Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

An Ottoman Cargo Ship Drawing from Russian Archives

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 127 - 135, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.946086

Öz

Although the types of the Ottoman ships in the age of sail are well known to historians, sources on their technical characteristics are notably limited when compared to their counterparts in western Europe. While Ottoman archives usually offer rich inventory accounts, harbor logs and fiscal records, direct technical evidence such as plans, sketches or hull lines drawings are scarce. A recent research of Russian archives has provided new evidence of 18th and 19th century Ottoman ships. This study presents a multi-view hull lines drawing of an 18th century cargo ship kept at the Russian Navy Archives in St. Petersburg. Notes on the drawing suggest that the ship serving the Ottoman navy was captured by Russian forces and then documented through a detailed scaled drawing. The drawing can arguably be the oldest actual plan of a çekeleve or a sacoleva type ship of the period.

Teşekkür

I would like to thank to Emir Yener for providing this rare drawing and kindly permitting its publication. I am also grateful to Professor Oleksandr Sereda of Istanbul University for the translation of Old Russian inscriptions on the drawing and to Mr. Laszlo Veres for the hypothetical illustration of the ship.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Roger Charles. “Italian Naval Architecture about 1445.” Mariner’s Mirror 11, 2 (1925): 135-163.
  • Barker, Richard. “Whole–Moulding: A Preliminary Study of Early English and Other Sources.” Shipbuilding Practice and Ship Design Methods from the Renaissance to the 18th century: A Workshop Report. Hazırlayan Horst Nowacki ve Matteo Valleriani içinde, 67-78. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2003.
  • Batchvarov, Kroum. “The Kitten Shipwreck: The Archaeology and Reconstruction of a Black Sea Merchantman.” Doktora tezi, Texas A&M Üniversitesi, 2009.
  • Batchvarov, Kroum. “Shipwreck Reconstruction Based on the Archaeological Record: Mediterranean Whole- Molding and the Kitten Wreck Case Study.” The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology. Hazırlayan Alexis Catsambis, Ben Ford ve Donny L. Hamilton içinde 250-266. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Baugean, Jean-Jérôme. Collection de toutes les Espèces de Bâtimens de Guerre et de Bâtimens Marchands qui naviguent sur l’Océan et dans la Méditerranée. Paris: L’Auteur / Bance aîné / Fantin, 1814.
  • Bostan, İdris. Beylikten İmparatorluğa Osmanlı Denizciliği. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2006.
  • Bostan, İdris. Kürekli ve Yelkenli Osmanlı Gemileri. İstanbul: Bilge Yayınları, 2014.
  • Delis, Apostolos. “From Lateen to Square Rig: The Evolution of the Greek-owned Merchant Fleet and its Ships in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” The Mariners’ Mirror 100, 1 (2014): 44-58.
  • Johns, A. W. “Sir Anthony Deane.” The Mariner’s Mirror 11,2 (1925): 164-193. İnalcık, Halil. “Greeks in the Ottoman Economy and Finances, 1453-1500.” Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr. Volume II: Byzantinoslavica, Armeniaca, Islamica, the Balkans and Modern Greece. Hazırlayan Jelisaveta Stanojevich Allen, Christos P. Ioannides, John S. Langdon ve Stephen W. Reinert içinde 307-319. New Rochelle / New York: Artistide D. Caratzas, 1993.
  • Kahane, Henry, Renée Kahane ve Andreas Tietze. Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin. İstanbul: ABC Yayınevi, 1988.
  • McGee, David. “From Craftsmanship to Draftsmanship: Naval Architecture and the Three Traditions of Early Modern Design.” Technology and Culture 40, 2 (1999): 209-236.
  • Özdemir Gümüş, Şenay. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Karadeniz’de Ticaret Gemisi İnşa Politikası 1783-1824.” Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9 (2012): 63-77.
  • Pomey, Patrice, Yaacov Kahanov ve Eric Rieth. “Transition from Shell to Skeleton in Ancient Mediterranean Ship-Construction: Analysis, Problems and Future Research.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA) 41, 2 (2012): 235-314.
  • Pritchard, James. “From Shipwright to Naval Constructor: The Professionalization of 18th-Century French Naval Shipbuilders.” Technology and Culture 28, 1 (1987): 1-25.
  • Rieth, Eric. “Mediterranean Ship Design in the Middle Ages.” The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archeology. Hazırlayan Alexis Catsambis, Ben Ford, ve Donny L. Hamilton içinde 406-425. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Yener, Emir. “Osmanlı Denizcilik Tarihinde Rus Arşivlerinin Yeri.” Savaş Teknolojisi ve Deneysel Çalışmalar. Hazırlayan Kahraman Şakul içinde 169-181. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2013.
  • Yener, Emir. “Ottoman Seapower and Naval Technology during Catherine II’s Turkish Wars 168-1792.” International Naval Journal 9, 1 (2016): 4-14.
  • Zeev, Adina Ben, Yaacov Kahanov, John Tresman ve Michal Artzy. The Ma’agan Mikhael Ship, Volume III: A Reconstruction of the Hull. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, 2009.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay. “Osmanlı Deniz Teknolojisi Üzerine.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 4, 2 (2004): 297-353.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay ve Fatih Özbay, “Foreign Shipwrights under Selim III: The Case of Jacques Balthazard Le Brun,” Seapower, Technology and Trade. Hazırlayan Dejanirah Couto, Feza Günergun ve Maria Pia Pedani içinde 472-481. İstanbul: Denizler Kitabevi, 2014.

Rus Arşivlerinde Bulunan Bir Osmanlı Gemisi Çizimi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 127 - 135, 01.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.946086

Öz

Yelken çağında Osmanlı gemi tipleri tarihçiler tarafından iyi bilinmekle beraber, bu gemilerin teknik özellikleri hakkındaki kaynaklar Batı Avrupa’daki emsallerine göre oldukça sınırlıdır. Osmanlı arşivlerinde gemi kargolarıyla ilgili zengin envanter, liman ve diğer mali kayıtlar bulunurken, gemi endaze plan ya da krokileri gibi teknik kayıtlar yok denecek kadar azdır. Rus arşivlerinde yapılan güncel araştırmalar 18-19. yüzyıllara ait Osmanlı gemileriyle ilgili yeni kanıtları açığa çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada St. Petersburg Rus Bahriye Arşivlerinde bulunan, 18. yüzyıla ait bir kargo gemisinin endaze planı incelenmiştir. Plan üzerindeki notlar geminin Osmanlı donanmasına hizmet verirken Rus ordusu tarafından ele geçirildiğini ve daha sonra bu geminin ölçekli planının çıkarılması suretiyle kayıt altına alındığı bilgisini vermektedir. Söz konusu planının bu dönemde yaygın olarak kullanılan ve çekeleve ya da sacoleva olarak bilinen bir gemi tipine ait olduğu düşünülmektedir. Diğer taraftan, bu planın, bir çekeleveye ait olarak şu ana kadar tespit edilebilen en eski endaze planı olması mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Roger Charles. “Italian Naval Architecture about 1445.” Mariner’s Mirror 11, 2 (1925): 135-163.
  • Barker, Richard. “Whole–Moulding: A Preliminary Study of Early English and Other Sources.” Shipbuilding Practice and Ship Design Methods from the Renaissance to the 18th century: A Workshop Report. Hazırlayan Horst Nowacki ve Matteo Valleriani içinde, 67-78. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2003.
  • Batchvarov, Kroum. “The Kitten Shipwreck: The Archaeology and Reconstruction of a Black Sea Merchantman.” Doktora tezi, Texas A&M Üniversitesi, 2009.
  • Batchvarov, Kroum. “Shipwreck Reconstruction Based on the Archaeological Record: Mediterranean Whole- Molding and the Kitten Wreck Case Study.” The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology. Hazırlayan Alexis Catsambis, Ben Ford ve Donny L. Hamilton içinde 250-266. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Baugean, Jean-Jérôme. Collection de toutes les Espèces de Bâtimens de Guerre et de Bâtimens Marchands qui naviguent sur l’Océan et dans la Méditerranée. Paris: L’Auteur / Bance aîné / Fantin, 1814.
  • Bostan, İdris. Beylikten İmparatorluğa Osmanlı Denizciliği. İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2006.
  • Bostan, İdris. Kürekli ve Yelkenli Osmanlı Gemileri. İstanbul: Bilge Yayınları, 2014.
  • Delis, Apostolos. “From Lateen to Square Rig: The Evolution of the Greek-owned Merchant Fleet and its Ships in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” The Mariners’ Mirror 100, 1 (2014): 44-58.
