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Bilimin nesnelerine yüklenen tarihsellik: “Yüzeysel kasların arkadan görünümü”nün hayat hikayesinin incelenmesi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 27 - 41, 01.06.2016

Öz

Bilimsel nesnelerin de aynen insanların olduğu gibi kendi hikâyeleri
vardır. Bu nesnelerin biyografilerini incelemek, farklı bağlamlarda nasıl
dönüştüklerini göstermek sadece onlar hakkında bilgi vermez, aynı zamanda
onların etrafını saran insanlar ve toplumsal yaşam hakkında da bizi aydınlatır.
Bu makalenin amacı da, Albinus’un anatomi atlasında yer alan “The Outermost
Order of the Muscle, Back View” adlı görselin uzun yolculuğuna odaklanarak,
bu görselin farklı tarihsel ve toplumsal bağlamlarda uğradığı dönüşüm sürecini
göstermeye çalışmaktır. Albinus’un bu görseli çizerken amacı, “ideal bedeni”
çizmektir. Bu resim tam da doğada birçok şekilde yer alan bedenlerin
standardizasyonu için mükemmel bir referans noktası oluşturacaktır. Yazı, daha
sonra, bu resmin Diderot ve d’Alembert’in büyük yapıtı Encyclopédie’de nasıl
ele alındığını tartışır. Felsefeciler bu görseli başka bilim adamları tarafından çizilmiş öteki anatomi resimleriyle yan yana getirerek, Albinus’un önerdiği tek
bakış açısının yerine, okuyucuya çoklu bir perspektif sunacaklardır. Son örnekte
ise Şanizade’nin Miratü’l-Ebdan kitabı yer almaktadır. Bu örnekte, resim kendi
orijinal anlamını yitirir ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda “yeni bilimin” ortaya
çıkışının bir göstergesi olur.

Kaynakça

  • Appadurai, A. (1986). The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bender, J.B and Marrinan, M. (2000). The Culture of Diagram. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Beydilli, K. (1995). Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi (1776-1826). Istanbul: Eren Yayıncılık.
  • Bilge, A and Gül, A. (1989). “Kanunü’l Cerrahin”. In Hekim Şani-zade Ataullah (1771- 1826), ed. H. Köker. Kayseri, Erciyes Üniversitesi Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü 1989.
  • Creech, J. (1982). “Chasing after Advances: Diderot’s Article “Encyclopedia”. Yale French Studies, No.63: 183-197.
  • Daston, L. and Galison, P. (1992). “The Image of Objectivity”. Representations, No 40: 81-128.
  • Eldem, E. (2013). “Hayretü’l-azime fi intihalati’l-Garibe: Voltaire ve Şanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi”. Toplumsal Tarih Dergisi, Eylül, 237: 18-28.
  • Hale, B. R. and Coyle, T. (1998). Albinus on Anatomy. New York, Dover Publications.
  • Hildebrand, R. (2005). “Attic Perfection in Anatomy: Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770) and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755-1830)”. Annals of Anatomy, No 187: 555-573.
  • İhsanoğlu, E. (1992). “Ottoman Science in the Classical period and Early Contacts with European Science and Technology”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E. İhsanoğlu, İstanbul: IRCICA.
  • İhsanoğlu, E. (2004). Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire, Aldershot : Ashgate.
  • Kafker, F. (1963). “A List of Contributors to Diderot’s Encyclopédie”. French Historical Studies, Vol.3, No:1, Spring: 106-122.
  • Kafker, F. (1973). “The Recruitment of the Encyclopedists”. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.6, No:4, Summer: 452-461.
  • Kazancıgil, A. (1991) “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yüzyılda Anatomi”. In Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yüzyılda Anatomi, ed. A. Kazancıgil, İstanbul: Özel Yayınlar.
  • Köker, H. (1989). Hekim Şani-zade Ataullah (1771-1826). Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü.
  • Latour, B. (1990). “Drawing Things Together”. In Representation in Scientific Practice, ed. M. Lych and S. Woolgar, Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Latour, B. (2000). “On the Partial Existence of Existing and Nonexisting Objects”. In Biographies of Scientific Objects, ed. L. Daston, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. London: Sage.
  • Punt, H. (1983). On ‘Human Nature’. Anatomical and Physiological Ideas in Eighteen Century Leyden. Israel, Amsterdam.
  • Rheinberger, H. (1998). “Graphemic Spaces”. In Inscribing Science, ed. T. Lenoir, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Rheinberger, H. (2000). “Cytoplasmic Particles: The trajectory of a Scientific Object”. In Biographies of Scientific Objects, ed. L. Daston, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Russell, G. (1992). “The Owl and the Pussy Cat: The Process of Cultural Transmission in Anatomical Illustration”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E İhsanoğlu, Istanbul: IRCICA.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1992). “Functionalist Perspectives on Technology: the Case of printing Press in the Ottoman Empire”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E. İhsanoğlu, Istanbul: IRCICA.
  • Yalçınkaya, M. A. (2015). Learned Patriots: Debating Science, State, and Society in the Nineteenth- century Ottoman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Zülfikar, B. (1991), “Şanizade Mehmet Ataullah: Hayatı ve Eserleri”. In Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yuzyılda Anatomi, ed. A. Kazancıgil, Istanbul: Özel Yayınlar.
  • Bilimin nesnelerine yüklenen tarihsellik:
  • “Yüzeysel kasların arkadan görünümü”nün
  • hayat hikayesinin incelenmesi
  • Anahtar sözcükler: Albinus, Diderot ve D’Alembert, Şanizade, Bilimsel nesneler, Anatomi, Tarihsellik.
  • Granting historicity to scientific objects:
  • The analysis of the life history of
  • “the outermost order of the muscle, back view”

