100 Türkçe ve Makedonca Sözcüğün Duygusal Değerlik, Somutluk ve Kullanım Sıklığı Düzeyinin Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi

Öz

Sözcüklerin sıklık değerleri ve somutluk, imgelenebilirlik, duygusal değerlik veya uyarılmışlık gibi psikometrik özellikleri, başta deneysel ve bilişsel psikoloji araştırmaları olmak üzere psikolojinin birçok alanındaki çalışmalarda zihinsel süreçlerin işleyişini etkileyerek karıştırıcı etkiler oluşturabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, araştırmalarda kullanılması planlanan sözcüklere dair özelliklerin tespit edilip olası etkilerinin kontrol edilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Türkçe sözcüklerin sıklık, somutluk, imgelenebilirlik, duygusal değerlik ve uyarılmışlık gibi özellikleri üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte, Makedonca alanyazında bu tür çalışmalar eksiktir. Dolayısıyla, Türkçe ve Makedonca karşılaştırmalı araştırmalar için kullanılabilecek bir veri seti bulunmamaktadır. Buradan hareketle, bu çalışmada Türkçe ve Makedonca sözcüklerin karşılıklı olarak duygusal değerlik, somutluk ve sıklık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Amacı gerçekleştirmeye yönelik, öncelikle Türkçe alanyazınında mevcut olan Tekcan ve Göz’ün (2005) çalışmasından faydalanılarak görece yaygın kullanılan ve somut sözcüklerden oluşan bir Türkçe sözcük listesi oluşturulmuştur. Ardından, Makedonca sözcüklerin kullanım sıklığı hesaplanmış ve Türkçe listedeki sözcükler baz alınarak yaygın kullanılan Makedonca karşılıklarından oluşan ikinci bir liste hazırlanmıştır. Toplamda 100 Türkçe sözcüğün ve Makedonca karşılıklarının yer aldığı iki liste oluşturulmuştur. Türkçe listedeki sözcüklerin duygusal değerliği ve Makedonca listedeki sözcüklerin duygusal değerlik ve somutluk değerleri iki farklı örneklem ile ölçülmüştür. Türkçe sözcüklerin değerlendirmesi ana dili Türkçe ve yaş ortalaması 24.63 olan 70 katılımcı (46 kadın, 24 erkek), Makedonca sözcüklerin değerlendirmesi ise ana dili Makedonca ve yaş ortalaması 24.04 olan 60 katılımcı ile (39 kadın, 21 erkek) yürütülmüştür. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, Türkçe ve Makedonca dilleri için karşılaştırmalı olarak raporlanmış ve benzer güncel çalışmalar açısından detaylı bir şekilde tartışılmıştır. Mevcut araştırmanın, psikodilbilim alanında bir boşluğu doldurarak Makedonca dilindeki sözcüklerin psikometrik özelliklerini anlama ve Türkçe sözcüklerle karşılaştırmalı analizler yapma imkânı sağlaması bakımından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Türkçe sözcük normları
• Makedonca sözcük normları
• kullanım sıklığı
• duygusal değerlik
• somutluk

A Comparative Investigation of the Emotional Valence, Concreteness, and Frequency of 100 Turkish and Macedonian Words

Öz

The frequency values of words and their psychometric properties, such as concreteness, imageability, emotional valence, and arousal, can lead to confounding effects by influencing mental processes in various psychology studies, especially in experimental and cognitive research. Thus, it is crucial to identify and control these word properties in research. Although there have been studies on the frequency, concreteness, imageability, emotional valence, and arousal of Turkish words, similar research is lacking in the Macedonian literature. Consequently, no data set is available for comparative research between Turkish and Macedonian. To address this, the present study aimed to determine and compare the emotional valence, concreteness, and frequency of Turkish and Macedonian words. An initial list of commonly used and concrete Turkish words was created on the basis of Tekcan and Göz (2005). Subsequently, the frequency of Macedonian words was calculated, and a list of commonly used Macedonian equivalents was compiled from the Turkish list. This resulted in two lists, each containing 100 Turkish words and their Macedonian equivalents. The emotional valence of the Turkish words and the emotional valence and concreteness of the Macedonian words were measured using two different samples. Turkish words were evaluated by 70 native Turkish speakers (46 female, 24 male) with a mean age of 24.63, while Macedonian words were evaluated by 60 native Macedonian speakers (39 female, 21 male) with a mean age of 24.04. The findings were reported compara tively for both languages and discussed considering recent studies. This research is significant for filling a gap in psycholinguistics, offering a means to understand Macedonian word properties and conduct comparative analyses with Turkish words.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turkish word norms
• Macedonian word norms
• frequency
• emotional valance
• concreteness

