production manifests Baldwin’s interest in the theater and the imprisonment theme. This essay examines the Baldwin–Turkey link with reference to No Name in the Street and the production of Düşenin Dostu. In addition to the traces preserved in the theater archives, what Baldwin left in Turkey was a critique that counters American triumphalism.

References

  • Adalet, B. (2020). Mediating the Kennedy presidency: James Baldwin’s decade in Turkey. C. Schayegh (Ed.), Globalizing the U.S. Presidency: Postcolonial views of John F. Kennedy kitabı içinde (ss. 235-249). New York: Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-7208834 google scholar
  • Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of color blindness. New York: The New Press. Baldwin, J. (1970). Önsöz. Düşenin Dostu. (A. Poyrazoğlu & O. Balamir, Çev.). (ss. 5-6). İstanbul: Sander Yayınları. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). Encounter on the Seine: black meets brown. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 85-90). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). A question of identity. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 91-100). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). Equal in Paris. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 101-116). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). No name in the street. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 349-475). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (2010). “Letters from a journey.” R. Kenan (Ed.), The cross of redemption: Uncollected writings kitabı içinde (ss. 189-198). New York: Pantheon Books. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. & Cezzar, E. (2007). James Baldwin-Engin Cezzar: Dost mektupları (S. Selvi, Çev.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Baraka, A. (1999). Jimmy! W. J. Harris (Ed.). The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka reader kitabı içinde (ss. 450-456). New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press. google scholar
  • Bernstein, L. (2010). America is the prison: Arts and politics in prison in the 1970s. Chapell Hill, NC: U of North Carolina P. google scholar
  • Campbell, J. (1991). Talking at the gates. New York: Penguin. google scholar
  • Cezzar, E. & Çalışlar, İ. (2005). Engin Cezzar’ı takdimimdir. İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık. google scholar
  • Dixon, T. (Yönetmen). (1970). Meeting the man: James Baldwin in Paris. https://archive.org/details/james-baldwin_202306 google scholar
  • Fortuny, K. (2013). James Baldwin’s 1970 Turkish interviews: “The American way of life” and the rhetoric of war from Vietnam to the near and middle east. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 55(4), 434-451. https:// doi.org/10.7560/TSLL55404 google scholar
  • Franklin, B. H. (1977). Literature of the American prison. The Massachusetts Review, 18(1), 51-78. google scholar
  • Gilroy, P. (1993). The Black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. New York: Verso. google scholar
  • Goldsby, J. (2015). “Closer to something unnameable”: Baldwin’s novel form. M. Elam (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to James Baldwin kitabı içinde (ss. 25-40). New York: Cambridge UP. google scholar
  • Herbert, J. (1967). Fortune and men’s eyes. New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Herbert, J. (1970). Düşenin dostu. (A. Poyrazoğlu & O. Balamir Çev.). İstanbul: Sander Yayınları. google scholar
  • House as archive: James Baldwin’s provençal home. (11 Nisan 2019). 032c Magazine https://032c.com/magazine/ house-as-archive-james-baldwins-home google scholar
  • Leeming, D. (1994). James Baldwin: A biography. London: Michael Joseph. google scholar
  • Lewis, I. (1989). Conversation: Ida Lewis and James Baldwin [1970]. F. L. Standley & L. H. Pratt, (Eds.). Conversations with James Baldwin kitabı içinde (ss. 83-92). Jackson: UP of Mississippi. google scholar
  • Miller, Q. D. (2012). A Criminal Power: James Baldwin and the Law. Columbus: Ohio State UP. google scholar
  • Oloomi, A. V. V. (2023). James Baldwin in Turkey: How Istanbul changed his career—and life. The Yale Review, 111(2), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2023.a900472 google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (Mart 1970). Düşenin dostu: Cinsi sapıklığın istismarı mı yoksa, topluma bir mesaj mı? Açık Oturum. Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, Dün/Bugün/Yarın. 30, ss. 70-73. google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (2018). James Baldwin, Arkadaşım: Siyah öfke. O büyülü insanlar: Portreler kitabı içinde (ss. 119-133). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (11 Haziran 2020). Arkadaşım James Baldwin 53 yıl önce söylemişti: Nefes a-la-mı-yo-rum! Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/zeynep-oral/arkadasim-james-baldwin-53-yil-once-soylemisti-nefes-a-la-mi-yo-rum-1744338 google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (19 Haziran 2020). 60 yıl sonra yeniden James Baldwin. [Video]. Youtube. Zeynep Miraç ile söyleşi. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpe6hFhLsp4 google scholar
  • Pakay, S. (Yönetmen). (1973). James Baldwin: From Another Place. İstanbul, Fragman. https://www.sedatpakay. com/james-baldwin-from-another-place. google scholar
  • Plastas, M. & Raimon, A. E. (2013). Brutality and brotherhood: James Baldwin and prison sexuality. African American Review, 46(4), 687-699. google scholar
  • Poetry & Protest (R. R. Gould). (2020). James Baldwin on War with Iran. [Video]. Youtube https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=TcbtmJSvnyc google scholar
  • Poole, R. J. (2022). “But we are all androgynous:” James Baldwin’s staging America in Turkey. Queer Turkey: Transnational poetics of desire (pp. 113-128). Bielefeld: Verlag. google scholar
  • Roberts, F. L. (2019). Mid-century theater. D. Q. Miller (Ed.). James Baldwin in context kitabı içinde (ss. 244-253). Cambridge: Cambridge UP. google scholar
  • Scott, L. O. (2002). James Baldwin’s later fiction: Witness to the journey. East Lansing: Michigan State UP. google scholar
  • Shakespeare, W. Sonnet 29. Poetry foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45090/sonnet-29-when-in-disgrace-with-fortune-and-mens-eyes google scholar
  • Smethurst, J. (2011). The African American roots of modernism: From reconstruction to the Harlem Renaissance. Chapel Hill, NC: U of North Carolina P. google scholar
  • Sururi, G. (2002). Kıldan ince, kılıçtan keskince. İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık. google scholar
  • Stovall, T. (2000). The fire this time: Black American expatriates and the Algerian War. Yale French Studies, özel sayı: The French Fifties 98, 182-200. https://doi.org/10.2307/2903235 google scholar
  • Üsekes, Ç. (2010). In another country: James Baldwin and the Turkish theatre scene. New England Theatre Journal, 21, 99-116. https://www.proquest.com/docview/820920867?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true google scholar
  • Zaborowska, M. J. (2009). James Baldwin’s Turkish decade: Erotics of exile. Durham: Duke UP. google scholar
  • Zaborowska, M. J. (27 Nisan 2018). The last days of James Baldwin’s house in the south of France. Me and my house: James Baldwin’s last decade in France (Durham: Duke UP, 2018.) kitabından kesit. LitHub. https://lithub. com/the-last-days-of-james-baldwins-house-in-the-south-of-france/. google scholar

