Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi

F. Büşra Erbil Hacıömeroğlu; Aysu Mutlutürk

doi:10.26650/SP2022-1167944

Araştırma Makalesi

The Effects of Social Roles on Autobiographical Memory: The Content, Functions and Phenomenological Characteristics of the Friend-role and the Student-role Memories

Yıl 2023, , 255 - 287, 25.08.2023

F. Büşra Erbil Hacıömeroğlu , Aysu Mutlutürk

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1167944

Öz

Researchers define autobiographical memory as a self-related memory system guided by the current goals and motivations of individuals. Social roles determine the behavior of individuals in specific contexts according to social position (e.g., student and friend). Research suggests that social roles may be related to different goals and motivations. To date, studies that address the effects of social roles on autobiographical memory are very few, and these studies mainly focus on memory themes. Moreover, research that investigates whether or not and how social roles impact the retrieval of autobiographical memory is lacking. To address this research gap, the current study aims to examine the effects of social roles (i.e., being a student and a friend) on the contents, functions, and phenomenological characteristics of autobiographical memory. Participants (n = 106) report two memories related to the friendship and studentship roles, respectively, and evaluate each memory in terms of functions, phenomenological characteristics, and centrality to the self. The results demonstrate that friend and student memories differed in terms of content, function, and emotional valence. In addition, friend memories contain more relational themes, carry more positive emotions, serve the self and social functions more, and depict a more central place in the lives of individuals compared with student memories. The study also observes that student memories focused more on the theme of success/failure. Although student memories also contain a number of relational themes, the relationships established with authority predominate in these memories. These findings suggest that social roles, goals, and motivations that underlie these roles may drive the remembrance of people of their autobiographical memory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Friend role, self, phenomenology, autobiographical memory functions, student roles, social roles

