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BİR TEMEL HAK OLARAK İNSAN TİCARETİ YASAĞI: AVRUPA ÖZELİNDE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 01.03.2014

Öz

Avrupa özelinde insan ticareti yasağı, özellikle 2000’li yıllar ile birlikte bir “temel hak”

olarak kabul görmeye başlamıştır. Kronolojik açıdan, öncelikle, Avrupa Birliği bünyesindeki

Avrupa Birliği Temel Haklar Şartı (ABTHŞ),“kölelik ve zorla çalıştırma yasağı” ile

ilgili maddesinde açıkça “insan ticareti yasaktır” şeklinde düzenleme getirmiştir. Bunu

takiben, Avrupa Konseyi bünyesindeki Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi (AİHS), Avrupa

İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin kararı aracılığıyla “kölelik ve zorla çalıştırma yasağı”

ile ilgili maddesinin insan ticareti yasağını içerdiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Böylelikle

insan ticareti yasağı, bir temel hak olarak Avrupa özelinde kendisine bir yer edinmiştir.

Bu çalışma, AİHS ve ABTHŞ’nin yanı sıra 1982 Anayasası üzerinden özellikle Anayasa

Mahkemesi nezdindeki “bireysel başvuru” aracılığıyla bir temel hak olarak insan ticareti

yasağının Türkiye’deki olası yansımalarına işaret ederek, bu yasağın kapsamını her bir