James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 307 - 328, 21.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497

Abstract

Afrikalı Amerikalı yazar James Baldwin (1924-1987), ırkçı baskıdan uzaklaşmak için 1948 yılından itibaren ülkesinden ayrılarak 1961-1971 yıllarını aralıklı olarak Türkiye’de geçirir. Baldwin’in Türkiye yaşantısı, 1950’li yılların sonunda New York City’de tiyatro çalışmaları sırasında tanıştığı oyuncu Engin Cezzar’la dostluğu sayesinde gerçekleşir. Baldwin, 1961 güzünde Orta Doğu ve Afrika’yı kapsayacak şekilde ırksal ilişkiler üzerine yazmak amacıyla seyahate çıkar. Sömürü coğrafyasını keşfettikçe, sivil haklar mücadelesi çerçevesinde Afrikalı Amerikalıların ABD içinde ve dünyada tarihsel rolünün ne olduğuna dair, kendi ifadesiyle, “kasvetli soru” ile karşılaşır. Bu soruyu o sırada cevaplayamaz ve İstanbul’a gelir. ABD’nin Soğuk Savaş siyaseti çerçevesinde ekonomik yardım yoluyla Sovyetler Birliği’nden uzak tutmak istediği coğrafyalardan biri olan ülkemizden baktığında Baldwin, demokratik bir ulus imajıyla pazarlanan Amerika ile siyahların deneyimlediği Amerika arasındaki çelişkiye işaret eder. Uzun süreli İstanbul ziyaretleri, Baldwin’in ırkçılık sorununu ABD’deki sivil haklar mücadelesinin ötesinde, sömürgeciliğin tarihsel ve küresel bir bileşeni olarak değerlendirmeye başladığı döneme rastlar. Büyük ölçüde Türkiye’deyken yazdığı No Name in the Street’te bu geniş ölçekli eleştiriyi ayrıntılı şekilde ortaya koyar. Ayrıca, Baldwin’in yurdumuzda bıraktığı izler tiyatro tarihimizde gizlidir. 1969-1970 sezonunda Baldwin’in yönettiği ve SururiCezzar Tiyatrosu tarafından sahnelenen Düşenin Dostu hem Türk tiyatro tarihi hem de Baldwin’in tiyatroyla ilişkisi ve tüm eserlerine sinmiş olan tutukluluk izleğini konu etmesi açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu makale, Baldwin ve Türkiye ilişkisini, No Name in the Street ve Düşenin Dostu eserleri çerçevesinde inceler. Tiyatro arşivlerinde korunan izin yanı sıra Baldwin, Türkiye’ye her koşulda kazanmaya güdümlü Amerikan politikasına karşı çıkan bir bakış açısını da miras olarak bırakmıştır.

