Utanç Pusulası Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özellikleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 361 - 383, 30.09.2020

İrem Akıncı Merve Cesur Atintaş

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0053

Öz

Utanç Pusulası Ölçeği (UPÖ), bireylerin utançla baş etme biçimlerini ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilmiş bir ölçektir. Ölçek 48 madde ile dört faktörden (geri çekilme, başkalarına saldırma, kendine saldırma, kaçınma) oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada UPÖ’nün psikometrik özelliklerinin Türkiye örnekleminde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma örneklemi, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında değişen 496 yetişkinden (137 erkek, 359 kadın) oluşmaktadır. Test-tekrar test güvenirliği için ilk ölçümden iki hafta sonra 76 katılımcıdan tekrar ölçüm alınmıştır. Katılımcılardan Utanç Pusulası Ölçeği, Sürekli Utanç ve Suçluluk Ölçeği, Sürekli Öfke ve Öfke İfadeleri Envanteri, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Envanteri ve Demografik Form doldurmaları istenmiştir. UPÖ’nün yapı geçerliğini incelemek için varimax rotasyonlu açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve teorik olarak ilişkili diğer yapılarla olan korelasyonları test edilmiştir. Faktör analizi sonuçları, orijinal ölçeğe benzer şekilde dört faktörlü bir yapı ortaya koymuştur. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise, UPÖ’nün kendine saldırma, başkalarına saldırma ve geri çekilme faktörleri sürekli utanç ve öfke, öfke ifade tarzları, duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve depresif belirtiler ile anlamlı korelasyonlar göstermiştir. Kaçınma faktörü ise gurur, öfke ve bastırılmış öfke ile düşük ancak anlamlı düzeyde ilişki göstermiştir. Bu bulgular ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini destekler niteliktedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık güvenirliğini test etmek amacıyla faktörlere ait Cronbach alpha katsayıları hesaplanmış ve katsayıların .71 ile .89 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Test-tekrar test güvenirliği için hesaplanan değerler .71 ile .80 arasında değişkenlik göstermektedir. Ayrıca, geri çekilme ve kendine saldırma faktörleri için anlamlı cinsiyet farklılıkları tespit edilmiş, bu faktörlerde kadınların erkeklerden anlamlı olarak daha yüksek puan aldıkları bulunmuştur. Tüm bu bulgular, Utanç Pusulası Ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonunun, geçerlik ve güvenirliğine dair güçlü kanıtlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Utanç, başa çıkma, geçerlik, güvenirlik, Utanç Pusulası Ölçeği

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Compass of Shame Scale

Öz

The Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS) was developed to measure the ways individuals deal with shame. The scale consists of 48 items and four factors (withdrawal, attack other, attack-self, avoidance). This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Compass of Shame Scale (CoSS) in a Turkish sample. The sample consisted of 496 adults (137 male, 359 female) aged between 18 and 66 years. The data for test-retest analysis were collected from 76 participants two weeks after the first measurement. Participants were asked to complete the Compass of Shame Scale, Trait Shame and Guilt Scale, Trait Anger and Anger Expressions Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and a Demographic Form. In order to test the construct validity of CoSS an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation was conducted and its correlations with theoretically similar constructs were tested. The results of the factor analysis were compatible with the four-factor structure of the original scale. Regarding correlations, withdrawal, attack self, and attack other showed significant correlations with trait shame, anger, anger expressions, difficulties in emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms. Avoidance, however, had small but significant correlations with pride, anger, and internalized anger. These findings support the construct validity of the scale. The Cronbach’s alpha values for the internal consistency reliabilities of the factors were estimated and ranged between .71 and .89. The values calculated for test-retest reliability ranged from .71 to .80. In addition, significant gender differences were found for the withdrawal and attack self factors such that women scored significantly higher than men in these factors. These findings provided strong evidence for the reliability and validity of the Turkish CoSS.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Shame, coping, validity, reliability, Compass of Shame Scale

