An Approach to Care Models for Disabled Children in Need of Protection in Selected Countries

Öz

Children in need of protection have been the subject of various services over the years as subjects for whom the states feel responsible. Governments have primarily focused on providing remedial services to children in need of protection and have assumed less responsibility for protection and prevention. As a result of this situation, uniform care models have existed in various countries for years. Still, the fact that children are not uniform has revealed that care models should not be uniform either. As a result, multiple transformations have occurred. These transfor mations were aimed at increasing the wellbeing of children in need of protection and occurred in parallel with the welfare models of the states. Children in need of protection experience multiple socioeconomic disadvantages. Children who have lost their parents or who are not cared for by their parents may face many disadvantages that accompany this disadvantage. When these children also have a disability, the compounded effects of vulnerability and exclusion intensify, and life can become much more difficult for them. In this study, the child protection systems of countries representing various welfare models will be examined, and the practices for disabled children in need of protection in these systems will be comparatively evaluated and discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Child in need of protection
• Care models
• Disability
• disabled children
• welfare states

Kaynakça

1. AFCARS. (2021). Data and statistics: AFCARS. Access address: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/ afcars google scholar
2. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2019). 2019 yılı faaliyet raporu. Access address: https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/49934/ acshb_2019_yili_faaliyet_raporu.pdf google scholar
3. Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2022). 2021 yılı faaliyet raporu. Access address: https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/100242/2021-yili-faaliyet-raporu.pdf google scholar
4. Ângman, I., & Gustafsson, M. (2011). Combating child abuse and neglect in Sweden. Regionförbundet Örebro. google scholar
5. Attepe Özden, S. (2020). Engellilik ile ilgili modeller. M. Tekindal ve S. Attepe Özden (Ed.). Engellilik alanında sosyal hizmet kuram ve uygulamaları içinde (s.33-41). Nobel Yayınları. google scholar
6. Bae H. & Kindler, H. (2017). Child maltreatment re-notifications in Germany: Analysis of local case files. Children and Youth Services Review, 75, 42-49. google scholar
7. Bakıma Muhtaç Engellilerin Tespiti ve Bakım Hizmeti Esaslarının Belirlenmesine İlişkin Yönetmelik. (2010). Resmi Gazete (No: 26679). Access address: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/10/20071023-10.htm google scholar
8. Brooks, B. (2016). Black single mothers and the child welfare system. Routledge. google scholar

9. Berrick, J. D., & Chambers, J. (2020). Preventing and responding to errors in US child protection. K. Biesel vd. (Ed.). Errors and mistakes in child protection içinde (p.235-254). Policy Press Scholarship. google scholar
10. Berrick, J. D. (2011). Trends and issues in the US child welfare system. N. Gilbert, N. Parton ve M. Skivenes (Ed.). Child protection systems international trends and orientations içinde (p. 17-36). University of Maryland. google scholar
11. Berggren, J. U., Arnesson, K., & Bergman, A. S. (2021). The take-off for private consultants in child protection ınvestigations—how did Sweden get here?. The British Journal of Social Work, 51(4), 1463-1481. google scholar
12. Bressem, K., Ziegenhain, U., Doelitzsch, C., Hofer, A., Besier, T., Fegert, J. M., & Kuenster, A. K. (2016). A German e-learning-training in the context of early preventive intervention and child protection: Preliminary findings of a pre-post evaluation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10, 1-9. google scholar
13. Bruhn, C. M. (2004). Children with disabilities: Abuse, neglect, and the child welfare system. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 8(1-2), 173-203. google scholar
14. Camargo, K. D. O. (2011). Systems of çare: transition from the bio-psycho-social perspective of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Child: care, health and development, 37(6), 792-799. google scholar
15. Cocozza, M., Gustafsson, P. A., & Sydsjö, G. (2006). Child protection in Sweden: Are routine assessments reliable? Acta paediatrica, 95(11), 1474-1480. google scholar
16. Collier, J. (2022). Comparison of Disability Welfare Between Japan and Sweden. Access address: https://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Final_Paper_Disability_Welfare_-_Jacqueline_Collier.pdf google scholar
17. Conrad, A., Gamboni, C., Johnson, V., Wojciak, A. S., & Ronnenberg, M. (2020). Has the US child welfare system become an informal income maintenance programme? A literature review. Child Abuse Review, 29(2), 529-543. google scholar
18. Crosse, S. vd. (1992). A report on the maltreatment of children with disabilities. Westat, Inc. google scholar