References

  • Adalet, B. (2020). Mediating the Kennedy presidency: James Baldwin’s decade in Turkey. C. Schayegh (Ed.), Globalizing the U.S. Presidency: Postcolonial views of John F. Kennedy kitabı içinde (ss. 235-249). New York: Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-7208834 google scholar
  • Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of color blindness. New York: The New Press. Baldwin, J. (1970). Önsöz. Düşenin Dostu. (A. Poyrazoğlu & O. Balamir, Çev.). (ss. 5-6). İstanbul: Sander Yayınları. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). Encounter on the Seine: black meets brown. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 85-90). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). A question of identity. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 91-100). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). Equal in Paris. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 101-116). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (1998). No name in the street. T. Morrison (Ed.), Collected essays kitabı içinde (ss. 349-475). New York: Library of America. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. (2010). “Letters from a journey.” R. Kenan (Ed.), The cross of redemption: Uncollected writings kitabı içinde (ss. 189-198). New York: Pantheon Books. google scholar
  • Baldwin, J. & Cezzar, E. (2007). James Baldwin-Engin Cezzar: Dost mektupları (S. Selvi, Çev.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. google scholar
  • Baraka, A. (1999). Jimmy! W. J. Harris (Ed.). The LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka reader kitabı içinde (ss. 450-456). New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press. google scholar
  • Bernstein, L. (2010). America is the prison: Arts and politics in prison in the 1970s. Chapell Hill, NC: U of North Carolina P. google scholar
  • Campbell, J. (1991). Talking at the gates. New York: Penguin. google scholar
  • Cezzar, E. & Çalışlar, İ. (2005). Engin Cezzar’ı takdimimdir. İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık. google scholar
  • Dixon, T. (Yönetmen). (1970). Meeting the man: James Baldwin in Paris. https://archive.org/details/james-baldwin_202306 google scholar
  • Fortuny, K. (2013). James Baldwin’s 1970 Turkish interviews: “The American way of life” and the rhetoric of war from Vietnam to the near and middle east. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 55(4), 434-451. https:// doi.org/10.7560/TSLL55404 google scholar
  • Franklin, B. H. (1977). Literature of the American prison. The Massachusetts Review, 18(1), 51-78. google scholar
  • Gilroy, P. (1993). The Black Atlantic: Modernity and double consciousness. New York: Verso. google scholar
  • Goldsby, J. (2015). “Closer to something unnameable”: Baldwin’s novel form. M. Elam (Ed.). The Cambridge companion to James Baldwin kitabı içinde (ss. 25-40). New York: Cambridge UP. google scholar
  • Herbert, J. (1967). Fortune and men’s eyes. New York: Grove Press. google scholar
  • Herbert, J. (1970). Düşenin dostu. (A. Poyrazoğlu & O. Balamir Çev.). İstanbul: Sander Yayınları. google scholar
  • House as archive: James Baldwin’s provençal home. (11 Nisan 2019). 032c Magazine https://032c.com/magazine/ house-as-archive-james-baldwins-home google scholar
  • Leeming, D. (1994). James Baldwin: A biography. London: Michael Joseph. google scholar
  • Lewis, I. (1989). Conversation: Ida Lewis and James Baldwin [1970]. F. L. Standley & L. H. Pratt, (Eds.). Conversations with James Baldwin kitabı içinde (ss. 83-92). Jackson: UP of Mississippi. google scholar
  • Miller, Q. D. (2012). A Criminal Power: James Baldwin and the Law. Columbus: Ohio State UP. google scholar
  • Oloomi, A. V. V. (2023). James Baldwin in Turkey: How Istanbul changed his career—and life. The Yale Review, 111(2), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2023.a900472 google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (Mart 1970). Düşenin dostu: Cinsi sapıklığın istismarı mı yoksa, topluma bir mesaj mı? Açık Oturum. Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, Dün/Bugün/Yarın. 30, ss. 70-73. google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (2018). James Baldwin, Arkadaşım: Siyah öfke. O büyülü insanlar: Portreler kitabı içinde (ss. 119-133). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (11 Haziran 2020). Arkadaşım James Baldwin 53 yıl önce söylemişti: Nefes a-la-mı-yo-rum! Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/zeynep-oral/arkadasim-james-baldwin-53-yil-once-soylemisti-nefes-a-la-mi-yo-rum-1744338 google scholar
  • Oral, Z. (19 Haziran 2020). 60 yıl sonra yeniden James Baldwin. [Video]. Youtube. Zeynep Miraç ile söyleşi. Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpe6hFhLsp4 google scholar
  • Pakay, S. (Yönetmen). (1973). James Baldwin: From Another Place. İstanbul, Fragman. https://www.sedatpakay. com/james-baldwin-from-another-place. google scholar
  • Plastas, M. & Raimon, A. E. (2013). Brutality and brotherhood: James Baldwin and prison sexuality. African American Review, 46(4), 687-699. google scholar
  • Poetry & Protest (R. R. Gould). (2020). James Baldwin on War with Iran. [Video]. Youtube https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=TcbtmJSvnyc google scholar
  • Poole, R. J. (2022). “But we are all androgynous:” James Baldwin’s staging America in Turkey. Queer Turkey: Transnational poetics of desire (pp. 113-128). Bielefeld: Verlag. google scholar
  • Roberts, F. L. (2019). Mid-century theater. D. Q. Miller (Ed.). James Baldwin in context kitabı içinde (ss. 244-253). Cambridge: Cambridge UP. google scholar
  • Scott, L. O. (2002). James Baldwin’s later fiction: Witness to the journey. East Lansing: Michigan State UP. google scholar
  • Shakespeare, W. Sonnet 29. Poetry foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/45090/sonnet-29-when-in-disgrace-with-fortune-and-mens-eyes google scholar
  • Smethurst, J. (2011). The African American roots of modernism: From reconstruction to the Harlem Renaissance. Chapel Hill, NC: U of North Carolina P. google scholar
  • Sururi, G. (2002). Kıldan ince, kılıçtan keskince. İstanbul: Doğan Kitapçılık. google scholar
  • Stovall, T. (2000). The fire this time: Black American expatriates and the Algerian War. Yale French Studies, özel sayı: The French Fifties 98, 182-200. https://doi.org/10.2307/2903235 google scholar
  • Üsekes, Ç. (2010). In another country: James Baldwin and the Turkish theatre scene. New England Theatre Journal, 21, 99-116. https://www.proquest.com/docview/820920867?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true google scholar
  • Zaborowska, M. J. (2009). James Baldwin’s Turkish decade: Erotics of exile. Durham: Duke UP. google scholar
  • Zaborowska, M. J. (27 Nisan 2018). The last days of James Baldwin’s house in the south of France. Me and my house: James Baldwin’s last decade in France (Durham: Duke UP, 2018.) kitabından kesit. LitHub. https://lithub. com/the-last-days-of-james-baldwins-house-in-the-south-of-france/. google scholar
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özge Özbek Akıman 0000-0002-8644-044X

