Acemoğlu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation and work. NBER Working Paper 24196. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. google scholar
Allen, J., & van der Velden, R. (2001). Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: Effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 434–452. google scholar
Aytaş, S. (2014). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de beceri uyuşmazlığı. (Master’s thesis). Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Ankara, Turkey. google scholar
Bartlett, W. (2007). Economic restructuring, job creation and the changing demand for skills in the Western Balkans. In A. Fetsi (Ed), Labour markets in the Western Balkans: Challenges for the future (pp. 19–50). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. google scholar
Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. google scholar
Bender, K., & Roche, K. (2013). Educational mismatch and self-employment. Economics of Education Review, 34, 85–95. google scholar
Bol, T., Eller, C. C., Van de Werfhorst, H. G., & DiPrete, T. A. (2019). School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. American Sociological Review, 84(2), 275–307. google scholar
Bölükbaş, S., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Tracking and inequality: The results from Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102262 google scholar
Büchel, F. (2002). The effects of overeducation on productivity in Germany - the firms’ viewpoint. Economics of Education Review, 21(3), 263–275. google scholar
Canbal, M. S., Kerkez, B., Suna, H. E., Numanoglu, K. V., & Ozer, M. (2020). A new step for paradigm shift in the vocational and technical secondary education in Turkey: The revisions of education programs. Journal of Education and Humanities: Theory and Practice, 11(21), 1–25. google scholar
Chevalier, A., & Lindley, J. (2009). Overeducation and the skills of UK graduates. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 172(2), 307–337. google scholar
Cooper, I. D., & Johnson, T. P. (2016). How to use survey results. J Med Libr Assoc., 104(2), 174–177. google scholar
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications. google scholar
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications Ltd. google scholar
Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Securing the right to learn: Policy and practice for powerful teaching and learning. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 13–24. google scholar
Darling-Hammond, L. (2014). What can PISA tell us about U.S. education policy? New England Journal of Public Policy, 26(1), 1–14. google scholar
De Lange, M., Gesthuizen, M., & Wolbers, M. H. (2014). Youth labour market integration across Europe: The impact of cyclical, structural, and institutional characteristics. European Societies, 16(2), 194–212. google scholar
Deissinger, T. (2015). The German dual vocational education and training system as ‘good practice’? Local Economy, 30(5), 557–567. google scholar
DiPrete, T. A., Eller, C. C., Bol, T., & Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2017). School-to-work linkages in the United States, Germany, and France. American Journal of Sociology, 122(6), 1869–1938. google scholar
Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Firth-Cozens, J., Stiles, W. B., Hardy, G., Llewelyn, S. P., & Margison, F. (1994). Comprehensive process analysis of insight events in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal therapies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 449–463. google scholar
Erikli, S. (2015). The basic problem of the labor market in Sinop: Skills mismatch. Labour World, 2, 18–33. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP). (2014). Skill mismatch: More than meets the eye. CEDEFOP Briefing Note. CEDEFOP. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. (2016). Skill shortage and surplus occupations in Europe: CEDEFOP insights into which occupations are in high demand – and why. CEDEFOP briefing note. CEDEFOP. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. (2020). Skills panorama. CEDEFOP. google scholar
Evans, C. (2017). Analysing semi-structured interviews using thematic analysis: Exploring voluntary civic participation among adults. SAGE Research Methods Datasets Part 1. google scholar
Goldin, C., & Katz, L. (2009). The race between education and technology. Harvard University Press. google scholar
Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Woessman, L., & Zhang, L. (2017). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. The Journal of Human Resources, 52(1), 48–87. google scholar
Hanushek, E. A., Woessman, L., & Zhang, L. (2011). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. NBER Working Paper 17504. National Bureau of Economic Research. google scholar
Hatipoğlu, L. (2016). Avrupa Birliği’nde beceri uyumsuzluğu olgusuna yaklaşım perspektifinde Türkiye İş Kurumu için öneriler (Master’s thesis). Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Ankara, Turkey. google scholar
