“People are God” Third World Internationalism and Chinese Muslims in the Making of the National Recognition in the 1950s

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 267 - 292, 26.03.2019

Yin Zhiguang

Öz

This paper investigates the role of Islam, particularly the Chinese Muslim scholars’ participation in the nationbuilding

of the People’s Republic of China. It also looks at the political narrative of the CCP on Islam in the

context of the Chinese revolution. Anti-imperialism and socialist construction were the two primary political

goals allowing people to be politically engaged and consequently create a common ground for recognition.

Hence, religion was considered as merely another form of ideology which needed to be incorporated into the

political mission leading toward human liberation. The internationalist support of the anti-colonial struggles in

the Arab World also played a crucial role in the formation of the national recognition in the 1950s. The reports

on the Chinese political support towards the Arab world presented the Arab people as a unity with their

revolutionary spirit rooted in Islamic religious tradition and inspired by their recent history of being oppressed

by colonialism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Third world, National recognition, Colonialism, Chinese Muslims, Civilization

Kaynakça

• Al-Tamimi, N. M. (2013). China-Saudi Arabia relations, 1990-2012: Marriage of convenience or strategic alliance? London, UK: Routledge.
• Barnett, A. D. (1955, May). Chou En-Lai at Bandung, Chinese Communist Diplomacy at the Asian- African Conference. (ADB-4-’55).
• Behbehani, H. S. H. (1981). China’s foreign policy in the Arab world, 1955-1975: Three case studies. London, Boston, Melbourne & Henley: KPI.
• Bellah, R. N. (1980). Varieties of civil religion. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
• Benite, Z. B.-D. (2014). Taking Abduh to China: Chinese-Egyptian intellectual contact in the early twentieth century. In J. L. Gelvin & N. Green (Eds.). Global muslims in the age of steel and print (pp. 249–267). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Bozhong, M. & Na, J. (Eds.) (2011). Licheng: Minguo Liuai Huizu Xuesheng Paiqianshi Yanjiu (Journey: The history of hui students studying in Egypt during the Republic of China period). Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe.
• Brazinsky, G. A. (2017). Winning the Third World: Sino-American rivalry during the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
• Cannadine, D. (2002). Ornamentalism, how the British saw their empire. London, UK: Penguin Books.
• Catterall, P. (Eds) (2011). The Macmillan diaries, prime minister and after, 1957-66. London, UK: MacMillan.
• Chen, J. T. (2014). Re-orientation: The Chinese Azharites between Umma and Third World, 1938- 55. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 34(1), 24‒51.
• Chen, Y. (2016). Alabo Wenhua Zai Zhongguo: Yi Ershishiji Weili (Arabic culture in China: The case of 20th century). Yinchuan: Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe.
• Dillon, M. (1994). Muslim communities in contemporary China: The resurgence of Islam after the cultural revolution. Journal of Islamic Studies, 5(1), 70‒101.
• Doyon, J. (2014). “The local Islamic associations and the party-state: Consanguinity and opportunities (W. Thornely, Trans.). China Perspectives, 4(100), 45‒52.
• Enlai, Z. (1990). Zai Yafeihuiyi Quantihuiyi shang de fayan [Speech for the Plenary Session of the Afro-Asian Conference].” In Z. Enlai & W. Wenxuan (Eds.), Collection of Zhou Enlai’s works on Diplomacy (pp. 112-125). Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe.
• Gladney, D. C. (1991). Muslim Chinese, ethnic nationalism in the people’s republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
• Gladney, D. C. (1996). Muslim Chinese, ethnic nationalism in the people’s republic (2 ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Gladney, D. C. (1994). Sino-Middle Eastern perspectives and relations since the Gulf War: Views from Below.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26(4), 677‒691.
• Haneda, M. (2005). Isurāmu Sekainosōzō (The creation of the Islamic World). Tokyo: Tōkyōdaigaku Shuppankai.
• He, H. (2004). Zhongguo Gongchandang De Zongjiao Zhengce Yanjiu (Study of the religious policies of the Chinese Communist Party). Beijing: Religion Culture Publishing House.
• Houn, F. W. (1958-1959). Chinese communist control of the press. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 22(4), 425‒448.
• Israeli, R. (1980). Muslims in China, a study in cultural confrontation. London: Curzon Press Ltd. Khadduri, M. (1969). Republican ‘Iraq, a Study in ‘Iraqi politics since the Revolution of 1958. London: Oxford University Press.
• Lenin, V. I. (1964). The right of nations to self-determination. In B. Isaacs & J. Fineberg (Trans.), J. Katzer (Eds.). V. I. Lenin Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
• Lenin, V. I. (1964). The socialist revolution and the right of nations to self-determination (Theses). In V. I. Lenin Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
• Leung, B. (2005). China’s religious freedom policy: The art of managing religious activity. The China Quarterly, 184, 894‒913.
• Li, W. (1987). Zai Huizu Yisilanjiao Wenti Zuotanhui Shangde Jianghua (Talk at the dorum of Islam Religious issues of Hui people). In Li Weihan Xuanji (Selected works of Li Weihan). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe.
• Luxemburg, R. (1976). The National Question and Autonomy. In H. B. Davis (Eds.). The National Question, Selected Writings by Rosa Luxemburg. New York: Monthly Review Press.