düzlemde aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • AYBAY, Rona; Yabancılar Hukuku, 3. Bası, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • CASTLES, Stephen & Mark J. MILLER; The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2009.
  • CLAYTON, Gina et al.; Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
  • DOĞRU, Osman; Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvuru Rehberi, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
  • DOĞRU, Osman & Atilla Nalbant; İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi: Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, Cilt:1, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2012.
  • EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights; Commentary of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2006.
  • HAMMARBERG, Thomas; Avrupa’da İnsan Hakları, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • HARRIS, David et al.; Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 3d ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim Ö.; Özgürlükler Hukuku, 6. Bası, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2002.
  • KOSER, Khalid; International Migration: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
  • MUMCU, Ahmet & Elif KÜZECİ; İnsan Hakları ve Kamu Özgürlükleri, 5. Bası, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2011.
  • OVEY, Clare & Robin CA. WHITE; Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
  • ÖZCAN, Mehmet; Avrupa Birliğinde İnsan Hakları, Hayat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • POPOVİĆ, Dragoljub; European Human Rights Law: A Manual, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague, 2013.
  • RAINEY, Bernadette; Human Rights Law Concentrate, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013.
  • RAINEY, Bernadette; Elizabeth Wicks & Clare Ovey; Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights, 6th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • SMITH, Rhona K. M.; Textbook on International Human Rights, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
  • TEZCAN, Durmuş v.d.; İnsan Hakları El Kitabı, 4. Bası, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2011.
  • TEZCAN, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem & Oğuz Sancakdar; Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Türkiye’nin İnsan Hakları Sorunu, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2004.
  • ALLAIN, Jean; Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia: The European Court of Human Rights and Traff icking as Slavery, Human Rights Law Review, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 3, 2010, s. 546-557.
  • ARIKOĞLU, Enver; İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi Kararlarının Türk Hukukunda Uygulanması, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 1-2, 2004, s. 71-125.
  • ASKOLA, Heli; Article 5 - Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour, Steve Peers et al., eds, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014, s. 144-163.
  • DUPRÉ, Catherine; Article 1 - Human Dignity, Steve Peers et al, eds, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014, s. 44-67.
  • KARAN, Ulaş; Kölelik, Kulluk, Zorla Çalıştırma ve Zorunlu Çalışma Yasağı, Sibel İnceoğlu (ed.), İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi ve Anayasa: Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvuru Kapsamında Bir İnceleme, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013, s. 159-178.
  • KARA, Siddharth; Designing More Eff ective Laws Against Human Trafficking, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 2, 2011, s. 123-147.
  • OBOKATA, Tom; A Human Rights Framework to Address Traff icking of Human Beings, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 3, 2006, s. 377-409.
  • OLIVETTI, Marco; Article 5 - Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labor, William BT Mock & Gianmario Demuro, eds, Human Rights in Europe: A Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, 2010, s. 33-39.
  • OLIVETTI, Marco; Article 1 - Human Dignity, William BT Mock & Gianmario Demuro, eds, Human Rights in Europe: A Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, 2010, s. 3-11.
  • PATI, Roza; States’ Positive Obligations with respect to Human Traff icking: The European Court of Human Rights Breaks New Ground in Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, Boston University International Law Journal, Cilt: 29, Sayı: 1, 2011, s. 79-142.
  • PIOTROWICZ, Ryszard; States’ Obligations under Human Rights Law towards Victims of Traff icking in Human Beings: Positive Developments in Positive Obligations, International Journal of Refugee Law, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 2, 2012, s. 181-201.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Article 4 of the ECHR and the Obligation of Criminalizing Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labour and Human Traff icking, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparativ e Law, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, 2014, s. 407-443.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Complementary Protection for Victims of Human Traff icking under the European Convention on Human Rights, Goettingen Journal of International Law, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, 2011, s. 777- 817.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Dancing on the Borders of Article 4: Human Traff icking and the European Court of Human Rights in the Rantsev case, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Cilt: 30, Sayı: 2, 2012, s. 163-194.
  • App. 14038/88 (European Court of Human Rights) Soering v. United Kingdom [1989] A.161.
  • App. 22414/93 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) Chahal v. United Kingdom [1996] ECHR 1996-V.
  • App. 24573/94 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) H.L.R. v. France [1997] ECHR 1997-III.
  • App. 73316/01 (European Court of Human Rights) Siliadin v. France [2005] ECHR 2005-VII.
  • App. 40020/03 (European Court of Human Rights) M. and Others v. Italy and Bulgaria [2012].
  • App. 25965/04 (European Court of Human Rights) Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia [2010] ECHR 2010.
  • App. 4239/08 (European Court of Human Rights) C.N. v. United Kingdom [2012].
  • App. 27765/09 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy [2012] ECHR 2012.
  • App. 67724/09 (European Court of Human Rights) C.N. and V. v. France [2012].
  • App. 7196/10 (European Court of Human Rights) V.F. v. France [2011].
  • Case 4/73 (Court of Justice) J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoff großhandlung v. Commission of the European Communities [1974] ECR 491.
  • Case C-305/05 (Court of Justice) Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophones and Others v Conseil des ministres [2007] ECR I-5305.
  • Joined cases C 411/10 and C 493/10 (Court of Justice) N. S. (C-411/10) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department and M. E. and Others (C-493/10) v. Refugee Applications Commissioner and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform [2011] ECR I-13905.
  • Opinion 2/13 (Court of Justice) Accession of the European Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms [2014].
  • E. 2008/1, K. 2008/2 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) [2008].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2012/615 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) İnan [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2012/917 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Oktar [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/1243 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Caceres [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/1613 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Acar [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/2839 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Artuç [2014].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/5062 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Üstündağ [2014].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/8475 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Çat ve Diğerleri [2015].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2014/19023 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Oksana Chicheishvili [2014].
  • E. 2004/8-201, K. 2005/30 (Yargıtay Ceza Genel Kurulu) [2005].

PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29, 01.03.2014

Öz

In Europe, the prohibition of human traffi cking has begun
to be recognized as a “fundamental right” especially since 2000’s.
Chronologically, fi rst of all, within the European Union, the European Union
Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR) laid down clearly that “traffi cking in
human beings is prohibited” under its provision related to “prohibition of
slavery and forced labour”. Following this, within the Council of Europe,
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was interpreted as including the
prohibition of human traffi cking under its provision related to “prohibition
of slavery and forced labour” through a ruling of European Court of Human
Rights. Thus, prohibition of human trafficking has gained a place as a
“fundamental right” in Europe. This article, by referring to potential refl
ections of this prohibition of human traffi cking as a “fundamental right” in
Turkey on the basis of 1982 Constitution especially via “individual
application” before Constitutional Court in addition to ECHR and EUCFR, aims to
clarify the scope of this prohibition on each of these levels.