Proje Numarası

Kaynakça

Adams, R. E., Santo, J. B. ve Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1786-1791. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0025401 google scholar
Addis, R. D. ve Tippett, L. (2004). Memory of myself: Autobiographical memory and identity in Alzheimer’s disease. Memory, 12(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000423 google scholar
Alea, N. (2009). Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?. Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1612 google scholar
Alea, N. ve Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938207 google scholar
Alea, N. ve Bluck, S. (2007). I’ll keep you in mind: The intimacy function of autobiographical memory.Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(8), 1091-1111. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1316 google scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 google scholar
Azmitia, M. (2002). Self, self-esteem, conflicts, and best friendships in early adolescence. T. M. Brinthaupt ve R. P. Lipka (Ed.), Understanding early adolescent self and identity: Applications and interventions (s. 167-192) içinde. State University of New York Press. google scholar
Baddeley, A. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 google scholar
Berntsen, D. ve Rubin, D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009 google scholar
Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C. ve Siegler, I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11(5), 1190-1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940 google scholar
Bettencourt, B. ve Sheldon, K. (2001). Social roles as mechanism for psychological need satisfaction within social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1131-1143. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1131 google scholar
Biddle, B. J. (1979). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. Academic Press. google scholar
Bluck, S. (2003). Autobiographical memory: Exploring its functions in everyday life. Memory, 11(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938206 google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2002). Exploring the functions of autobiographical memory: Why do I remember the autumn? J. D. Webster ve B. K. Haight (Ed.), Critical advances in reminiscence work: From theory to application (s. 61-75) içinde. Springer Publishing Company. google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2008). Remembering being me: the self-continuity function of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. F. Sani (Ed.). Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (s. 55-70) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2009). Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1612 google scholar
Bluck, S., Alea, N., Habermas, T. ve Rubin, D. C. (2005). A TALE of three functions: The self-reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition, 23(1), 91-117. https://doi.org/10.1521/ soco.23.1.91.59198 google scholar
Bordens, K. S. ve Horowitz, I. A. (2008). Social psychology (3. Baskı). Freeload Press. google scholar
Boyacıoğlu, İ. ve Aktaş, Ç. (2018). Olayların Merkeziliği Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 21(41), 17-26. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-45712-002 google scholar
Boyacıoğlu, İ. ve Aktaş, Ç. (2020). Depresyon ile olumlu ve olumsuz otobiyografik anıların merkeziliği ve fenomenolojik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yeni Symposium, 58(4), 23-30. DOI: 10.5455/ NYS.20190914094000 google scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (1. Baskı, s. 25-49) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Bruce, D. (1985). The how and why of ecological memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(1), 78-90. https://doi.Org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.1.78 google scholar
Bukowski, W. M. ve Sippola, L. K. (2005). Friendship and development: Putting the most human relationship in its place. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005(109), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.141 google scholar
Cocking, D. ve Kennett, J. (1998). Friendship and the self. Ethics, 108(3), 502-527. https://www. journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/233824 google scholar
Cohen, G. (1998). The effects of aging on autobiographical memory. C. P. Thompson, D. J. Herrmann, D. Bruce, J. Don Read, D. G. Payne ve M. P. Toglia (Ed.), Autobiographical memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives (s. 105- 123) içinde. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Coman, A. ve Hirst, W. (2015). Social identity and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting: The effects of group membership. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 717-722. https:// doi.org/10.1037/xge0000077 google scholar
Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A. ve Van der Linden, M. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 31(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730590915010 google scholar
Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005 google scholar
Conway, M. A. ve Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261 google scholar
Conway, M. A., Singer, J.A. ve Tagini,A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491-529. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768 google scholar
Çavuşoğlu, M. (2014). Otobiyografik bellek ve kültürleşme arasındaki ilişki: Çocukluk döneminde göç eden yetişkinlerin benlik yapıları ve çocukluk anıları. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Uludağ Üniversitesi. google scholar
D’argembeau, A. ve Van der Linden, M. (2008). Remembering pride and shame: Self enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Memory, 16(5), 538-547. https://doi. org/10.1080/09658210802010463 google scholar
Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S15327965PLI1104_01 google scholar
Demir, M., Özdemir, M. ve Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9025-2 google scholar
Eich, E., Handy, T. C., Holmes, E. A., Lerner, J. ve McIsaac, H. K. (2012). Field and observer perspectives in autobiographical memory. Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior (s. 163181) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Ernst, A., Philippe, F. L. ve D’Argembeau, A. (2018). Wanting or having to: The role of goal self-concordance in episodic future thinking. Consciousness and Cognition, 66, 26-39. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.10.004 google scholar
Filak, V. F. ve Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Student psychological need satisfaction and college teacher-course evaluations. Educational Psychology, 23(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341032000060084 google scholar
Filak, V. F. ve Sheldon, K. M. (2008). Teacher support, student motivation, student need satisfaction, and college teacher course evaluations: Testing a sequential path model. Educational Psychology, 28(6), 711-724. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802337794 google scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W. ve Oosterwegel, A. (2002). Self and identity in early adolescence: The pains and gains of growing up. T. M. Brinthaupt ve R. P. Lipka (Ed.), Understanding early adolescent self and identity: Applications and interventions (s. 25-56) içinde. State University of New York Press. google scholar
Fischer, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87(6), 477-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.6.477 google scholar
Fivush, R. (2011). The development of autobiographical memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702 google scholar
Hare, A. P. (2003). Roles, relationships, and groups in organizations: Some conclusions and recommendations. Small Group Research, 34(2), 123-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496402250430 google scholar
Harris, C. B., Rasmussen, A. S. ve Berntsen, D. (2014). The functions of autobiographical memory: An integrative approach. Memory, 22(5), 559-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.806555 google scholar
Harter, S., Bresnick, S., Bouchey, H. A. ve Whitesell, N. R. (1997). The development of multiple role-related selves during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 835-853. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0954579497001466 google scholar
Harter, S. ve Monsour, A. (1992). Development analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.251 google scholar
Hirst, W. ve Manier, D. (2008). Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, 16(3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811912 google scholar
Janssen, S. M. ve Murre, J. M. (2008). Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(12), 1847-1860. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701774242 google scholar
Jones, R. M., Vaterlaus, J. M., Jackson, M. A. ve Morrill, T. B. (2014). Friendship characteristics, psychosocial development, and adolescent identity formation: Young adult friendships and psychological development. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ pere.12017 google scholar
McConnell, A. R. (2011). The multiple self-aspects framework: Self-concept representation and its implications. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 3-27. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868310371101 google scholar
McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 683. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683 google scholar