• Ma, J. (November 1950). Meidiguozhuyi Shi Yisilanjiao De Sidi (the American imperialist is the Arch Nemesis of Islam). Renmin Ribao.
• Ma, J. (1952). Huanying Yazhou ji Taipingyang Quyu Hepinghuiyi [Welcome the Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions]. Shijie Zhishi [World Knowledge], 34, 6‒7.
• Mao, Y. (2011). A Muslim vision for the Chinese Nation: Chinese pilgrimage missions to Mecca during World War II. The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(2), 373‒395.
• Mao, Y. (2016). Selective learning from the Middle East: The case of Sino-Muslim students at Al-Azhar University. In J. Lipman (Eds.). Islamic Thought in China: Sino-Muslim intellectual evolution from the 17th to the 21st century (pp. 147–170). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Mao, Z. (1983). Lun Xinjieduan (On the new phase). In M. Takeuchi (Eds.). Mōtakutō Shū (Collected writings of Mao Tse-Tung). Tokyo: Sososha.
• Mao, Z. (1965). Selected works (Vol. 3). Peking: Foreign Language Press.
• Minzuwentiyanjiuhui. (Eds.) (1980). Huihui Minzu Wenti (The national question of Hui). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
• Mitter, R. (2004). A bitter revolution: China’s struggle with the modern world. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.
• Pang, X., Feng, H., Chen J., Li, J., Xiong, H., Wu Z., & Zhang, S. (Eds.) (2013). Mao Zedong Nianpu 1949-1976 (Mao Zedong chronicle, 1949-1976) (Vol. 4). Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe.
• Perry, E. J. (1995). Shanghai on strike: The politics of Chinese labor. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Rahimian, G. H. (1952). Guanyu Minzuduli Wenti De Buchong Baogao (The supplementary report on issues of national independence). In The Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions Secretariat (Eds.). Yazhou Ji Taipingyang Quyu Hepinghuiyi Zhongyao Wenjian Ji (Collection of important documents of the peace conference of the Asian and Pacific regions). Beijing: The Peace Conference of the Asian and Pacific Regions Secretariat.
• Rong, G., Gönül, H. Z. & Xiaoyan, Z. (Eds.) (2016). Hui Muslims in China. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
• Rudelson, J. J. (1997). Oasis identities, Uyghur nationalism along China’s Silk Road. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Shichor, Y. (1979). The Middle East in China’s Foreign Policy, 1949-1977. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Smith, L. J., & Glennon, J. P. (Eds.) (1992). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Lebanon and Jordan. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.
• Soliman, M. (2016). The reception of U.S. discourse on the Egyptian Revolution, between the Popular and the official. In A. Lubin & M. M. Kraidy (Eds.). American Studies Encounters the Middle East (pp. 136–158). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
• Stewart, A. (2018). Chinese Muslims and the Global Ummah. London: Routledge.
• Wang, T. Y. (1993). Competing for friendship: The two Chinas and Saudi Arabia. Arab Studies Quarterly, 15(3), 63‒82.
• Wen, X. (1957). Musilin De Sidarenwu (The four main missions of the Muslim). Zhongguo Musilin (Chinese Muslim), 1, 13.
• Westad, O. (2005). The global Cold War: Third World interventions and the making of our times. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Xinhuashe. (1949, December). Yazhoufunv Wei Minzuduli Renminminzhu Yu Shijieheping Er Douzheng Deng Yingchao Zai Yazhou Fudai Huiyi Shangde Baogao [Asian women fighting for national independence, people’s democracy and world peace, Deng Yingchao’s Report to the All-Asian Women’s Conference]. Renmin Ribao.
• Yin, T., & Zhang, M. (2011). Zhongguo Hongse Gemingzhong De Rentong He “Zhengzhi Xingdong Zhuti” (The political subjectivity and recognition in the Chinese Red Revolution). Ershiyi shiji (Twenty-first Century), 125, 44‒62.
• Yonghu Guanyu Heping Jiefang Xizang Banfa De Xieyi (Supporting the agreement on the peaceful liberation of Tibet). (1981). In Minzu Zhengce Wenjian Huibian (Collection of documents on ethnic policy). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe.
• Zedong, M. (1991). Lun Lianhe Zhengfu [On United Government]. In Z. Z. W. Yanjiushi (Ed.), Mao Zedong Wenji (Vol. 3) [Collection of Mao Zedong’s Works]. Beijing: People’s Press.
• Zedong, M. (1993-1999a). Zhongguo Gongchandang Dibaci Quanguo Daibiaodahui Kaimuci [Opening Remark for the Eighth National Congress of the CCP]. In Z. Z. W. Yanjiushi (Ed.), Mao Zedong Wenji (Vol. 7) [Collection of Mao Zedong’s Works], (pp. 114-118). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe.
• Zedong, M. (1993-1999b). Feizhou Dangqian de Renwu shi Fandui Diguozhuyi, Bushi Fandui Zibenzhuyi [The current mission of Africa is to resist against imperialism not capitalism]. In Z. Z. W. Yanjiushi (Ed.), Mao Zedong Wenji (Vol. 7) [Collection of Mao Zedong’s Works], (pp. 7-8). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe
• Zhonggongzhongyang. (2018). Shenhua Dang He Guojia Jigou Gaige Fangan (Plan for Deepening the Institutional Reform of Party and State Administrations). Zhonghuarenmingongheguo Zhongyangrenminzhengfu (The Central People’s Government of the PRC), http://www.gov.cn/ zhengce/2018-03/21/content_5276191.htm#1 Zhongguo Yisilanjiao Choubeihuiyi Xiang Mao Zedong Zhuxi Zhijingdian (Telegraph to Chairman Mao Zedong by the Preparation Conference of the Islamic Association of China). (August 5, 1952) Renmin Ribao. Zhongguorenmin Zhengzhixieshang Huiyi Gongtonggangling (the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference). (1953). In Minzu Zhengce Wenxian Huibian (Collection of documents on ethnic policy). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe.