Transnational Family Networks of Migrants from Turkey in Europe

Öz

The aim of the article is to investigate the issue of transnational family networks and informal social protection among Turkish migrants living in Germany. By sharing not only emotional and personal matters, but also goods, services, social activities and financial remittances, transnational family networks extend beyond the households of origin to members of the extended families in other countries. The investigation of the ties among transnational families reveals the relationships between migration and informal social protection strategies of migrants that are an integral part of their crossborder social practices. This article examines the protective strategies of Turkish migrants in Germany and their family members in Turkey and Europe. Drawing upon twenty qualitative interviews and ego-centric social network maps collected in Germany, this article illustrates how protective resources flow across borders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Informal Social Protection; Transnational Family Networks; Ego-Centric Network Analysis; Migrants from Turkey; Germany; Europe

Avrupa'daki Türkiyeli Göçmenlerin Ulusaşırı Aile Ağları

Öz

Bu makalenin temel amacı Almanya'da yaşayan Türkiyeli göçmenlerin ulusaşırı aile ağlarını ve bu göçmenler aralarındaki enformel sosyal korunmayı incelemektir. Ulusaşırı aile ağları sadece duygusal ve kişisel konuları paylaşmanın ötesinde aynı zamanda eşya, mal, hizmet, sosyal faaliyetler ve mali yardımlar ile de hem geldikleri ülkelerdeki hem de diğer ülkelerde bulunan geniş aile üyelerini kapsar. Ulusaşırı ailelerin ağlarının incelenmesi, göç ve göçmenlerin sınırlar ötesi toplumsal pratiklerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olan enformel sosyal korunma stratejileri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makale, Almanya'daki Türk göçmenleri ve onların hem Türkiye hem de Avrupa'daki aile üyelerinin korunma stratejilerini incelemekte, Almanya'da yapılan yirmi nitel görüşme ve ego merkezli sosyal ağ haritasından yola çıkarak koruyucu kaynakların sınır ötesi akışını örneklendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enformel Sosyal Koruma, Ulusaşırı Aile Ağları, Ego Merkezli Ağ Analizi, Türkiye'den Gelen Göçmenler, Almanya, Avrupa

Kaynakça

1. Abadan-Unat, N. (2011). Turks in Europe: From guestworker to transnational citizen. Berlin: Berghann Books. Antonucci, T.C. (1986). Hierarchical mapping technique. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 10(4), 10-12. Bailey, A. and Boyle, P. (2004). Untying and retying family migration in the New Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30 (2), 229-241. Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and aged care: The mobility of care and the migrancy of aging. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 275- Baykara-Krumme, H. (2008). “Reliable bonds? A comparative perspective of intergenerational support patterns among migrant families in Germany”.
2. In C. Saraceno (ed.) Families, ageing and social policy. generational solidarity in European welfare states, pp. 285-312. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Bilecen, B. (2012). How social support works among the best and the brightest: Evidence from international PhD students in Germany. Transnational
3. Social Review, Special Issue on Transnational Social Networks, 2 (2), 139-155. Bilecen, B. (2013). Analyzing Informal Social Protection Across
4. Borders:Synthesizing Social Network Analysis with Qualitative Interviews. SFB Working Paper Series, No. 19. German Research Foundation: Bielefeld. Bernardi, L. (2011). A mixed methods social networks study design for research on transnational families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 78880 Böcker, A. (1993). Migration and social security: The case of Turkish migrants in the Netherlands and their relatives at home. Journal of Legal
5. Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 33, 13-31. Bryceson, D. and Vuorela, U. (eds.) (2003). The transnational family: New
6. European frontiers and global networks. Oxford: Berg Publishers. Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural holes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
7. Press. Everett, M. and Borgatti, S.P. (2005). Ego network betweenness. Social
8. Networks, 27 (1), 31-38. Faist, T. (1998). Transnational social spaces out of international migration: evolution, significance and future prospects. European Journal of Sociology, 39