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, E., & Braithwaite, V. (2004). “What, me ashamed?”: Shame management and school bullying. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 41(3), 269-294. DOI: 10.1177/0022427804266547
• Alessandri, S. M., & Lewis, M. (1993). Parental evaluation and its relation to shame and pride in young children. Sex Roles, 29(5-6), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00289427
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M.G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
• Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.017101 20031004
• Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., ... Gratz, K.L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: the DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
• Black, R. S. A., Curran, D., & Dyer, K. F. W. (2013). The impact of shame on the therapeutic alliance and intimate relationships. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21959
• Boiger, M., Güngör, D., Karasawa, M., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Defending honour, keeping face: Interpersonal affordances of anger and shame in Turkey and Japan. Cognition & Emotion, 28(7), 1255-1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.881324
• Brown, J. (2004). Shame and domestic violence: Treatment perspectives for perpetrators from self-psychology and affect theory. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 19(1), 39-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990410001640826
• Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of trait shame and guilt scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 45, 17-30.http://ejer.com.tr/public/assets/catalogs/0277663001562749551.pdf
• Campbell, J.S., & Elison, J. (2005). Shame coping styles and psychopathic personality traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_16
• Cândea, D. M., Matu, S. A., & Szentágotai, A. (2014). Individual differences in shame proneness and trait rumination as predictors of depressive symptoms. Procedia-Social Behavioural Sciences, 127, 277-281. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.255
• Cirhinlioğlu, F. G., & Güvenç, G. (2011). Shame proneness, guilt proneness and psychopathology. Journal of Human Sciences, 8(1), 248-267. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/1467/654
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.Dearing, R. L., Stuewig, J., & Tangney J. P. (2005). On the importance of distinguishing shame from guilt: Relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 1392-1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.002
• Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Shannon, M., Webb, K., McDermott, B., Ryan, M., & Dyer, K. F. (2013). Complex trauma and intimate relationships: The impact of shame, guilt and dissociation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.010
• Duarte, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Ferreira, C. (2014). Escaping from body image shame and harsh self-criticism: Exploration of underlying mechanisms of binge eating. Eating Behaviors, 15(4), 638-643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.08.025
• Dyer, K. F., Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Black, R., Matheson, L., Coles, H., ... Middleton, W. (2017). Comparing shame in clinical and nonclinical populations: Preliminary findings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 173-180. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/tra0000158
• Elison, J., Garofalo, C., & Velotti, P. (2014). Shame and aggression: Theoretical considerations. Aggression and Violent Behaviors, 19(4), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.002
• Elison, J., Lennon, R., & Pulos, S. (2006). Investigating the compass of shame: The development of the Compass of Shame Scale. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,34(3), 221-238. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.3.221
• Elison, J., & Partridge, J. A. (2012). Relationships between shame-coping, fear of failure, and perfectionism in college athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(1), 19-39. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Julie_Partridge/publication/258244675_Shame_coping_fear_of_failure_and_perfectionism_in_college_athletes/links/00b7d52b1c54be0532000000.pdf
• Elison, J., Pulos, S., & Lennon, R. (2006). Shame-focused coping: An empirical study of the compass of shame. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 34(2), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.2.161
• Else-Quest, N. M., Higgins, A., Allison, C., & Morton, L. C. (2012). Gender differences in self-conscious emotional experience: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 947-981. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027930
• Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B. & Jencius, S. (2010). Shame-and guilt-proneness: Relationships with anxiety disorder symptoms in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(8), 811-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.002
• Fischer, A. H., Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Van Vianen, A. E., & Manstead, A. S. (2004). Gender and culture differences in emotion. Emotion, 4(1), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87
• Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Irons, C., Bhundia, R., Christie, R., Broomhead, C., & Rockliff, H. (2010). Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 563-576. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466509X479771
• Gold, J., Sullivan, M. W., & Lewis, M. (2011). The relation between abuse and violent delinquency: The conversion of shame to blame in juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(7), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.007
• Hahn, W. K. (2001). The experience of shame in psychotherapy supervision. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(3), 272-282. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.3.272
• Harper, J.M. (2011). Regulating and coping with shame. In R. Trnka, K. Balcar &M. Kuška (Eds.), Re-constructing emotional spaces: From experience to regulation, (pp. 189-206). Prague: Prague Psychosocial Press.
• Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanterinin gecerliligi uzerine bir calisma (A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory.). Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 118-122.
• Hisli, N. (1989). The validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory among university students. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7(23), 3-13.