Iannelli, C., & Raffe, D. (2007). Vocational upper-secondary education and the transition from school. European Sociological Review, 23(1), 49–63. google scholar
International Labour Organization. (2017). How useful is the concept of skills mismatch? International Labour Organization Publishing. google scholar
IZA Institute of Labor Economics. (2019). The impact of horizontal job-education mismatches on the earnings of recent university graduates in Russia. IZA Discussion Paper No 12407. IZA Publishing. google scholar
Johansen, J., & Gatelli, D. (2012). Measuring mismatch in ETF partner countries: A methodological note. ETF Publishing. google scholar
Karaağaç Cingöz, Z., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel statünün akademik başarıya etkisi: PISA 2015 ve TEOG 2017 sonuçlarının karşılaştırması. İnsan & Toplum, 10(4), 247–288. https://doi.org/10.12658/M0563 google scholar
Korber, M. (2019). Does vocational education give a labour market advantage over the whole career? A comparison of the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Social Inclusion, 7(3), 202–223. google scholar
Ministry of National Education. (2018). Türkiye’de mesleki ve teknik eğitimin görünümü. Eğitim analiz ve değerlendirme serisi No: 1. MoNE. google scholar
Muja, A., Blommaert, L., Gesthuizen, M., & Wolbers, M. H. J. (2019). The vocational impact of educational programs on youth labor market. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 64, 100437. google scholar
Müller, W., & Gangl, M. (Eds.). (2003). Transitions from education to work in Europe: The integration of youth into EU labour markets. Oxford University Press. google scholar
Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129–132. google scholar
National Centre for Vocational Educational Research. (2007). What is a skill shortage? NCVER Publishing. google scholar
Nordin, M., Persson, I., & Rooth, D. O. (2010). Education–occupation mismatch: Is there an income penalty? Economics of Education Review, 29(6), 1047–1059. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001). The well-being of nations: The role of human and social capital. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2014). Education at a glance 2014: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2015). OECD reviews of vocational education and training: Key messages and country summaries. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2018). The 2023 Education Vision and new goals in vocational and technical education. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 8(3), 425–435. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2019a). Reconsidering the fundamental problems of vocational education and training in Turkey and proposed solutions for restructuring. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 39(2), 1–19. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2019b). Backgrounds of problems in vocational education and training and its road map to solution in Turkey’s Education Vision 2023. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 9(1), 1–11. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020a). Vocational education and training as “A Friend in Need” during coronavirus pandemic in Turkey. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 9(2), 1–7. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020b). The contribution of the strengthened capacity of vocational education and training system in Turkey to the fight against COVID-19. Journal of Higher Education, 10(2), 134–140. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020c). Educational policy actions by the Ministry of National Education in the times of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(3), 1124–1129. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020d). The paradigm shift in vocational education and training in Turkey. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 357–384. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020e). Mesleki eğitimde paradigma değişimi: Türkiye’nin mesleki eğitim ile imtihanı. Maltepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
Ozer, M., Gençoğlu, C., & Suna, H. E. (2020). Policies for alleviating educational inequalities in Turkey. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 294–312. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Perc, M. (2020). Dreams and realities of school tracking and vocational education. Palgrave Communications, 6, 34. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0409-4 google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2019) Future of vocational and technical education in Turkey and solid steps taken after Education Vision 2023. Journal of Education and Humanities: Theory and Practice, 10(20), 166–192. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2020a). The linkage between vocational education and labor market in Turkey: Employability and skill mismatch. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 558–569. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2020b). Covid-19 pandemic and education. In M. Şeker, A. Özer, & C. Korkut (Eds.), Reflections on the pandemic: In the future of the world (pp. 157–178). TÜBA. google scholar
