Female Poverty in the Context of Care Ethics

Yıl 2022, , 383 - 405, 30.06.2022

Emine Elif Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.1007390

Öz

Care is a multi-pronged concept that expresses support for people who cannot fulfill their daily living activities owing to old age, illness, disability, or other conditions; this includes maintaining the social order. Social responsibility for the provision of care is seen as an obligation that must be met within the household rather than in public spaces. Given the gendered nature of power relationships within the household, the provision of care ultimately becomes the responsibility of women. Caring duties imposed on women with a traditional understanding impoverish women in many ways. Despite some policies being implemented to combat this type of poverty, women clearly still spend more time performing unpaid care work compared to men. This “feminine nature” in the care business has brought forth an understanding of ethical care. The ethics of care implies a moral importance in the core elements of human relationships and needs in giving and receiving care. Such ethics, which focus on maintaining the relationships between caregivers and care recipients by harmonizing the welfare of caregivers within the social network, comprise an approach that provides a new reading of human relations. The present investigation examines studies on the concepts of social care and care ethics and contributes to the conceptual and moral discussions on the nature of care, arguing that global care ethics should be built by considering care services beyond private or personal relationships and sexist approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Care, Social care, Ethics of care (care ethics), Female poverty

Bakım Etiği Penceresinden Kadın Yoksulluğu

Öz

Bakım; yaşlılık, hastalık, engellilik veya diğer koşullar nedeniyle günlük yaşam aktivitelerini yerine getiremeyen kişilere yönelik desteği ifade eden ve toplumsal düzeni korumayı içeren çok yönlü bir kavramdır. Bakımın sağlanmasına yönelik sosyal sorumluluk, kamusal alanlardan ziyade hane içinde karşılanması gereken bir yükümlülük olarak görülmektedir. Hane içindeki güç ilişkilerinin cinsiyete dayalı doğası göz önüne alındığında, bakımın sağlanması nihai olarak kadınların mesuliyetindedir. Geleneksel bir anlayışla kadınlara yüklenen bakım görevleri, pek çok açıdan kadınları yoksullaştırmaktadır. Bu tür bir yoksulluk çeşidi ile mücadele etmek için bazı politikalar uygulanmasına rağmen kadınların ücretsiz bakım işinde hala erkeklerden daha fazla zaman harcadıkları ortadadır. Bakım işindeki bu ‘‘kadınsal doğa’’, etik bakım anlayışını doğurmuştur. Etik bakım, bakım hizmeti verme ve alma konusunda insan ilişkilerinin ve ihtiyaçlarının ana unsurlarında ahlaki bir önem olduğunu ima eder. Sosyal ilişkiler ağı içinde bakım verenler ile bakım alanların refahını uyumlaştırarak aralarındaki ilişkileri sürdürmeye odaklanan etik bakım, bir anlamda insan ilişkilerinin yeni bir okumasını sağlayan bir yaklaşım türüdür. Bu çalışma sosyal bakım ve bakım etiği kavramları ile ilgili çalışmaları içermekte, bakımın doğası hakkında kavramsal ve ahlaki tartışmalara katkıda bulunmakta ve bakım hizmetlerini özel veya kişisel ilişkilerin ve cinsiyetçi yaklaşımların ötesinde ele alarak küresel bir bakım etiğinin inşa edilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bakım, Sosyal bakım, Etik bakım, Kadın yoksulluğu, Üçüncü vardiya