Publication Date June 21, 2024
Submission Date November 5, 2023
Acceptance Date May 17, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbek Akıman, Ö. (2024). James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 34(1), 307-328. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497
AMA Özbek Akıman Ö. James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak. Litera. June 2024;34(1):307-328. doi:10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497
Chicago Özbek Akıman, Özge. “James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su Ve Türkiye’de ‘Düşenin Dostu’ Olmak”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 34, no. 1 (June 2024): 307-28. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497.
EndNote Özbek Akıman Ö (June 1, 2024) James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 34 1 307–328.
IEEE Ö. Özbek Akıman, “James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de ‘Düşenin Dostu’ Olmak”, Litera, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 307–328, 2024, doi: 10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497.
ISNAD Özbek Akıman, Özge. “James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su Ve Türkiye’de ‘Düşenin Dostu’ Olmak”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 34/1 (June 2024), 307-328. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497.
JAMA Özbek Akıman Ö. James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak. Litera. 2024;34:307–328.
MLA Özbek Akıman, Özge. “James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su Ve Türkiye’de ‘Düşenin Dostu’ Olmak”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, vol. 34, no. 1, 2024, pp. 307-28, doi:10.26650/LITERA2023-1386497.
Vancouver Özbek Akıman Ö. James Baldwin’in “Kasvetli Soru”su ve Türkiye’de “Düşenin Dostu” Olmak. Litera. 2024;34(1):307-28.