• Hundt, N. E., & Holohan, D. R. (2012). The role of shame in distinguishing perpetrators of intimate partner violence in US veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21688
• Iannaccone, M., D’Olimpio, F., Cella, S., & Cotrufo, P. (2016). Self-esteem, body shame and eating disorder risk in obese and normal weight adolescents: A mediation model. Eating Behaviors, 21, 80-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.010
• Lewis, M. (1995). Shame: The exposed self. New York, NY, US: Free Press. Mosquera, R. P. M., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S., & Zaalberg, R. (2008). Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted. Cognition and Emotion, 22(8), 1471-1498. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701822272
• Nathanson, D.L. (1992). Shame and pride. New York: Norton.Nyström, M. B. T., & Mikkelsen, F. (2013). Psychopathy-related personality traits and shame management strategies in adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(3), 519-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455512
• Otis, C., Marchand, A. & Courtois, F. (2012). Peritraumatic dissociation as a mediator of peritraumatic distress and PTSD: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13(4), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2012.670870
• Ozer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli öfke (SL-ÖFKE) ve öfke ifade tarzı (OFKE-TARZ) Ölçekleri ön çalısması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(9), 26-35.Öngen, D.E. (2010). Relationships between narcissism and aggression among non-referred Turkish university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 410-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.114
• Platt, M.G., Luoma, J.B. & Freyd, J. J. (2017). Shame and dissociation in survivors of high and low betrayal trauma. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26(1), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2016.1228020
• Reid, R. C., Harper, J. M., & Anderson, E. H. (2009). Coping strategies used by hypersexual patients to defend against the painful effects of shame. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 16(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.609
• Rohleder, N., Chen, E., Wolf, J. M., & Miller, G. E. (2008). The psychobiology of trait shame in young women: Extending the social self preservation theory. Health Psychology, 27(5), 523-532. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.523
• Sarı, S., & Gençöz, F. (2016). Shame experiences underlying depression of adult Turkish women. Qualitative Health Research, 26(8), 1102-1113. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049732315579177
• Schalkwijk, F., Stams, G.J., Dekker, J., Peen, J., & Elison, J. (2016). Measuring shame regulation: Validation of the compass of shame scale. Social behavior and personality, 2016, 44(11), 1775–1792. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.11.1775
• Schoenleber, M., & Berenbaum, H. (2012). Aversion and proneness to shame in self-and informant-reported personality disorder symptoms. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(3), 294-304.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0025654
• Shahar, B., Doron, G., & Szepsenwol, O. (2015). Childhood maltreatment, shame-proneness and self-criticism in social anxiety disorder: A sequential mediational model. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(6), 570-579. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1918
• Söylemez, S., Koyuncu, M., & Amado, S. (2018). Utanç ve suçluluk duygularının bilişsel psikoloji kapsamında değerlendirilmesi. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 38(2), 259-288. DOI: 10.26650/SP2018-0021
• Spielberger, C. D. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders, 5-30.
• Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S. & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. Advances in Personality Assessment, 2, 159-187.
• Strömsten, L. (2011). More or less than human: the influence of shame on psychological distress. (Doctoral Dissertation). Umeå Universitet, Umeå.
• Stuewig, J., Tangney, J. P., Heigel, C., Harty, L., & McCloskey, L. (2010). Shaming, blaming, and maiming: Functional links among the moral emotions, externalization of blame, and aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.005
• Talbot, J. A., Talbot, N. L., & Tu, X. (2004). Shame proneness as a diathesis for dissociation in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 17(5), 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048959.29766.ae
• Tangney, J. P. (1995). Guilt and shame in interpersonal relationships, In J. P. Tangney & W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: the psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride (pp. 114–139). New York, Guilford Publications.
• Tangney, J. P. (1996). Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 741-754. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(96)00034-4
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Martinez, A. G. (2014). Two faces of shame: The roles of shame and guilt in predicting recidivism. Psychological Science, 25(3), 799-805. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797613508790
• Tangney, J. P., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). Self-conscious emotions. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 446–478). New York, Guilford Press.
• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the Self Into Self-Conscious Emotions: A Theoretical Model. Psychological Inquiry, 15(2), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1502_01
• Uskul, A. K., Cross, S. E., Alozkan, C., Gercek-Swing, B., Ataca, B., Gunsoy, C., & Sunbay, Z. (2014). Emotional responses to honour situations in Turkey and northern USA. Cognition and Emotion, 28(6), 1057-1075. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.870133
• Wright, F. (1994). Men, shame, and group psychotherapy. Group, 18(4), 212-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01458098Yelsma, P., Brown, N. M., & Elison, J. (2002). Shame-focused coping styles and their associations with self-esteem.” Psychological Reports, 90(3), 1179-1189. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003329410 209000320.2
• Yigit, İ., & Guzey Yigit, M. (2017). Psychometric properties of Turkish version of difficulties in emotion regulation scale-Brief form (DERS-16). Current Psychology, 38(6), 1503-1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9712-7