Kaynakça

  • AYBAY, Rona; Yabancılar Hukuku, 3. Bası, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • CASTLES, Stephen & Mark J. MILLER; The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2009.
  • CLAYTON, Gina et al.; Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
  • DOĞRU, Osman; Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvuru Rehberi, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013.
  • DOĞRU, Osman & Atilla Nalbant; İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi: Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, Cilt:1, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2012.
  • EU Network of Independent Experts on Fundamental Rights; Commentary of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2006.
  • HAMMARBERG, Thomas; Avrupa’da İnsan Hakları, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • HARRIS, David et al.; Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 3d ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim Ö.; Özgürlükler Hukuku, 6. Bası, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2002.
  • KOSER, Khalid; International Migration: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
  • MUMCU, Ahmet & Elif KÜZECİ; İnsan Hakları ve Kamu Özgürlükleri, 5. Bası, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2011.
  • OVEY, Clare & Robin CA. WHITE; Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
  • ÖZCAN, Mehmet; Avrupa Birliğinde İnsan Hakları, Hayat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
  • POPOVİĆ, Dragoljub; European Human Rights Law: A Manual, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague, 2013.
  • RAINEY, Bernadette; Human Rights Law Concentrate, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013.
  • RAINEY, Bernadette; Elizabeth Wicks & Clare Ovey; Jacobs, White & Ovey: The European Convention on Human Rights, 6th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
  • SMITH, Rhona K. M.; Textbook on International Human Rights, 5th ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
  • TEZCAN, Durmuş v.d.; İnsan Hakları El Kitabı, 4. Bası, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2011.
  • TEZCAN, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem & Oğuz Sancakdar; Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Türkiye’nin İnsan Hakları Sorunu, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2004.
  • ALLAIN, Jean; Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia: The European Court of Human Rights and Traff icking as Slavery, Human Rights Law Review, Cilt: 10, Sayı: 3, 2010, s. 546-557.
  • ARIKOĞLU, Enver; İnsan Hakları Avrupa Mahkemesi Kararlarının Türk Hukukunda Uygulanması, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 1-2, 2004, s. 71-125.
  • ASKOLA, Heli; Article 5 - Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour, Steve Peers et al., eds, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014, s. 144-163.
  • DUPRÉ, Catherine; Article 1 - Human Dignity, Steve Peers et al, eds, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2014, s. 44-67.
  • KARAN, Ulaş; Kölelik, Kulluk, Zorla Çalıştırma ve Zorunlu Çalışma Yasağı, Sibel İnceoğlu (ed.), İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi ve Anayasa: Anayasa Mahkemesine Bireysel Başvuru Kapsamında Bir İnceleme, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2013, s. 159-178.
  • KARA, Siddharth; Designing More Eff ective Laws Against Human Trafficking, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, Cilt: 9, Sayı: 2, 2011, s. 123-147.
  • OBOKATA, Tom; A Human Rights Framework to Address Traff icking of Human Beings, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 3, 2006, s. 377-409.
  • OLIVETTI, Marco; Article 5 - Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labor, William BT Mock & Gianmario Demuro, eds, Human Rights in Europe: A Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, 2010, s. 33-39.
  • OLIVETTI, Marco; Article 1 - Human Dignity, William BT Mock & Gianmario Demuro, eds, Human Rights in Europe: A Commentary on the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Carolina Academic Press, Durham, 2010, s. 3-11.
  • PATI, Roza; States’ Positive Obligations with respect to Human Traff icking: The European Court of Human Rights Breaks New Ground in Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia, Boston University International Law Journal, Cilt: 29, Sayı: 1, 2011, s. 79-142.