Kaynakça

1. Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Mersinli, Ü. ve Demirhan, U. U. (2016). A frequency dictionary of Turkish. Routledge. google scholar
2. Balota, D. A. ve Chumbley, J. I. (1984). Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10(3), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1037// 0096-1523.10.3.340 google scholar
3. Barton, J. J. S., Hanif, H. M., Eklinder Björnström, L. ve Hills, C. (2014). The word-length effect in reading: A review. Cognitive Neuropsy^ chology, 31(5–6), 378–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2014.895314 google scholar
4. Bradley, M. M. ve Lang, P. J. (1999). Affective norms for English words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report C-1, Gainesville, FL: The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida. google scholar
5. Brysbaert, M., Mandera, P. ve Keuleers, E. (2018). The word frequency effect in word processing: An updated review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417727521 google scholar
6. Cop, U., Keuleers, E., Drieghe, D. ve Duyck, W. (2015). Frequency effects in monolingual and bilingual natural reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(5), 1216–1234. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0819-2 google scholar
7. Duyck, W., Vanderelst, D., Desmet, T. ve Hartsuiker, R. J. (2008). The frequency effect in second-language visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(4), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.4.850 google scholar
8. Eilola, T. M. ve Havelka, J. (2010). Affective norms for 210 British English and Finnish nouns. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.134 google scholar