McNamara Barry, C., Madsen, S. D. ve DeGrace, A. (2014). Growing up with a little help from their friends in emerging adulthood. Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (s.215-229) içinde. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.008 google scholar
Mutlutürk, A. (2020). Bilişsel psikoloji bakış açısından sosyal etkileşimin toplumsal bellek üzerindeki rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(2), 285-316. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0063 google scholar
Mutlutürk, A., Boduroglu, A. ve Tekcan, A. (2018). Kişisel ve toplumsal bellek. S. Gulgoz, S. Oner ve B. E. Usta (Ed.). Hayatı hatırlamak: Otobiyografik belleğe bilimsel yaklaşımlar (s. 260-280) içinde. Koç University Press. google scholar
Nakash, O. ve Brody, L. (2006). The effects of social roles and personality motives on autobiographical memory. Sex Roles, 54(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-8868-z google scholar
Nakash, O., Brody, L. R., Sotoo, N. ve Gonzalez, K. (2001). Gender, power, and autobiographical memory. The 109th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, USA. google scholar
Neisser, U. (1986). Nested structure in autobiographical memory. D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (1.Baskı, s. 71-81) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Neisser, U. (1997). The ecological study of memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 352(1362), 1697-1701. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rstb.1997.0151 google scholar
Nelson, K. (2003). Self and social functions: Individual autobiographical memory and collective narrative. Memory, 11(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938203 google scholar
Nigro, G. ve Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 467482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6 google scholar
Nordenmark, M. (2004). Multiple social roles and well-being: A longitudinal test of the role stress theory and the role expansion theory. Acta Sociologica, 47(2), 115-126. https://doi. org/10.1177/0001699304043823 google scholar
Pasupathi, M., Lucas, S. ve Coombs, A. (2002). Conversational functions of autobiographicalS15326950DP3402_3 google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (1992). Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis. E. Winograd ve U. Neisser (Ed.), Affect and accuracy in recall (1. Baskı, s. 236-264) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories. Momentous events, vivid memories. Harvard University Press. google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (2003). Directive functions of autobiographical memory: The guiding power of the specific episode. Memory, 11(2), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938208 google scholar
Pillemer, D. B., Ivcevic, Z., Gooze, R. A. ve Collins, K. A. (2007). Self-esteem memories: feeling good about achievement success, feeling bad about relationship distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1292-1305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303952 google scholar
Rasmussen, A. S. ve Berntsen, D. (2009). Emotional valence and the functions of autobiographical memories: Positive and negative memories serve different functions. Memory & Cognition, 37, 477-492. doi:10.3758/MC.37.4.477 google scholar
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200266002 google scholar
Roberts, B. W. ve Donahue, E. M. (1994). One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles. Journal of Personality, 62(2), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994. tb00291.x google scholar
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W. ve Greenberg, D. L. (2003). Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories. Memory & Cognition, 31, 887-901. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196443 google scholar
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., Gulgoz, S. ve Naka, M. (2007). Cross-cultural variability of component processes in autobiographical remembering: Japan, Turkey, and the USA. Memory, 15(5), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701332679 google scholar
Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ ceps.1999.1020 google scholar
Sarbin, T. R. ve Allen, V. L. (1968). Role theory. G. Lindzey ve E. Aronson (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (s. 488-567) içinde. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. google scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., Luke, M. A., O’Mara, E. M. ve Gebauer, J. E. (2013). A three-tier hierarchy of self-potency: Individual self, relational self, collective self. Advances in experimental social psychology (Cilt 48, s. 235-295) içinde. Academic Press. google scholar
Sheldon, K. M. ve Elliot, A. J. (2000). Personal goals in social roles: Divergences and convergences across roles and levels of analysis. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 51-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00091 google scholar
Skowronski, J. J. (2011). The positivity bias and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory: A self-motives perspective. M. D. Alicke ve C. Sedikides (Ed.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (s. 211-231) içinde. The Guilford Press. google scholar
Slotter, E. B. ve Gardner, W. L. (2011). Can you help me become the “me” I want to be? The role of goal pursuit in friendship formation. Self and Identity, 10(2), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/152 98868.2010.482767 google scholar
Sutin, A. R. ve Robins, R. W. (2007). Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: The memory experiences questionnaire. Memory, 15(4), 390-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701256654 google scholar
Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. J.T. Jost ve J. Sidanius (Ed.), Political psychology (s. 276-293) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Thompson, L. F., Surface, E. A., Martin, D. L. ve Sanders, M. G. (2003). From paper to pixels: Moving personnel surveys to the Web. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 197-227. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00149.x google scholar
Thorne, A. ve McLean, K. C. (2001). Manual for coding events in self-defining memories. http://www. selfdefiningmemories.com/Thorne___McLean_SDM_Scoring_Manual.pdf. adresinden alınmıştır. google scholar
Thorne, A., McLean, K. C. ve Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 513-542. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00271.x google scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: The synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 246-260. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246 google scholar
Vranic, A., Jelic, M. ve Tonkovic, M. (2018). Functions of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(219), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00219 google scholar
Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J. ve Thompson, C. P. (2003). Life is pleasant-and memory helps to keep it that way!. Review of General Psychology, 7(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.203 google scholar
Watt, L. M. ve Wong, P. T. P. (1991). A taxonomy of reminiscence and therapeutic implications. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 16(1-2), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v16n01_04 google scholar
Webster, J. D. (1997). The reminiscence functions scale: A replication. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44(2), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.2190/AD4D-813D-F5XN-W07G google scholar
Wilkinson, R. B. (2004). The role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological health and self-esteem of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(6), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1023/ B:JOYO.0000048063.59425.20 google scholar
Wilson, A. E., Gunn, G. R. ve Ross, M. (2009). The role of subjective time in identity regulation. Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1164-1178. https:// doi.org/10.1002/acp.1617 google scholar
Woike, B. A. (2008). A functional framework for the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(2), 99-117. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868308315701 google scholar
Woike, B., Mcleod, S. ve Goggin, M. (2003). Implicit and explicit motives influence accessibility to different autobiographical knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 10461055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254504 google scholar
Woike, B. ve Polo, M. (2001). Motive-related memories: Content, structure, and affect. Journal of Personality, 69(3), 391-415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00150 google scholar
Wolf, T. ve Demiray, B. (2019). The mood-enhancement function of autobiographical memories: Comparisons with other functions in terms of emotional valence. Consciousness and Cognition, 70, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.002 google scholar
Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3). google scholar
Yılmaz, A. F. (2022). Ayrımcılık ve kimlik örseleyici deneyimlerle ilgili otobiyografik anıların işlevleri ve kolektif eyleme katılım kapsamındaki roller [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. google scholar
Zaragoza Scherman, A., Salgado, S., Shao, Z. ve Berntsen, D. (2015). Event centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories to identity and life story across cultures. Memory, 23(8), 11521171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.962997 google scholar
Zarbatany, L., Conley, R. ve Pepper, S. (2004). Personality and gender differences in friendship needs and experiences in preadolescence and young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000514 google scholar

Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi

Yıl 2023, , 255 - 287, 25.08.2023

F. Büşra Erbil Hacıömeroğlu , Aysu Mutlutürk

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1167944

Öz

Otobiyografik bellek, bireylerin şu andaki amaç ve güdülenmeleri tarafından yönlendirilen, benlikle ilişkili bir bellek sistemi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Benliğin bir parçası olan sosyal roller ise bireyin sosyal konumuna bağlı olarak (örn., öğrenci veya arkadaş) belirli bir bağlamda nasıl davranması gerektiğini belirler. Sosyal rollerin farklı amaçlar ve güdülenmelerle ilgili olabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bugüne kadar sosyal rollerin otobiyografik bellek üzerindeki etkileri ile ilgili çok az çalışma yapılmıştır ve bu çalışmalar sadece bellek temalarına odaklanmıştır. Ancak sosyal roller bağlamında hatırlanan otobiyografik anıların işlevlerine, fenomenolojik özelliklerine ve kimlikle olan bağlantılarına yönelik bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, arkadaş ve öğrenci rolleriyle ilişkili otobiyografik anıların içerdikleri hâkim temaları, bellek işlevlerini, fenomenolojik özelliklerini ve kimlikle bağlantılarını incelemektir. Bu amaçla katılımcılardan (n = 106), biri arkadaş rolü diğeri öğrenci rolü ile ilişkili iki anı yazmaları ve her bir anıyı işlevleri, fenomenolojik özellikleri ve anının benliğe merkeziliği bakımından değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Bulgular, arkadaş ve öğrenci rolüyle ilişkili anıların temaları, bellek işlevleri ve taşıdıkları duygusal değerlik bakımından birbirinden farklılaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Arkadaş rolüyle ilgili anıların öğrencilik anılarına kıyasla daha yüksek sıklıkta ilişkisel (örn., arkadaşlık, romantik ya da aile ilişkisiyle ilgili) tema barındırdığı, daha olumlu duygularla hatırlandığı, benlik ve sosyal işlevlere daha fazla hizmet ettiği ve bireylerin hayatında daha merkezi olan deneyimleri içerdiği bulunmuştur. Öğrenci rolüyle ilişkili anıların ise daha çok başarı/başarısızlık temasına odaklı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Öğrencilik rolünde ilişkisel içerikli anılar olsa da bu anılarda otorite (örn., öğretmen) ile kurulan ilişkiler ağır basmaktadır. Bu bulgular, farklı sosyal rollerin ve bu sosyal rollerle ilgili farklı amaç ve güdülenmelerin (örn., içsel ve dışsal güdülenme) insanların otobiyografik anılarını nasıl hatırladıklarını yönlendirebileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arkadaş rolü, benlik, fenomenolojik özellikler, otobiyografik bellek işlevleri, öğrenci rolü, sosyal roller

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, ilk yazarın Yüksek Lisans Tez araştırmasına dayanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Adams, R. E., Santo, J. B. ve Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1786-1791. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0025401 google scholar
Addis, R. D. ve Tippett, L. (2004). Memory of myself: Autobiographical memory and identity in Alzheimer’s disease. Memory, 12(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000423 google scholar
Alea, N. (2009). Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?. Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1612 google scholar
Alea, N. ve Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938207 google scholar
Alea, N. ve Bluck, S. (2007). I’ll keep you in mind: The intimacy function of autobiographical memory.Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(8), 1091-1111. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1316 google scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469 google scholar
Azmitia, M. (2002). Self, self-esteem, conflicts, and best friendships in early adolescence. T. M. Brinthaupt ve R. P. Lipka (Ed.), Understanding early adolescent self and identity: Applications and interventions (s. 167-192) içinde. State University of New York Press. google scholar
Baddeley, A. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 google scholar
Berntsen, D. ve Rubin, D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009 google scholar
Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C. ve Siegler, I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11(5), 1190-1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940 google scholar
Bettencourt, B. ve Sheldon, K. (2001). Social roles as mechanism for psychological need satisfaction within social groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1131-1143. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1131 google scholar
Biddle, B. J. (1979). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. Academic Press. google scholar
Bluck, S. (2003). Autobiographical memory: Exploring its functions in everyday life. Memory, 11(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938206 google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2002). Exploring the functions of autobiographical memory: Why do I remember the autumn? J. D. Webster ve B. K. Haight (Ed.), Critical advances in reminiscence work: From theory to application (s. 61-75) içinde. Springer Publishing Company. google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2008). Remembering being me: the self-continuity function of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. F. Sani (Ed.). Self-continuity: Individual and collective perspectives (s. 55-70) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Bluck, S. ve Alea, N. (2009). Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1089-1104. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1612 google scholar
Bluck, S., Alea, N., Habermas, T. ve Rubin, D. C. (2005). A TALE of three functions: The self-reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition, 23(1), 91-117. https://doi.org/10.1521/ soco.23.1.91.59198 google scholar
Bordens, K. S. ve Horowitz, I. A. (2008). Social psychology (3. Baskı). Freeload Press. google scholar
Boyacıoğlu, İ. ve Aktaş, Ç. (2018). Olayların Merkeziliği Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 21(41), 17-26. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-45712-002 google scholar
Boyacıoğlu, İ. ve Aktaş, Ç. (2020). Depresyon ile olumlu ve olumsuz otobiyografik anıların merkeziliği ve fenomenolojik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Yeni Symposium, 58(4), 23-30. DOI: 10.5455/ NYS.20190914094000 google scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (1. Baskı, s. 25-49) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Bruce, D. (1985). The how and why of ecological memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114(1), 78-90. https://doi.Org/10.1037/0096-3445.114.1.78 google scholar
Bukowski, W. M. ve Sippola, L. K. (2005). Friendship and development: Putting the most human relationship in its place. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005(109), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.141 google scholar
Cocking, D. ve Kennett, J. (1998). Friendship and the self. Ethics, 108(3), 502-527. https://www. journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/233824 google scholar
Cohen, G. (1998). The effects of aging on autobiographical memory. C. P. Thompson, D. J. Herrmann, D. Bruce, J. Don Read, D. G. Payne ve M. P. Toglia (Ed.), Autobiographical memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives (s. 105- 123) içinde. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. google scholar
Coman, A. ve Hirst, W. (2015). Social identity and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting: The effects of group membership. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 717-722. https:// doi.org/10.1037/xge0000077 google scholar
Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A. ve Van der Linden, M. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 31(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730590915010 google scholar
Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005 google scholar
Conway, M. A. ve Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261 google scholar
Conway, M. A., Singer, J.A. ve Tagini,A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22(5), 491-529. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768 google scholar
Çavuşoğlu, M. (2014). Otobiyografik bellek ve kültürleşme arasındaki ilişki: Çocukluk döneminde göç eden yetişkinlerin benlik yapıları ve çocukluk anıları. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Uludağ Üniversitesi. google scholar
D’argembeau, A. ve Van der Linden, M. (2008). Remembering pride and shame: Self enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Memory, 16(5), 538-547. https://doi. org/10.1080/09658210802010463 google scholar
Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S15327965PLI1104_01 google scholar
Demir, M., Özdemir, M. ve Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9025-2 google scholar
Eich, E., Handy, T. C., Holmes, E. A., Lerner, J. ve McIsaac, H. K. (2012). Field and observer perspectives in autobiographical memory. Social Thinking and Interpersonal Behavior (s. 163181) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Ernst, A., Philippe, F. L. ve D’Argembeau, A. (2018). Wanting or having to: The role of goal self-concordance in episodic future thinking. Consciousness and Cognition, 66, 26-39. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.10.004 google scholar