  • PIOTROWICZ, Ryszard; States’ Obligations under Human Rights Law towards Victims of Traff icking in Human Beings: Positive Developments in Positive Obligations, International Journal of Refugee Law, Cilt: 24, Sayı: 2, 2012, s. 181-201.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Article 4 of the ECHR and the Obligation of Criminalizing Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labour and Human Traff icking, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparativ e Law, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, 2014, s. 407-443.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Complementary Protection for Victims of Human Traff icking under the European Convention on Human Rights, Goettingen Journal of International Law, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 2, 2011, s. 777- 817.
  • STOYANOVA, Vladislava; Dancing on the Borders of Article 4: Human Traff icking and the European Court of Human Rights in the Rantsev case, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Cilt: 30, Sayı: 2, 2012, s. 163-194.
  • App. 14038/88 (European Court of Human Rights) Soering v. United Kingdom [1989] A.161.
  • App. 22414/93 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) Chahal v. United Kingdom [1996] ECHR 1996-V.
  • App. 24573/94 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) H.L.R. v. France [1997] ECHR 1997-III.
  • App. 73316/01 (European Court of Human Rights) Siliadin v. France [2005] ECHR 2005-VII.
  • App. 40020/03 (European Court of Human Rights) M. and Others v. Italy and Bulgaria [2012].
  • App. 25965/04 (European Court of Human Rights) Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia [2010] ECHR 2010.
  • App. 4239/08 (European Court of Human Rights) C.N. v. United Kingdom [2012].
  • App. 27765/09 (European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber)) Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy [2012] ECHR 2012.
  • App. 67724/09 (European Court of Human Rights) C.N. and V. v. France [2012].
  • App. 7196/10 (European Court of Human Rights) V.F. v. France [2011].
  • Case 4/73 (Court of Justice) J. Nold, Kohlen- und Baustoff großhandlung v. Commission of the European Communities [1974] ECR 491.
  • Case C-305/05 (Court of Justice) Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophones and Others v Conseil des ministres [2007] ECR I-5305.
  • Joined cases C 411/10 and C 493/10 (Court of Justice) N. S. (C-411/10) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department and M. E. and Others (C-493/10) v. Refugee Applications Commissioner and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform [2011] ECR I-13905.
  • Opinion 2/13 (Court of Justice) Accession of the European Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms [2014].
  • E. 2008/1, K. 2008/2 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) [2008].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2012/615 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) İnan [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2012/917 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Oktar [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/1243 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Caceres [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/1613 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Acar [2013].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/2839 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Artuç [2014].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/5062 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Üstündağ [2014].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2013/8475 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Çat ve Diğerleri [2015].
  • Başvuru Numarası: 2014/19023 (Anayasa Mahkemesi) Oksana Chicheishvili [2014].
  • E. 2004/8-201, K. 2005/30 (Yargıtay Ceza Genel Kurulu) [2005].
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Hukuk
Bölüm İncelemeler
Yazarlar

İlke Göçmen

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Göçmen, İ. (2014). PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, 34(1), 1-29.
AMA Göçmen İ. PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. Mart 2014;34(1):1-29.
Chicago Göçmen, İlke. “PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 34, sy. 1 (Mart 2014): 1-29.
EndNote Göçmen İ (01 Mart 2014) PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 34 1 1–29.
IEEE İ. Göçmen, “PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, c. 34, sy. 1, ss. 1–29, 2014.
ISNAD Göçmen, İlke. “PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE”. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 34/1 (Mart 2014), 1-29.
JAMA Göçmen İ. PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2014;34:1–29.
MLA Göçmen, İlke. “PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE”. Milletlerarası Hukuk Ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni, c. 34, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 1-29.
Vancouver Göçmen İ. PROHIBITION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT: AN ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON EUROPE. Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni. 2014;34(1):1-29.