9. Erol, E. (2021). Duygusal değerliğin ve cinsiyetin bellek yanılgısı üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Uludag Üniversitesi. google scholar
10. Field, A., Miles, J. ve Field, Z. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. SAGE Publications. google scholar
11. Fleurkens, P., Rinck, M. ve van Minnen, A. (2011). Specificity and generalization of attentional bias in sexual trauma victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(6), 783-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.014 google scholar
12. Foley, M. A., Wozniak, K. H. ve Gillum, A. (2006). Imagination and false memory inductions: Investigating the role of process, content and source of imaginations. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 20(9), 1119-1141. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1265 google scholar
13. Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory and Cognition 16(4), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF 03197041 google scholar
14. Gilet, A. L., Gruhn, D., Studer, J. ve Labouvie-Vief, G. (2012). Valence, arousal, and imagery ratings for 835 French attributes by young, middle-aged, and older adults: The French Emotional Evaluation List (FEEL). European Review of Applied Psychology^Revue Europeenne De Psychologie Appliquee, 62(3), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2012.03.003 google scholar
15. Göz, İ. (2003). Yazılı Türkçenin kelime sıklığı sözlüğü. Türk Dil Kurumu. google scholar
16. Imbir, K. K. (2016). Affective Norms for 4900 Polish Words Reload (ANPW_R): Assessments for valence, arousal, dominance, origin, significance, concreteness, imageability and, age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1081. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2016.01081 google scholar
17. Inaba, M., Nomura, M. ve Ohira, H. (2005). Neural evidence of effects of emotional valence on word recognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 57(3), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2005.01.002 google scholar
18. Jescheniak, J. D. ve Levelt, W. J. M. (1994). Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 824–843. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 0278-7393.20.4.824 google scholar
19. Jessen, F., Heun, R., Erb, M., Granath, D. O., Klose, U., Papassotiropoulos, A. ve Grodd, W. (2000). The concreteness effect: Evidence for dual coding and context availability. Brain and Language, 74(1), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2340 google scholar
20. Kanske, P., ve Kotz, S. A. (2011). Cross-modal validation of the Leipzig Affective Norms for German (LANG). Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 409-413. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-010-0048-6 google scholar
21. Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2021). Turkish emotional word norms for arousal, valence, and discrete emotion categories. Psychological Reports, 124(1), 188-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118814722 google scholar
22. Kensinger E. A. (2009). Remembering the details: Effects of emotion. Emotion Review: Journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion, 1(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073908100432 google scholar
23. Kensinger, E. A. ve Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words?. Memory & Cognition, 31(8), 1169–1180. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195800 google scholar
24. Kensinger, E. A ve Schacter, D. L. (2006). Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(2), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.6.2.110 google scholar
25. Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M. ve Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035669 google scholar
26. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. ve Cuthbert, B. N. (1993). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. University of Florida. google scholar
27. Maidenberg, E., Chen, E., Craske, M., Bohn, P. ve Bystritsky, A. (1996). Specificity of attentional bias in panic disorder and social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10(6), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(96)00028-X google scholar
28. McGaugh, J. L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144157 google scholar
29. Monsell, S., Doyle, M. C. ve Haggard, P. N. (1989). Effects of frequency on visual word recognition tasks: Where are they? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118(1), 43–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.118.1.43 google scholar
30. Montefinese, M., Ambrosini, E., Fairfield, B. ve Mammarella, N. (2014). The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for Italian. Behavior Research Methods, 46(3), 887–903. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0405-3 google scholar
31. Moors, A., De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., Wanmaker, S., van Schie, K., Van Harmelen, A. L., De Schryver, M. De Winne, J. ve Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, dominance, and age of acquisition for 4,300 Dutch words. Behavior Research Methods, 45(1), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0243-8 google scholar
32. Moseley, R. L. ve Pulvermüller, F. (2014). Nouns, verbs, objects, actions, and abstractions: Local fMRI activity indexes semantics, not lexical categories. Brain and Language, 132, 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.001 google scholar
33. Mueller, S. T., Seymour, T. L., Kieras, D. E. ve Meyer, D. E. (2003). Theoretical implications of articulatory duration, phonological similarity, and phonological complexity in verbal working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(6), 1353–1380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.6.1353 google scholar
34. Paivio, A. ve Yuille, J. C. (1967). Mediation instructions and word attributes in paired-associate learning. Psychonomic Science, 8(2), 65– 66. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03330669 google scholar
35. Paivio, A., Walsh, M. ve Bons, T. (1994). Concreteness effects on memory: When and why?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(5), 1196–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1196 google scholar
36. Pérez-Mata, M. N., Read, J. D. ve Diges, M. (2002). Effects of divided attention and word concreteness on correct recall and false memory reports. Memory, 10(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210143000308 google scholar
37. Quas, J. A., Rush, E. B., Yim, I. S., Edelstein, R. S., Otgaar, H. ve Smeets, T. (2016). Stress and emotional valence effects on children's versus adolescents' true and false memory. Memory, 24(5), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1045909 google scholar
38. Redondo, J., Fraga, I., Padron, I. ve Comesna, M. (2007). The Spanish adaptation of ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words). Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 600-605. https://doi.org/10.3758/Bf03193031 google scholar
39. Soares, A. P., Comesana, M., Pinheiro, A. P., Simoes, A. ve Frade, C. S. (2012). The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 44(1), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7 google scholar
40. Speed, L. J. ve Brysbaert, M. (2024). Ratings of valence, arousal, happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise for 24,000 Dutch words. Behavior Research Methods, 56(5), 5023–5039. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02239-6 google scholar
41. Steinberg, D. D. ve Sciarini, N.V. (2006). An introduction to psycholinguistics (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315836218 google scholar
42. Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri (No. 849). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi. google scholar
43. Tekcan, A. İ., Göz, İ., Yalçın, S., Akırmak, Ü., Serbest, S., Fırat, C. ve Rodoplu, S. (2002). Yazılı Türkçenin kelime sıklığı sözlüğü’nün geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(50), 27-42. https://kutuphane.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php google scholar
44. Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology, 26(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080017 google scholar
45. Whitford, V. ve Titone, D. (2012). Second-language experience modulates first- and second-language word frequency effects: Evidence from eye movement measures of natural paragraph reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.3758/ s13423-011-0179-5 google scholar
46. Ying, L., Ruyang, Y., Chuanbin, N., Yeqing, W., Qing, L., Yufan, Z. ve Fei, G. (2024). ANCW: Affective norms for 4030 Chinese words. Behavior Research Methods, 56(5), 4893–4908. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02226-x google scholar