Filak, V. F. ve Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Student psychological need satisfaction and college teacher-course evaluations. Educational Psychology, 23(3), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341032000060084 google scholar
Filak, V. F. ve Sheldon, K. M. (2008). Teacher support, student motivation, student need satisfaction, and college teacher course evaluations: Testing a sequential path model. Educational Psychology, 28(6), 711-724. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802337794 google scholar
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Meeus, W. ve Oosterwegel, A. (2002). Self and identity in early adolescence: The pains and gains of growing up. T. M. Brinthaupt ve R. P. Lipka (Ed.), Understanding early adolescent self and identity: Applications and interventions (s. 25-56) içinde. State University of New York Press. google scholar
Fischer, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87(6), 477-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.6.477 google scholar
Fivush, R. (2011). The development of autobiographical memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 62(1), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702 google scholar
Hare, A. P. (2003). Roles, relationships, and groups in organizations: Some conclusions and recommendations. Small Group Research, 34(2), 123-154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496402250430 google scholar
Harris, C. B., Rasmussen, A. S. ve Berntsen, D. (2014). The functions of autobiographical memory: An integrative approach. Memory, 22(5), 559-581. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.806555 google scholar
Harter, S., Bresnick, S., Bouchey, H. A. ve Whitesell, N. R. (1997). The development of multiple role-related selves during adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 835-853. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0954579497001466 google scholar
Harter, S. ve Monsour, A. (1992). Development analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology, 28(2), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.251 google scholar
Hirst, W. ve Manier, D. (2008). Towards a psychology of collective memory. Memory, 16(3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701811912 google scholar
Janssen, S. M. ve Murre, J. M. (2008). Reminiscence bump in autobiographical memory: Unexplained by novelty, emotionality, valence, or importance of personal events. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(12), 1847-1860. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701774242 google scholar
Jones, R. M., Vaterlaus, J. M., Jackson, M. A. ve Morrill, T. B. (2014). Friendship characteristics, psychosocial development, and adolescent identity formation: Young adult friendships and psychological development. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/ pere.12017 google scholar
McConnell, A. R. (2011). The multiple self-aspects framework: Self-concept representation and its implications. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 3-27. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868310371101 google scholar
McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 683. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683 google scholar
McNamara Barry, C., Madsen, S. D. ve DeGrace, A. (2014). Growing up with a little help from their friends in emerging adulthood. Arnett, J. J. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (s.215-229) içinde. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.008 google scholar
Mutlutürk, A. (2020). Bilişsel psikoloji bakış açısından sosyal etkileşimin toplumsal bellek üzerindeki rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 40(2), 285-316. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0063 google scholar
Mutlutürk, A., Boduroglu, A. ve Tekcan, A. (2018). Kişisel ve toplumsal bellek. S. Gulgoz, S. Oner ve B. E. Usta (Ed.). Hayatı hatırlamak: Otobiyografik belleğe bilimsel yaklaşımlar (s. 260-280) içinde. Koç University Press. google scholar
Nakash, O. ve Brody, L. (2006). The effects of social roles and personality motives on autobiographical memory. Sex Roles, 54(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-8868-z google scholar
Nakash, O., Brody, L. R., Sotoo, N. ve Gonzalez, K. (2001). Gender, power, and autobiographical memory. The 109th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, USA. google scholar
Neisser, U. (1986). Nested structure in autobiographical memory. D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (1.Baskı, s. 71-81) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Neisser, U. (1997). The ecological study of memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 352(1362), 1697-1701. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rstb.1997.0151 google scholar
Nelson, K. (2003). Self and social functions: Individual autobiographical memory and collective narrative. Memory, 11(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938203 google scholar
Nigro, G. ve Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 467482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6 google scholar
Nordenmark, M. (2004). Multiple social roles and well-being: A longitudinal test of the role stress theory and the role expansion theory. Acta Sociologica, 47(2), 115-126. https://doi. org/10.1177/0001699304043823 google scholar
Pasupathi, M., Lucas, S. ve Coombs, A. (2002). Conversational functions of autobiographicalS15326950DP3402_3 google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (1992). Remembering personal circumstances: A functional analysis. E. Winograd ve U. Neisser (Ed.), Affect and accuracy in recall (1. Baskı, s. 236-264) içinde. Cambridge University Press. google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories. Momentous events, vivid memories. Harvard University Press. google scholar
Pillemer, D. B. (2003). Directive functions of autobiographical memory: The guiding power of the specific episode. Memory, 11(2), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/741938208 google scholar
Pillemer, D. B., Ivcevic, Z., Gooze, R. A. ve Collins, K. A. (2007). Self-esteem memories: feeling good about achievement success, feeling bad about relationship distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1292-1305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207303952 google scholar
Rasmussen, A. S. ve Berntsen, D. (2009). Emotional valence and the functions of autobiographical memories: Positive and negative memories serve different functions. Memory & Cognition, 37, 477-492. doi:10.3758/MC.37.4.477 google scholar