19. Çelik, R. (2020). Hamidiye etfal hastahanesi, darülhayr ve darüleytam. R. Çelik (Ed.). Sosyal hizmet tarihi (pp. 297-328). Grafiker Yayınları. google scholar
20. Çocuk Koruma Hizmetleri Planlama ve Çocuk Bakım Kuruluşlarının Çalışma Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik. (2022, 6 September). Resmi Gazete (No: 31945). Access address: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=39704&MevzuatTur=7& MevzuatTertip=5 google scholar
21. Çocuk Koruma Kanunu. (2005, 3 Temmuz). Resmi Gazete (No: 5395). Erişim adresi: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/07/ 20050715-1.html google scholar
22. Çocuk Koruma Kanununa Göre Verilen Koruyucu ve Destekleyici Tedbir Kararlarının Uygulanması Hakkında Yönetmelik. (2006, 24 December). Resmi Gazete (No: 26386). Access address: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=10884&MevzuatTur=7& MevzuatTertip=5 google scholar
23. Disability Statistics & Demographics Center. (2021). Annual report on people with disabilities in America. Access address: https://dis abilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/Events/2022ReleaseYear/Annual%20Report%20---%202021%20---%20 WEB.pdf google scholar
24. Ehrich, J., Grote, U., Gerber-Grote, A., & Strassburg, M. (2016). The child health care system of Germany. The Journal of Pediatrics, 177, 71-86. google scholar
25. Engwall, K., Östberg, F., Andersson, G., Bons, T., & Bringlöv, Â. (2019). Children with disabilities in Swedish child welfare-a differentiating and disabling practice. European Journal of Social Work, 22(6), 1025-1037. google scholar
26. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three world of welfare capitalism. Princeton University Press. google scholar
27. Fendrich, S. ve Tabel, A. (2012). Consolidation or breathing pause? Recent trends regarding child welfare services. Komdat, 15(3), 11-13. google scholar
28. Forkby, T., Höjer, S., & Liljegren, A. (2015). Questions of control in child protection decision making: Laypersons’ monitoring and governance in child protection committees in Sweden. Journal of Social Work, 15(5), 537-557. google scholar
29. Föltz, F. (2017). Creating normalcy: Microstudies on the situation of foster mother and fathers in dealing with the special needs of children and youth with disabilities (Doktora Tezi). Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg. google scholar
30. Föltz, F. (2020). Creating normalcy: Foster care for children and youth with disabilities and medical fragility in Germany. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 11(4.1), 132-151. google scholar
31. German Federal Statistical Office. (2022). Social statistics. Access address: https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/ Social-Statistics/_node.html google scholar
32. Gilbert, N., Parton, N., & Skivenes, M. (Eds.). (2011). Child protection systems: International trends and emerging orientations. Oxford University Press. google scholar
33. Gökçearslan-Çifçi, E. (2009). Türkiye'de ve dünyada korunmaya ihtiyacı olan çocuklara yönelik hizmetlerin tarihsel gelişimi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(19), 53-66. google scholar
34. Gries, S. (2002). Kindesmisshandlung in der DDR. Kinder unter dem Einflufi traditionell-autoritarer und totalitarer Erziehungsleitbilder. Lit Verlag. google scholar
35. Gümüscü, A., Nygren, L., & Khoo, E. (2015). Bringing the family back in: On role assignment and clientification in the Swedish social services. Social Sciences, 4(1), 117-133. google scholar
36. Harder, A. T., Zeller, M., Lopez, M., Köngeter, S., & Knorth, E. J. (2013). Different sizes, similar challenges: Out-of-home çare for youth in Germany and the Netherlands. Psychosocial Intervention, 22(3), 203-213. google scholar
37. Heimer, M., & Palme, J. (2016). Rethinking child policy post-UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Vulnerable children's welfare in Sweden. Journal of Social Policy, 45(3), 435-452. google scholar
38. Höjer, S., & Forkby, T. (2011). Care for sale: The influence of new public management in child protection in Sweden. British Journal of Social Work, 41(1), 93-110. google scholar
39. Höjer, S., Hultman, E., & Larsson, M. (2022). What do actors in child protection processes in Sweden know about children’s rights to participation and about talking to children?. Nordic Social Work Research, 1-14. google scholar
40. İzci, L. Uğurlu, H., Çöllü, İ., & Demir, G. (2018). Korunmaya muhtaç çocukların mekan değişikliği: Koğuşlardan evlere. Journal of Institute of Economic Development and Social Researches, 4(9), 228-237. google scholar
41. Jonson-Reid, M., Drake, B., Kim, J., Porterfield, S., & Han, L. (2004). A prospective analysis of the relationship between reported child maltreatment and special education eligibility among poor children. Child maltreatment, 9(4), 382-394. google scholar
42. Jernbro, C. ve Janson, S. (2017). Violence against children in Sweden 2016. The Children’s Welfare Foundation, Sweden Stockholm. google scholar