Perc, M., Ozer, M., & Hojnik, J. (2019). Social and juristic challenges of artificial intelligence. Palgrave Communications, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0278-x google scholar
Quintano, C., Castellano, R., & D’Agostino, A. (2008). Graduates in economics and educational mismatch: The case study of the University of Naples ‘Parthenope’1. Journal of Education and Work, 21(3), 249-271. google scholar
Quintini, G. (2011). Over-qualified or under-skilled: A review of existing literature. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 121. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Robst, J. (2007). Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 397–407. google scholar
Rözer, J., & Bol, T. (2019). Labour market effects of general and vocational education over the lifecycle and across time: Accounting for age, period, and cohort effects. European Sociological Review, 35(5), 701–717. google scholar
Rözer, J., & Van de Werfhorst, H. (2020). Three worlds of vocational education: Specialized and general craftsmanship in France, Germany, and The Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 36(5), 780–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa025 google scholar
Schweri, J., Eymann, A., & Aepli, M. (2019). Horizontal mismatch and vocational education. Working Paper 160. University of Zurich. google scholar
Shavit, Y., & Müller, W. (Eds.) (1998). From school to work: A comparative study of educational qualifications and occupational destinations. Clarendon Press. google scholar
Shavit, Y., & Müller, W. (2000). Vocational secondary education, tracking, and social stratification. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 437–452). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36424-2_20 google scholar
Somers, M. A., Cabus, S. J., Groot, W., & van den Brink, H. M. (2016). Horizontal mismatch between employment and the field of education: Evidence from a systematic literature review. TIER Working Paper Series No 16/02. Maastricht: Top Institute for Evidence Based Education Research. google scholar
Suna, H. E., Gür, B. S., Gelbal, S., & Ozer, M. (2020c). Fen lisesi öğrencilerinin sosyoekonomik arkaplanı ve yükseköğretime geçişteki tercihleri. Yükseköğretim Dergisi. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.734921 google scholar
Suna, H. E., Tanberkan, H., Gur, B. S., Perc, M., & Ozer, M. (2020a). Socioeconomic status and school type as predictors of academic achievement. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 61, 41–64. google scholar
Suna, H. E., Tanberkan, H., & Ozer, M. (2020b). Changes in literacy of students in Turkey by years and school types: performance of students in PISA applications. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 11(1), 76–97. google scholar
Susanli, Z. B. (2020). Skill shortages in Turkey: Evidence firm-level data. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 95–106. google scholar
Tsang, M. (1987). The impact of underutilization of education on productivity: A case study of the US Bell companies. Economics of Education Review, 6(3), 239–254. google scholar
Vichet, S. (2018) Impacts of educational mismatches in developing countries with a focus on Cambodia. (Doctoral Thesis) Université Grenoble Alpes. google scholar
Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment
As a type of skills mismatch, horizontal skills mismatch (HM) is a particularly important problem for vocational education and training (VET) in Turkey because the majority of VET graduates work in a different field than the one in which they were educated. This study aims to determine the reasons why some VET graduates in Turkey work in fields other than their original field of study. For this purpose, we have employed a sequential mixed-model research design, first conducting face-to-face interviews with 20 VET graduates and then applying a questionnaire to VET graduates that elicited 4,863 responses. The study uses descriptive analysis for the qualitative data from the interviews and an open-ended item from the questionnaire. The qualitative results show the most common reasons for VET graduates’ employment out of their field of study to include being unable to find a job in their field of study, low wages, lack of necessary vocational skills, lack of experience, and working conditions. Quantitative results show VET graduates to want to be employed in their field of study and to make significant efforts in finding jobs that match their field. We have concluded HM to be a common problem and all the factors influencing VET graduates’ out-of-field employment to be related to a weak relationship between VET and the Turkish labor market.