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). Daily well being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200266002 google scholar
Roberts, B. W. ve Donahue, E. M. (1994). One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles. Journal of Personality, 62(2), 199-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994. tb00291.x google scholar
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W. ve Greenberg, D. L. (2003). Belief and recollection of autobiographical memories. Memory & Cognition, 31, 887-901. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196443 google scholar
Rubin, D. C., Schrauf, R. W., Gulgoz, S. ve Naka, M. (2007). Cross-cultural variability of component processes in autobiographical remembering: Japan, Turkey, and the USA. Memory, 15(5), 536-547. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701332679 google scholar
Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ ceps.1999.1020 google scholar
Sarbin, T. R. ve Allen, V. L. (1968). Role theory. G. Lindzey ve E. Aronson (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (s. 488-567) içinde. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. google scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., Luke, M. A., O’Mara, E. M. ve Gebauer, J. E. (2013). A three-tier hierarchy of self-potency: Individual self, relational self, collective self. Advances in experimental social psychology (Cilt 48, s. 235-295) içinde. Academic Press. google scholar
Sheldon, K. M. ve Elliot, A. J. (2000). Personal goals in social roles: Divergences and convergences across roles and levels of analysis. Journal of Personality, 68(1), 51-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00091 google scholar
Skowronski, J. J. (2011). The positivity bias and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory: A self-motives perspective. M. D. Alicke ve C. Sedikides (Ed.), Handbook of self-enhancement and self-protection (s. 211-231) içinde. The Guilford Press. google scholar
Slotter, E. B. ve Gardner, W. L. (2011). Can you help me become the “me” I want to be? The role of goal pursuit in friendship formation. Self and Identity, 10(2), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/152 98868.2010.482767 google scholar
Sutin, A. R. ve Robins, R. W. (2007). Phenomenology of autobiographical memories: The memory experiences questionnaire. Memory, 15(4), 390-411. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701256654 google scholar
Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. J.T. Jost ve J. Sidanius (Ed.), Political psychology (s. 276-293) içinde. Psychology Press. google scholar
Thompson, L. F., Surface, E. A., Martin, D. L. ve Sanders, M. G. (2003). From paper to pixels: Moving personnel surveys to the Web. Personnel Psychology, 56(1), 197-227. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00149.x google scholar
Thorne, A. ve McLean, K. C. (2001). Manual for coding events in self-defining memories. http://www. selfdefiningmemories.com/Thorne___McLean_SDM_Scoring_Manual.pdf. adresinden alınmıştır. google scholar
Thorne, A., McLean, K. C. ve Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 513-542. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00271.x google scholar
Vansteenkiste, M., Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2004). Motivating learning, performance, and persistence: The synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy-supportive contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(2), 246-260. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.246 google scholar
Vranic, A., Jelic, M. ve Tonkovic, M. (2018). Functions of autobiographical memory in younger and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(219), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00219 google scholar
Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J. ve Thompson, C. P. (2003). Life is pleasant-and memory helps to keep it that way!. Review of General Psychology, 7(2), 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.2.203 google scholar
Watt, L. M. ve Wong, P. T. P. (1991). A taxonomy of reminiscence and therapeutic implications. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 16(1-2), 37-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v16n01_04 google scholar
Webster, J. D. (1997). The reminiscence functions scale: A replication. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 44(2), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.2190/AD4D-813D-F5XN-W07G google scholar
Wilkinson, R. B. (2004). The role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological health and self-esteem of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(6), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1023/ B:JOYO.0000048063.59425.20 google scholar
Wilson, A. E., Gunn, G. R. ve Ross, M. (2009). The role of subjective time in identity regulation. Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 23(8), 1164-1178. https:// doi.org/10.1002/acp.1617 google scholar
Woike, B. A. (2008). A functional framework for the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(2), 99-117. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868308315701 google scholar
Woike, B., Mcleod, S. ve Goggin, M. (2003). Implicit and explicit motives influence accessibility to different autobiographical knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 10461055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254504 google scholar
Woike, B. ve Polo, M. (2001). Motive-related memories: Content, structure, and affect. Journal of Personality, 69(3), 391-415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00150 google scholar
Wolf, T. ve Demiray, B. (2019). The mood-enhancement function of autobiographical memories: Comparisons with other functions in terms of emotional valence. Consciousness and Cognition, 70, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.002 google scholar
Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching internet-based populations: Advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3). google scholar
Yılmaz, A. F. (2022). Ayrımcılık ve kimlik örseleyici deneyimlerle ilgili otobiyografik anıların işlevleri ve kolektif eyleme katılım kapsamındaki roller [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. google scholar
Zaragoza Scherman, A., Salgado, S., Shao, Z. ve Berntsen, D. (2015). Event centrality of positive and negative autobiographical memories to identity and life story across cultures. Memory, 23(8), 11521171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.962997 google scholar
Zarbatany, L., Conley, R. ve Pepper, S. (2004). Personality and gender differences in friendship needs and experiences in preadolescence and young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000514 google scholar