43. Kindler, H. ve Borrmann, S. (2013). Prominent facets of child protection in Germany. J. Hamalainen, B. Littlechild, O. Chytil, M. Sramata, E. Jovelin (Ed.). Evolotion of child protection and child welfare policies in selected European countries içinde (p. 161-181). ERIS with Albert Publications. google scholar
44. Kindler, H., Lillig, S., Blüml, H., Meysen, T., & Werner, A. (2006). Handbuch Kindeswohlgefahrdung nach § 1666 BGB und Allgemeiner Sozialer Dienst (ASD). DJI. google scholar
45. Kindler, H. (2008). Developing evidence-based child protection practice: A view from Germany. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(4), 319-324. google scholar
46. Koivula, T., Ellonen, N., Janson, S., Jernbro, C., Huhtala, H., & Paavilainen, E. (2018). Psychological and physical violence towards children with disabilities in Finland and Sweden. Journal of Child Health Care, 22(3), 317-331. google scholar
47. Koruyucu Aile Yönetmeliği. (2012, 14 Aralık). Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 28947). Access address: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat? MevzuatNo=16840&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 google scholar
48. Küsmez, B. (2020). Korunma ihtiyacı olan çocuklar için kurumsal ve alternatif hizmet modelleri: Bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences, 4(3), 201-225. google scholar
49. Leviner, P. (2014). Child protection under Swedish law—legal duality and uncertainty. European Journal of Social Work, 17(2), 206-220. google scholar
50. Leviner, P. (2018). Child participation in the Swedish child protection system: Child-friendly focus but limited child influence on outcomes. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 26(1), 136-158. google scholar
51. Lightfoot, E. (2014). Children and youth with disabilities in the child welfare system. Child Welfare, 93(2), 23-46. google scholar
52. Lightfoot, E., Hill, K., & LaLiberte, T. (2011). Prevalence of children with disabilities in the child welfare system and out of home placement: An examination of administrative records. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(11), 2069-2075. google scholar
53. Liljegren, A., Höjer, S., & Forkby, T. (2014). Laypersons, professions, and governance in the welfare state: The Swedish child protection system. Journal of Professions and Organization, 1(2), 161-175. google scholar
54. Liljegren, A., Höjer, S., & Forkby, T. (2018). 'I do not want to teli you how to do your job, but...'-laypersons challenging the authority of professionals in Swedish child protection. Nordic Social Work Research, 8(1), 50-63. google scholar
55. Linden-Boström, M. ve Persson, G. (2014). Protective factorfor mentol health between adolescent with without disabilities. Trio Trych AB. google scholar
56. Lindqvist, R., & Lamichhane, K. (2019). Disability policies in Japan and Sweden: A comparative perspective. Alter, 13(1), 1-14. google scholar
57. Lundström, T. (2001). Child protection, voluntary organizations, and the public sector in Sweden. Voluntos: Internotionol Journol of Voluntory ond Nonprofit Orgonizotions, 12, 355-371. google scholar
58. Meagher, G., Lundström, T., Sallnas, M., & Wiklund, S. (2016). Big Business in a thin market: Understanding the privatization of residential car for children and youth in Sweden. Sociol Policy&Administrotion, 50(7), 805-823. google scholar
59. Mitchell, L. B., Barth, R. P., Green, R., Wall, A., Biemer, P., Berrick, J. D., & Webb, M. B. (2005). Child welfare reform in the United States: Findings from a local agency survey. Child Welfore, 84(1), 5-24. google scholar
60. Murray, K. O. ve Gesiriech, S. (2004). A brief legislative history of the child welfare system. Reseorch Poper, the Pew Commission on Children in Foster Core. google scholar
61. Myers, J. E. B. (2008). A short history of child protection in America. Fomily Low Quorterly, 42(3), 449-463. google scholar
62. Negiz, Z. (2020). Islahhaneler, sanayi mektepleri ve Darüşşafaka. R. Çelik (Ed.). Sosyol hizmet torihi (pp. 267-284). Grafiker Yayınları. google scholar
63. Olsson, M. B. ve Hwang, P. C. (2003). Influence of macrostructure of Society on the life situation of families with a child with intellectual disability: Sweden as an example. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4-5), 328-341. google scholar
64. Olsson, L. M., Bengtsson, S., Granlund, M., Huus, K., Andersson, E. E., & Kâreholt, I. (2020). Social service utilization in relation to class setting-a longitudinal study among children with mild intellectual disability in Sweden. European journal of special needs education, 35(4), 544-558. google scholar
65. Özel Kreş ve Gündüz Bakımevleri ile Özel Çocuk Kulüplerinin Kuruluş ve İşleyiş Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik. (2015, 30 April). Resmi Gazete. Access address: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=20718&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 google scholar
66. Özkaya, N. ve Kaya, M. (2020). Darülaceze. R. Çelik (Ed.). Sosyal hizmet tarihi (pp. 285-296). Grafiker Yayınları. google scholar