Acemoğlu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation and work. NBER Working Paper 24196. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. google scholar
Allen, J., & van der Velden, R. (2001). Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: Effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 434–452. google scholar
Aytaş, S. (2014). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de beceri uyuşmazlığı. (Master’s thesis). Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Ankara, Turkey. google scholar
Bartlett, W. (2007). Economic restructuring, job creation and the changing demand for skills in the Western Balkans. In A. Fetsi (Ed), Labour markets in the Western Balkans: Challenges for the future (pp. 19–50). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. google scholar
Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. google scholar
Bender, K., & Roche, K. (2013). Educational mismatch and self-employment. Economics of Education Review, 34, 85–95. google scholar
Bol, T., Eller, C. C., Van de Werfhorst, H. G., & DiPrete, T. A. (2019). School-to-work linkages, educational mismatches, and labor market outcomes. American Sociological Review, 84(2), 275–307. google scholar
Bölükbaş, S., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Tracking and inequality: The results from Turkey. International Journal of Educational Development, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102262 google scholar
Büchel, F. (2002). The effects of overeducation on productivity in Germany - the firms’ viewpoint. Economics of Education Review, 21(3), 263–275. google scholar
Canbal, M. S., Kerkez, B., Suna, H. E., Numanoglu, K. V., & Ozer, M. (2020). A new step for paradigm shift in the vocational and technical secondary education in Turkey: The revisions of education programs. Journal of Education and Humanities: Theory and Practice, 11(21), 1–25. google scholar
Chevalier, A., & Lindley, J. (2009). Overeducation and the skills of UK graduates. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 172(2), 307–337. google scholar
Cooper, I. D., & Johnson, T. P. (2016). How to use survey results. J Med Libr Assoc., 104(2), 174–177. google scholar
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications. google scholar
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications Ltd. google scholar
Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Securing the right to learn: Policy and practice for powerful teaching and learning. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 13–24. google scholar
Darling-Hammond, L. (2014). What can PISA tell us about U.S. education policy? New England Journal of Public Policy, 26(1), 1–14. google scholar
De Lange, M., Gesthuizen, M., & Wolbers, M. H. (2014). Youth labour market integration across Europe: The impact of cyclical, structural, and institutional characteristics. European Societies, 16(2), 194–212. google scholar
Deissinger, T. (2015). The German dual vocational education and training system as ‘good practice’? Local Economy, 30(5), 557–567. google scholar
DiPrete, T. A., Eller, C. C., Bol, T., & Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2017). School-to-work linkages in the United States, Germany, and France. American Journal of Sociology, 122(6), 1869–1938. google scholar
Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Firth-Cozens, J., Stiles, W. B., Hardy, G., Llewelyn, S. P., & Margison, F. (1994). Comprehensive process analysis of insight events in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal therapies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 449–463. google scholar
Erikli, S. (2015). The basic problem of the labor market in Sinop: Skills mismatch. Labour World, 2, 18–33. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP). (2014). Skill mismatch: More than meets the eye. CEDEFOP Briefing Note. CEDEFOP. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. (2016). Skill shortage and surplus occupations in Europe: CEDEFOP insights into which occupations are in high demand – and why. CEDEFOP briefing note. CEDEFOP. google scholar
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. (2020). Skills panorama. CEDEFOP. google scholar
Evans, C. (2017). Analysing semi-structured interviews using thematic analysis: Exploring voluntary civic participation among adults. SAGE Research Methods Datasets Part 1. google scholar
Goldin, C., & Katz, L. (2009). The race between education and technology. Harvard University Press. google scholar
Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Woessman, L., & Zhang, L. (2017). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. The Journal of Human Resources, 52(1), 48–87. google scholar
Hanushek, E. A., Woessman, L., & Zhang, L. (2011). General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the life-cycle. NBER Working Paper 17504. National Bureau of Economic Research. google scholar