Toplam 96 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Sosyal ve Kişilik Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	F. Büşra Erbil Hacıömeroğlu 0000-0003-3207-658X Aysu Mutlutürk 0000-0002-5217-3021
Proje Numarası	-
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	28 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu, F. B., & Mutlutürk, A. (2023). Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi. Studies in Psychology, 43(2), 255-287. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1167944
AMA	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu FB, Mutlutürk A. Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi. Studies in Psychology. Ağustos 2023;43(2):255-287. doi:10.26650/SP2022-1167944
Chicago	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu, F. Büşra, ve Aysu Mutlutürk. “Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık Ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri Ve Fenomenolojisi”. Studies in Psychology 43, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 255-87. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1167944.
EndNote	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu FB, Mutlutürk A (01 Ağustos 2023) Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi. Studies in Psychology 43 2 255–287.
IEEE	F. B. Erbil Hacıömeroğlu ve A. Mutlutürk, “Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi”, Studies in Psychology, c. 43, sy. 2, ss. 255–287, 2023, doi: 10.26650/SP2022-1167944.
ISNAD	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu, F. Büşra - Mutlutürk, Aysu. “Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık Ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri Ve Fenomenolojisi”. Studies in Psychology 43/2 (Ağustos 2023), 255-287. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1167944.
JAMA	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu FB, Mutlutürk A. Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi. Studies in Psychology. 2023;43:255–287.
MLA	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu, F. Büşra ve Aysu Mutlutürk. “Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık Ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri Ve Fenomenolojisi”. Studies in Psychology, c. 43, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 255-87, doi:10.26650/SP2022-1167944.
Vancouver	Erbil Hacıömeroğlu FB, Mutlutürk A. Sosyal Rollerin Otobiyografik Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve Öğrencilik Anılarının İçeriği, İşlevleri ve Fenomenolojisi. Studies in Psychology. 2023;43(2):255-87.

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680