A Systematic Review of Working Memory Development in Children Aged 0-36 Months

Öz

Working memory, which refers to the group of cognitive processes involved in the temporary storage and manipulation of information, has a critical importance in early childhood, when human beings actively interact with the environment and acquire new skills through observation and reasoning. For this reason, it is thought that examining scientific studies on working memory in early childhood in terms of different criteria will be useful in creating early intervention opportunities and guiding researchers who want to work in this field. The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the studies conducted between 2015 and 2023 on the working memory of normally developing children aged 0-36 months to determine the environmental and individual factors affecting working memory and to examine the relationship between working memory and language development. Scientific studies conducted between March 2015 and August 2023 on the working memory of children aged 0-36 months whose full texts were accessible were included in the study. The databases were searched with the keywords "working memory, infant or toddler or young child" in English and "çalışma belleği, “bebek” veya “yeni yürüyen çocuk" in Turkish, which were determined by considering the relationship between the subject title and the purpose of the study. The English search resulted in 536 articles and the Turkish search resulted in 41 articles. Using the PRISMA protocol and the PICOS approach, 56 of the 577 studies initially identified were included in the study. As a result of the analysis of the studies, it was seen that children’s working memory skills increase with age and they develop more effective strategies, and that language development and working memory are mutually related. In addition, according to the research findings, some environmental factors (neglect, maternal education level, family income level, parental communication, etc.) and individual factors (attention, dopamine level, gender, etc.) affecting children's working memory were determined. It has been observed that different methods and techniques have been tried to measure the working memory performance of children aged 0-36 months. In conclusion, it is seen that the studies conducted on children aged 0-36 months between 2015 and 2023 provide important findings for early intervention.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Working memory
• infant
• toddler
• early childhood

0-36 Aylık Çocuklarda Çalışma Belleği Gelişimi Üzerine Sistematik Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bilginin geçici olarak depolanması ve manipüle edilmesine dâhil olan bilişsel süreçler grubunu ifade eden çalışma belleği, insanoğlunun çevre ile aktif olarak etkileşime girdiği, gözlem ve muhakeme yoluyla yeni beceriler kazandığı erken çocukluk döneminde kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle erken çocukluk döneminde çalışma belleği ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel çalışmaların farklı ölçütler açısından incelenmesinin erken müdahale fırsatları yaratmada ve bu alanda çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara yön verme konusunda yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, 0-36 aylık normal gelişim gösteren çocukların çalışma belleği ile ilgili 2015-2023 yılları arasında yapılan araştırmaların sistematik bir analizini yaparak çalışma belleğini etkileyen çevresel ve bireysel faktörleri belirlemek ve çalışma belleğinin dil gelişimi ile olan ilişkisini incelemektir. Çalışmaya, Mart 2015-Ağustos 2023 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiş ve tam metinlerine erişilebilen, 0-36 aylık çocukların çalışma belleğini konu alan bilimsel araştırmalar dahil edilmiştir. Veri tabanlarında konu başlığı ve çalışmanın amacıyla ilişkisi düşünülerek belirlenen İngilizce "working memory, infant or toddler or young child" anahtar sözcüğü ve Türkçe "çalışma belleği, bebek veya yeni yürüyen çocuk veya 0-36 aylık" anahtar sözcüğü ile arama yapılmıştır. İngilizce arama sonucunda 536 makale, Türkçe arama sonucunda 41 makale belirlenmiştir. PRISMA protokolü ve PICOS yaklaşımı kullanılarak başlangıçta belirlenen 577 çalışmadan 56’sı çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmaların analizi sonucunda; yaş ile birlikte çocukların çalışma belleği becerilerinin arttığı ve daha etkili stratejiler geliştirdikleri, dil gelişimi ile çalışma belleğinin ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca araştırma bulgularına göre, çocukların çalışma belleğini etkileyen bazı çevresel faktörler (ihmal, anne eğitim düzeyi, aile gelir düzeyi, ebeveyn iletişimi vb.) ve bireysel faktörler (dikkat, dopamin seviyesi, cinsiyet vb.) belirlenmiştir. Araştırmalarda 0-36 aylık çocukların çalışma belleği performanslarını ölçmek için farklı yöntem ve teknikler denedikleri görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; 0-36 ay arası çocuklar üzerinde 2015-2023 yılları arasında yapılan araştırmaların erken müdahale için önemli bulgular sunduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çalışma belleği
• bebek
• erken çocukluk

Kaynakça

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