Hatipoğlu, L. (2016). Avrupa Birliği’nde beceri uyumsuzluğu olgusuna yaklaşım perspektifinde Türkiye İş Kurumu için öneriler (Master’s thesis). Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı, Ankara, Turkey. google scholar
Iannelli, C., & Raffe, D. (2007). Vocational upper-secondary education and the transition from school. European Sociological Review, 23(1), 49–63. google scholar
International Labour Organization. (2017). How useful is the concept of skills mismatch? International Labour Organization Publishing. google scholar
IZA Institute of Labor Economics. (2019). The impact of horizontal job-education mismatches on the earnings of recent university graduates in Russia. IZA Discussion Paper No 12407. IZA Publishing. google scholar
Johansen, J., & Gatelli, D. (2012). Measuring mismatch in ETF partner countries: A methodological note. ETF Publishing. google scholar
Karaağaç Cingöz, Z., & Gür, B. S. (2020). Ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel statünün akademik başarıya etkisi: PISA 2015 ve TEOG 2017 sonuçlarının karşılaştırması. İnsan & Toplum, 10(4), 247–288. https://doi.org/10.12658/M0563 google scholar
Korber, M. (2019). Does vocational education give a labour market advantage over the whole career? A comparison of the United Kingdom and Switzerland. Social Inclusion, 7(3), 202–223. google scholar
Ministry of National Education. (2018). Türkiye’de mesleki ve teknik eğitimin görünümü. Eğitim analiz ve değerlendirme serisi No: 1. MoNE. google scholar
Muja, A., Blommaert, L., Gesthuizen, M., & Wolbers, M. H. J. (2019). The vocational impact of educational programs on youth labor market. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 64, 100437. google scholar
Müller, W., & Gangl, M. (Eds.). (2003). Transitions from education to work in Europe: The integration of youth into EU labour markets. Oxford University Press. google scholar
Nassaji, H. (2015). Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language Teaching Research, 19(2), 129–132. google scholar
National Centre for Vocational Educational Research. (2007). What is a skill shortage? NCVER Publishing. google scholar
Nordin, M., Persson, I., & Rooth, D. O. (2010). Education–occupation mismatch: Is there an income penalty? Economics of Education Review, 29(6), 1047–1059. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001). The well-being of nations: The role of human and social capital. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2014). Education at a glance 2014: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2015). OECD reviews of vocational education and training: Key messages and country summaries. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2018). The 2023 Education Vision and new goals in vocational and technical education. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 8(3), 425–435. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2019a). Reconsidering the fundamental problems of vocational education and training in Turkey and proposed solutions for restructuring. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 39(2), 1–19. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2019b). Backgrounds of problems in vocational education and training and its road map to solution in Turkey’s Education Vision 2023. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 9(1), 1–11. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020a). Vocational education and training as “A Friend in Need” during coronavirus pandemic in Turkey. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 9(2), 1–7. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020b). The contribution of the strengthened capacity of vocational education and training system in Turkey to the fight against COVID-19. Journal of Higher Education, 10(2), 134–140. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020c). Educational policy actions by the Ministry of National Education in the times of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(3), 1124–1129. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020d). The paradigm shift in vocational education and training in Turkey. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 357–384. google scholar
Ozer, M. (2020e). Mesleki eğitimde paradigma değişimi: Türkiye’nin mesleki eğitim ile imtihanı. Maltepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. google scholar
Ozer, M., Gençoğlu, C., & Suna, H. E. (2020). Policies for alleviating educational inequalities in Turkey. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 294–312. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Perc, M. (2020). Dreams and realities of school tracking and vocational education. Palgrave Communications, 6, 34. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0409-4 google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2019) Future of vocational and technical education in Turkey and solid steps taken after Education Vision 2023. Journal of Education and Humanities: Theory and Practice, 10(20), 166–192. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2020a). The linkage between vocational education and labor market in Turkey: Employability and skill mismatch. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(2), 558–569. google scholar