  • Johns, A. W. “Sir Anthony Deane.” The Mariner’s Mirror 11,2 (1925): 164-193. İnalcık, Halil. “Greeks in the Ottoman Economy and Finances, 1453-1500.” Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis, Jr. Volume II: Byzantinoslavica, Armeniaca, Islamica, the Balkans and Modern Greece. Hazırlayan Jelisaveta Stanojevich Allen, Christos P. Ioannides, John S. Langdon ve Stephen W. Reinert içinde 307-319. New Rochelle / New York: Artistide D. Caratzas, 1993.
  • Kahane, Henry, Renée Kahane ve Andreas Tietze. Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin. İstanbul: ABC Yayınevi, 1988.
  • McGee, David. “From Craftsmanship to Draftsmanship: Naval Architecture and the Three Traditions of Early Modern Design.” Technology and Culture 40, 2 (1999): 209-236.
  • Özdemir Gümüş, Şenay. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Karadeniz’de Ticaret Gemisi İnşa Politikası 1783-1824.” Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 9 (2012): 63-77.
  • Pomey, Patrice, Yaacov Kahanov ve Eric Rieth. “Transition from Shell to Skeleton in Ancient Mediterranean Ship-Construction: Analysis, Problems and Future Research.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA) 41, 2 (2012): 235-314.
  • Pritchard, James. “From Shipwright to Naval Constructor: The Professionalization of 18th-Century French Naval Shipbuilders.” Technology and Culture 28, 1 (1987): 1-25.
  • Rieth, Eric. “Mediterranean Ship Design in the Middle Ages.” The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archeology. Hazırlayan Alexis Catsambis, Ben Ford, ve Donny L. Hamilton içinde 406-425. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Yener, Emir. “Osmanlı Denizcilik Tarihinde Rus Arşivlerinin Yeri.” Savaş Teknolojisi ve Deneysel Çalışmalar. Hazırlayan Kahraman Şakul içinde 169-181. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2013.
  • Yener, Emir. “Ottoman Seapower and Naval Technology during Catherine II’s Turkish Wars 168-1792.” International Naval Journal 9, 1 (2016): 4-14.
  • Zeev, Adina Ben, Yaacov Kahanov, John Tresman ve Michal Artzy. The Ma’agan Mikhael Ship, Volume III: A Reconstruction of the Hull. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, 2009.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay. “Osmanlı Deniz Teknolojisi Üzerine.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi 4, 2 (2004): 297-353.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay ve Fatih Özbay, “Foreign Shipwrights under Selim III: The Case of Jacques Balthazard Le Brun,” Seapower, Technology and Trade. Hazırlayan Dejanirah Couto, Feza Günergun ve Maria Pia Pedani içinde 472-481. İstanbul: Denizler Kitabevi, 2014.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Evren Türkmenoğlu 0000-0002-5869-7360

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Türkmenoğlu, Evren. “An Ottoman Cargo Ship Drawing from Russian Archives”. Osmanli Bilimi Arastirmalari (Studies in Ottoman Science) 23, sy. 1 (Ocak 2022): 127-35. https://doi.org/10.26650/oba.946086.