9. (2), 213-247. Fischer, C. (1982). To dwell among friends. Chicago: University of Chicago
10. Press. Fog Olwig, K. (2003). Transnational socio-cultural systems and ethnographic research: views from an extended field site. International Migration Review, 37 (3), 692-716.
11. Gamper, M., Schönhuth, M. and Kronenwett, M. (2011). Bringing qualitative and quantitative data together: Collecting and analyzing network data with the help of the software tool Vennmaker. In M. Safar and K. A. Mahdi (eds.) Social networking and community behavior modeling: Qualitative and quantitative measures, pp. 193-213. Hershey: IGI Global. Gestring, N., Janßen, A. and Polat, A. (2003). Processes of integration and exclusion: Second generation Turkish migrants in Hanover. Paper presented at the conference The Immigrants Second Generation in North America and Europe Workshop at Bellagio Conference Center, June 18-23. Gestring, N., Janßen, A. and Polat, A. (2006). Integration und ausgrenzungen: Türkische Migranten der Zweiten Generation. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Gitmez, A. and Wilpert, C. (1987). A micro-society or an ethnic community? Social organization and ethnicity amongst Turkish migrants in Berlin. In J. Rex, D. Joly and C. Wilpert (eds.) Immigrant associations in Europe, pp. 86-125. England: Aldershot. Grütjen, D. (2006). The Turkish welfare regime: An example of the Southern European model? The role of the state, market and family in welfare provision. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 7 (1), 111-129. Ho, E.S. (2002). Multi-local residence, transnational networks: Chinese “astronaut” families in New Zealand. Asian Pacific Migration Journal, 11 (1), 145–64. Hondegneu-Sotelo, P. and Avila, E. (1997). “I’m here, but I’m there”: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender & Society, 11 (5), 5485 Icduygu, A. (2012). 50 years after the labour recruitment agreement with Germany: The consequences of emigration for Turkey. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Special Issue: 50 Years of Migration from Turkey to Germany: Current Perspectives and Historical Background, 17, Summer Issue, 11-36. Icduygu, A., Sirkeci, I. and Muradoglu, G. (2001). Socio-economic development and international migration: A Turkish study. International Migration, 39 (4), 39-61. Kalaycioglu, S. and Rittersberger-Tilic, H. (2000). Intergenerational solidarity networks of instrumental and cultural transfers within migrant families in Turkey., Ageing and Society, 20, 523-542. Martin, P. (2012). Turkey-EU migration: The road ahead. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Special Issue: 50 Years of Migration from Turkey to Germany: Current Perspectives and Historical Background, 17, Summer Issue, 125-1 Parreñas, R. (2005). Children of global migration: Transnational families and gendered woes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
12. Pinquart, M. and Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A metaanalysis. Psychology and Aging, 15 (2), 187-224. Portes, A. (2001). Introduction: the debates and significance of immigrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 1 (3), 181–193. Razum O., Sahin-Hodoglugil, N. N. and Polit, K. (2005). Health, wealth or family ties? Why Turkish work migrants return from Germany. Journal of
13. Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(4), 719-739. Sabates-Wheeler, R. (2009). Social security for migrants: Trends, best practice and ways forward. Working Paper No. 12. International Social Security
14. Association. Geneva. Schans, D. (2009). Transnational family ties of immigrants in the Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32 (7), 1164-1182. Schmalzbauer, L. (2004). Searching for wages and mothering from afar: the case of Honduran transnational families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 66 (5), 1317-1331. Senyurekli, A.R. and Detzner, D.F. (2008). Intergenerational relationships in a transnational context: The case of Turkish families. Family Relations, 57, 457-4 Smith, K. P. and Christakis N. A. (2008). Social networks and health.
15. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 405-429. Song, L., Son, J. and Lin, N. (2011). Social support. In: J. Scott and P.J.
16. Carrington (eds.) The Sage handbook of social network analysis, pp. 116-129. London: Sage. Uchino, B.N., Cacioppo, J.T. and Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological
17. Bulletin, 119 (3), 488-531. Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: theory, research and intervention. New York: Praeger. Wellman, B. and Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: Community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96 (3), 5585 World Bank (2003). Turkey: Poverty and coping after the crisis. Volume I: Main Report. Washington D.C.: World Bank. Zielke-Nadkarni (2003). The Meaning of the family: Lived experiences of
18. Turkish women immigrants in Germany. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16 (2), 169-1