Kaynakça

• Bauer, J. M., ve Sousa-Poza, A. (2015). Impacts of Informal Caregiving on Caregiver Employment, Health, and Family. Journal of Population Ageing, 8(3), 113–145.
• Burton, B. K., ve Dunn, C. P. (2013, October 1). Ethics of Care. Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-of-care
• Fisher, B., ve Tronto, J. (1990). Towards a Feminist Theory of Care. E. E. Abel, & M. Nelson (Eds.), Circles of Care. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
• Gallagher, E., ve Delworth, U. (1993). The Third Shift: Juggling Employment, Family, and the Farm. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 12(2), 21-36.
• Gerstel, N. (2000). The Third Shift: Gender and Care Work Outside the Home. Qualitative Sociology, 23(4), 467–483.
• Gilligan, C. (1993). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Hankivsky, O. (2014). Rethinking Care Ethics: On the Promise and Potential of an Intersectional Analysis. American Political Science Review, 108, 252-264.
• Haskin, J. (2015). Third Shift Appearance Work: Experiences Of Career-Oriented Mothers. Wayne State University Dissertations.
• Held, V. (2015). Care and Justice, Still. D. Engster, & M. Hamington (Eds.), Care Ethics and Political Theory (pp. 19-36). Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hochschild, A. (1989). The Second Shift. New York: Avon Books.
• Hochschild, A. (1997). The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work . New York: Henry Hold & Company, LLC.
• Hochschild, A. (2000). Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. A. Giddens, ve W. Hutton (Eds.), Living with Global Capitalism (pp. 130–146). London: Jonathan Cape.
• Holstein, M. (2010). Ethics and Old Age: The Second Generation. D. Dannefer, ve C. Phillipson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Gerontology (pp. 630-640). SAGE.
• Hugman, R. (1991). Power in Caring Professions. London: The Macmillan Press.
• ILO. (2019, September 26). Advancing Social Justice, Promoting Decent Work. International Labour Office: https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/maps-and-charts/enhanced/WCMS_721348/lang--en/index.htm
• International Labour Organization. (2019). A Quantum Leap for Gender Equality : For a Better Future of Work for All. Geneva: ILO.
• Kittay, E. F. (2011). The Ethics of Care, Dependence, and Disability. Ratio Juris, 24(1), 49–58.
• Kohlberg, L. (1968). Early Education: A Cognitive-Developmental View. Wiley on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development, 39(4), 1013-1062.
• Kranak, J. (2019). Kantian Deontology. G. Matthews (Eds.), Introduction to Philosophy: Ethics (pp. 52-63). Rebus Community.
• Lalor, K., & Share, P. (2009). Understanding Social Care. K. Lalor, ve P. Share (Eds.), Applied Social Care: An Introduction for Students in Ireland (pp. 3-28). Gill & Macmillan.
• Moreira da Silva, J. (2019). Why You Should Care About Unpaid Care Work. OECD Development Matters.
• Nguyen, M. T., Zavoretti, R., & Tronto, J. (2017). Beyond the Global Care Chain: Boundaries, Institutions and Ethics of Care. Ethics and Social Welfare, 11(3), 199–212.
• Noddings, N. (2013). Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
• Orloff, A. S. (2002). Women’s Employment and Welfare Regimes: Globalization, Export-Orientation and Social Policy in Europe and North America. Geneva: Programme on Social Policy and Development, Paper No. 12. UNRISD.
• Orozco, A. P. (2009). Global Care Chains. United Nations, İnstraw.
• Parks, J. A. (2003). No Place Like Home? Feminist Ethics and Home Health Care. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
• Parreñas, R. S. (2012). The Reproductive Labour of Migrant Workers. Global Networks, 12(2), 269–275.
• Parrott, L. (2001). Social Work and Social Care (2. bs.). London: Routledge.
• Pettersen, T. (2011). The Ethics of Care: Normative Structures and Empirical Implications. Health Care Analysis, 19, 51-64.
• Razavi, S. (2007). The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context: Conceptual İssues, Research Questions and Policy Options. Geneva: Gender and Development Programme Paper No. 3 (UNRISD).
• Robinson, F. (2011). The Ethics of Care: A Feminist Approach to Human Security. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
• Samman, E., Presler-Marshall, E., Jones, N., Bhatkal, T., Melamed, C., Stavropoulou, M., & Wallace, J. (2016). Women’s Work: Mothers, Children and the Global Childcare Crisis. London: Overseas Development Institute.
• Sevenhuijsen, S. (2004). Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics. London & New York: Routledge.
• Tronto, J. C. (1987). Beyond Gender Difference to a Theory of Care. Signs, 12(4), 644-663.
• Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral Boundaries: a Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York: Routledge.
• Tronto, J. C. (1998). An Ethic of Care. Journal of the American Society on Aging, 22(3), 15-20.
• Tronto, J. C. (2010). Creating Caring Institutions: Politics, Plurality, and Purpose. Ethicsand Social Welfare, 4(2), 158-171.
• Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring Democracy: Markets, Equality and Justice. New York, NY: NYU Press.
• Tronto, J. C. (2017). There is an Alternative: Homines Curans and the Limits of Neoliberalism. International Journal of Care and Caring, 1(1), 27–43.
• Vosman, F. (2020). The Disenchantment of Care Ethics A Critical Cartography. E. F. Vosman, A. Baart, ve J. Hoffman (Eds.), The Ethics of Care: the State of the Art (pp. 17-63). Leuven – Paris – Bristol, CT: Peeters Publishers.
• Williams, F. (2018). Care: Intersections of Scales, Inequalities and Crises. Current Sociology, 66, 547-561.
• Wolf, N. (2002). The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are Used Against Women. New York: Harper Perennial.