Ozer, M., & Suna, H. E. (2020b). Covid-19 pandemic and education. In M. Şeker, A. Özer, & C. Korkut (Eds.), Reflections on the pandemic: In the future of the world (pp. 157–178). TÜBA. google scholar
Perc, M., Ozer, M., & Hojnik, J. (2019). Social and juristic challenges of artificial intelligence. Palgrave Communications, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0278-x google scholar
Quintano, C., Castellano, R., & D’Agostino, A. (2008). Graduates in economics and educational mismatch: The case study of the University of Naples ‘Parthenope’1. Journal of Education and Work, 21(3), 249-271. google scholar
Quintini, G. (2011). Over-qualified or under-skilled: A review of existing literature. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 121. OECD Publishing. google scholar
Robst, J. (2007). Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 397–407. google scholar
Rözer, J., & Bol, T. (2019). Labour market effects of general and vocational education over the lifecycle and across time: Accounting for age, period, and cohort effects. European Sociological Review, 35(5), 701–717. google scholar
Rözer, J., & Van de Werfhorst, H. (2020). Three worlds of vocational education: Specialized and general craftsmanship in France, Germany, and The Netherlands. European Sociological Review, 36(5), 780–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa025 google scholar
Schweri, J., Eymann, A., & Aepli, M. (2019). Horizontal mismatch and vocational education. Working Paper 160. University of Zurich. google scholar
Shavit, Y., & Müller, W. (Eds.) (1998). From school to work: A comparative study of educational qualifications and occupational destinations. Clarendon Press. google scholar
Shavit, Y., & Müller, W. (2000). Vocational secondary education, tracking, and social stratification. In M. T. Hallinan (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of education (pp. 437–452). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36424-2_20 google scholar
Somers, M. A., Cabus, S. J., Groot, W., & van den Brink, H. M. (2016). Horizontal mismatch between employment and the field of education: Evidence from a systematic literature review. TIER Working Paper Series No 16/02. Maastricht: Top Institute for Evidence Based Education Research. google scholar
Suna, H. E., Gür, B. S., Gelbal, S., & Ozer, M. (2020c). Fen lisesi öğrencilerinin sosyoekonomik arkaplanı ve yükseköğretime geçişteki tercihleri. Yükseköğretim Dergisi. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.734921 google scholar
Suna, H. E., Tanberkan, H., Gur, B. S., Perc, M., & Ozer, M. (2020a). Socioeconomic status and school type as predictors of academic achievement. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 61, 41–64. google scholar
Suna, H. E., Tanberkan, H., & Ozer, M. (2020b). Changes in literacy of students in Turkey by years and school types: performance of students in PISA applications. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 11(1), 76–97. google scholar
Susanli, Z. B. (2020). Skill shortages in Turkey: Evidence firm-level data. Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(1), 95–106. google scholar
Tsang, M. (1987). The impact of underutilization of education on productivity: A case study of the US Bell companies. Economics of Education Review, 6(3), 239–254. google scholar
Vichet, S. (2018) Impacts of educational mismatches in developing countries with a focus on Cambodia. (Doctoral Thesis) Université Grenoble Alpes. google scholar
Suna, H. E., Tanberkan, H., Eroğlu, E., Özer, M., vd. (2020). Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(2), 931-955.
AMA
Suna HE, Tanberkan H, Eroğlu E, Özer M, Gür BS. Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. Aralık 2020;40(2):931-955.
Chicago
Suna, H. Eren, Hande Tanberkan, Emine Eroğlu, Mahmut Özer, ve Bekir S. Gür. “Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 40, sy. 2 (Aralık 2020): 931-55.
EndNote
Suna HE, Tanberkan H, Eroğlu E, Özer M, Gür BS (01 Aralık 2020) Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 40 2 931–955.
IEEE
H. E. Suna, H. Tanberkan, E. Eroğlu, M. Özer, ve B. S. Gür, “Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 2, ss. 931–955, 2020.
ISNAD
Suna, H. Eren vd. “Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi 40/2 (Aralık 2020), 931-955.
JAMA
Suna HE, Tanberkan H, Eroğlu E, Özer M, Gür BS. Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. 2020;40:931–955.
MLA
Suna, H. Eren vd. “Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 931-55.
Vancouver
Suna HE, Tanberkan H, Eroğlu E, Özer M, Gür BS. Horizontal Skills Mismatch in Vocational Education in Turkey: The Reasons for Out-of-Field Employment. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi. 2020;40(2):931-55.