Granting historicity to scientific objects: The analysis of the life history of “the outermost order of the muscle, back view”

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 27 - 41, 01.06.2016

Öz

Scientific objects like human beings have their own stories. Thus, the
examination of their lifespans and how they transform in different contexts can
reveal not only information about the objects themselves, but also their social
and human circumstances. This article follows the long ‘travel’ of an image
from Albinus’ anatomy book, “The Outermost Order of the Muscle, Back
View”, with the goal of illuminating its transformation process through different
historical and social contexts. When Albinus was drawing the image, his intent
was to create an “ideal body”. This sort of image would be a perfect reference
point for the standardization among the plentiful bodies in nature. The article
then discusses how the image was appropriated by Diderot and d’Alembert in
their grand work Encyclopédie. The philosophers juxtasposed this particular
image to other anatomy pictures drawn by other scientists and offered multiple
perspectives, rather than imposing a single perspective on the reader as in the
case of Albinus. And lastly the image travelled to Şanizade’s Miratü’l-Ebdan,
where it lost its original scientific meaning and turned into a signifier of the
emergence of “new science” in the Ottoman Empire.

Kaynakça

  • Appadurai, A. (1986). The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bender, J.B and Marrinan, M. (2000). The Culture of Diagram. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Beydilli, K. (1995). Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi (1776-1826). Istanbul: Eren Yayıncılık.
  • Bilge, A and Gül, A. (1989). “Kanunü’l Cerrahin”. In Hekim Şani-zade Ataullah (1771- 1826), ed. H. Köker. Kayseri, Erciyes Üniversitesi Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü 1989.
  • Creech, J. (1982). “Chasing after Advances: Diderot’s Article “Encyclopedia”. Yale French Studies, No.63: 183-197.
  • Daston, L. and Galison, P. (1992). “The Image of Objectivity”. Representations, No 40: 81-128.
  • Eldem, E. (2013). “Hayretü’l-azime fi intihalati’l-Garibe: Voltaire ve Şanizade Mehmed Ataullah Efendi”. Toplumsal Tarih Dergisi, Eylül, 237: 18-28.
  • Hale, B. R. and Coyle, T. (1998). Albinus on Anatomy. New York, Dover Publications.
  • Hildebrand, R. (2005). “Attic Perfection in Anatomy: Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1770) and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring (1755-1830)”. Annals of Anatomy, No 187: 555-573.
  • İhsanoğlu, E. (1992). “Ottoman Science in the Classical period and Early Contacts with European Science and Technology”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E. İhsanoğlu, İstanbul: IRCICA.
  • İhsanoğlu, E. (2004). Science, Technology and Learning in the Ottoman Empire, Aldershot : Ashgate.
  • Kafker, F. (1963). “A List of Contributors to Diderot’s Encyclopédie”. French Historical Studies, Vol.3, No:1, Spring: 106-122.
  • Kafker, F. (1973). “The Recruitment of the Encyclopedists”. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol.6, No:4, Summer: 452-461.
  • Kazancıgil, A. (1991) “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yüzyılda Anatomi”. In Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yüzyılda Anatomi, ed. A. Kazancıgil, İstanbul: Özel Yayınlar.
  • Köker, H. (1989). Hekim Şani-zade Ataullah (1771-1826). Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü.
  • Latour, B. (1990). “Drawing Things Together”. In Representation in Scientific Practice, ed. M. Lych and S. Woolgar, Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Latour, B. (2000). “On the Partial Existence of Existing and Nonexisting Objects”. In Biographies of Scientific Objects, ed. L. Daston, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Latour, B. and Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. London: Sage.
  • Punt, H. (1983). On ‘Human Nature’. Anatomical and Physiological Ideas in Eighteen Century Leyden. Israel, Amsterdam.
  • Rheinberger, H. (1998). “Graphemic Spaces”. In Inscribing Science, ed. T. Lenoir, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Rheinberger, H. (2000). “Cytoplasmic Particles: The trajectory of a Scientific Object”. In Biographies of Scientific Objects, ed. L. Daston, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Russell, G. (1992). “The Owl and the Pussy Cat: The Process of Cultural Transmission in Anatomical Illustration”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E İhsanoğlu, Istanbul: IRCICA.
  • Szyliowicz, J. S. (1992). “Functionalist Perspectives on Technology: the Case of printing Press in the Ottoman Empire”. In Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, ed. E. İhsanoğlu, Istanbul: IRCICA.
  • Yalçınkaya, M. A. (2015). Learned Patriots: Debating Science, State, and Society in the Nineteenth- century Ottoman Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Zülfikar, B. (1991), “Şanizade Mehmet Ataullah: Hayatı ve Eserleri”. In Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda XIX. Yuzyılda Anatomi, ed. A. Kazancıgil, Istanbul: Özel Yayınlar.
  • Bilimin nesnelerine yüklenen tarihsellik:
  • “Yüzeysel kasların arkadan görünümü”nün
  • hayat hikayesinin incelenmesi
  • Anahtar sözcükler: Albinus, Diderot ve D’Alembert, Şanizade, Bilimsel nesneler, Anatomi, Tarihsellik.
  • Granting historicity to scientific objects:
  • The analysis of the life history of
  • “the outermost order of the muscle, back view”
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ebru Kayaalp

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kayaalp, Ebru. “Granting Historicity to Scientific Objects: The Analysis of the Life History of ‘the Outermost Order of the Muscle, Back view’”. Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science) 17, sy. 2 (Haziran 2016): 27-41.