67. Pecora, P. J., Whittaker, J. K., Barth, R. P., Borja, S., & Vesneski, W. (2010). The child welfare challenge. Aldine Transaction. google scholar
68. Pfahl, L. ve Powell, J. W. (2011). Legitimating school segregation. The special education profession and the discourse of learning disability in Germany. Disability & Society, 26(4), 449-462. google scholar
69. Porko, P., vd. (2018). Inquiry on private child welfare units. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. google scholar
70. Reich, J. A. (2005). Fixing families parents, power and the child welfare system. Routledge. google scholar
71. Roos, G. (1996). Disabled foster children. U. Gintzel (Ed.). Upbringing in foster families: Looking for a future içinde (pp. 197-200). Votum. google scholar
72. Sallnas, M., & Wiklund, S. (2011). Private service providers in welfare services. Socionomen, 8(i), 22-7. google scholar
73. Sann, A. ve Schafer, R. (2011). Frühe Hilfen in Deuschland: Angebote und Perspektiven. Jugendhilfe, 49(2), 79-94. google scholar
74. Schröder, C. ve Zöller, U. (2020). Organizing transregional child protection within the greater region of France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg. Social Work & Society 18(3), 1-17. google scholar
75. Shanks, E., Backe-Hansen, E., Eriksson, P., Lausten, M., Lundström, T., Ranta, H., & Sallnas, M. (2021). Privatization of residential çare for children and youth in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Nordic Welfare Research, 6(3), 128-141. google scholar
76. Shannon, P. ve Agorastou, M. (2006). Identifying children with developmental disabilities receiving child protection services: A national survey of child welfare administrators. Families in Society, 87(3), 351-357. google scholar
77. Slayter, E. (2016). Youth with disabilities in the United States child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 64, 155-165. google scholar
78. Slayter E. ve Springer, C. (2011). Child welfare-involved youth with intellectual disabilities: Pathways into and placements in foster care. İntellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 49(1), 1-13. google scholar
79. Sosyal ve Ekonomik Destek Hizmetleri Hakkında Yönetmelik. (2015, 3 March). Resmi Gazete (No: 29284). Access address: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=20570&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 google scholar
80. Statista. (2023). Number of people receiving LSS disability service in Sweden, 2022. Access address: https://www.statista.com/statistics/ 530601/sweden-disability-by-type/ google scholar
81. Sullivan, P. ve Knutson, J. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(100), 1257-1273. google scholar
82. Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (2019). Statistik om socialtjanstinsatser till barn och unga 2018. Socialstyrelsen. google scholar
83. Şeker, K. (2020). Himaye-i etfal cemiyeti, çocuk esirgeme kurumu (1917-1981). R. Çelik (Ed.). Sosyal hizmet tarihi içinde (pp. 329-368). Grafiker Yayınları. google scholar
84. Şirin, M. C. (2017). Fransa ve Türkiye’de Korunması Gereken Çocuk ve Çocuk Koruma İdaresinin Tarihsel Gelişimi. Çocuk ve Medeniyet, 2(3), 43-69. google scholar
85. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2020). İstatistiklerle Çocuk, 2020. Access address: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2020-37228 google scholar
86. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2013). Nüfus ve Konut Araştırması, 2011. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Nufus-ve-Konut-Arastirmasi-2011-15843 google scholar
87. Vig, S. ve Kaminer, R. (2002). Maltreatment and developmental disabilities in children. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 14, 371-386. google scholar
88. Vonneilich, N., Lüdecke, D., & Kofahl, C. (2016). The impact of care on family and health-related quality of life of parents with chronically ill and disabled children. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(8), 761-767. google scholar
89. Witte, S., Miehlbradt, L., van Santen, E., & Kindler, H. (2016). Briefing on the German Child protection system. Access address: http:// www. projecthestia. com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/POLICY-BRIEFINGGERMANY. pdf. google scholar
90. Witte, S., Miehlbradt, L. S., van Santen, E., & Kindler, H. (2019). Preventing child endangerment: Child protection in Germany. L. Merkel-Holguin vd. (Ed.). National system of child protection. Understanding the international variability and context for developing policy and practice (pp. 93-114). Springer. google scholar
91. Wolf, K. (2012). Promoting the positive development of foster children: Establishing research in Germany. Adoption & Fostering, 36(1), 40-51. google scholar
92. Wolff, R., Biesel, K., & Heinitz, S. (2011). Child protection in an age of uncertainty: Germany’s response. N. Gilbert, N. Parton ve M. Skivenes (Ed.). Child protection systems international trends and orientations içinde (p. 183-204). University of Maryland. google scholar
93. World Health Organization. (2022). Disability. Access address: https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1 google scholar