KAMAL, AN INSTRUMENT OF CELESTIAL NAVIGATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN, AS DECRIBED BY OTTOMAN MARINERS PIRI REIS AND SEYDI ALI REIS
Öz
Kamal (كمال ) is a kind of portable astronomical instrument which was used by navigators to measure the altitude of the Polaris and the circumpolar stars to determine latitudes in the Indian Ocean. The Kamal and its role in the cultural exchange between Indian, Chinese and Portuguese navigators have been already studied, yet no consensus has been reached among researchers regarding its structure, construction, origin or even its name. Studies on kamal are mostly based on Arabic and European literary sources. The aim of this paper is to bring into fore the information given about the two different types of kamal in the 16 th century Ottoman sources, namely Piri Reis’s Kitab-ı Bahriye (The Book of Seafaring) and Seydi Ali Reis’s Kitabü’l-Muhit (The Book of the Ocean). An analysis of the information they provided, will reveal the physical characteristics of these instruments.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- S. Q. Fatimi, “History of the development of the Kamal,” Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean, Proceedings of the International Seminar Techno-Archaeological Perspectives of Seafaring in Indian Ocean 4th cent. B.C.–15th cent. A.D, New Delhi, February 28-March 4, 1994, pp.283-292
- Gerald Randall Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese: Being a Translation of Kitāb al-fawāi̓d fī usūl al-bahr wa'l-qawā'id of Ahmad b. Mājid al-Najdī, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971, p.94-95; 215; 303; 317
- E. G. Ravenstein, Martin Behaim: His Life and his Globe, London, 1908, pp. 16-17
- Abdul Sheriff, “Navigational methods in the Indian Ocean,” Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean, vol.II, eds. Ruth Barnes, David Parkin, USA, Routledge, 2002, p. 219.
- D. A. King, “Astronomy for landlubbers and navigators: The case of Islamic middle ages,” Revista da Universidade de Coimbra, vol. XXXII, 1985, p.215.
- K. M. Mathew, History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, New Delhi, Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 17
- Richard A. Paselk, “Medieval Tools of Navigation: An Overview,” The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel, Ed. Robert Odell Bork, Andrea Kann, USA, Ashgate, 2008, p. 178
- Bartolomeo Crescenzio, Nautica Mediterranea, Roma, Bonfadino, 1607, p. 455
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
-
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Gaye Danışan Polat
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İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ
0000-0002-8888-6533
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
1 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi
22 Kasım 2017
Kabul Tarihi
3 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2017 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1