Dialectical Analysis of Problems Created by Technological Developments in the Labour Market

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 89, 106 - 128, 13.01.2026

Turgut Çılğın

https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2025.89.1773834

https://izlik.org/JA64BD42FR

Öz

The struggle between capital and labour has been ongoing for centuries. Technical and mechanical innovations, which began to develop with the industrial revolution, have gradually replaced manual labour. In recent years, with the development of automation systems, robots, and artificial intelligence, technology has replaced not only manual labour but also human intelligence. This situation has increased the risk of unemployment more than ever before and has become a threat to the workforce and society in terms of cybersecurity and occupational health and safety. Today, technology and unemployment, productivity, and workforce safety create a paradox. International and interdisciplinary solutions to this paradox must be found within an ethical and legal framework. This article aims to identify the problems and solutions caused by technological developments in the areas of unemployment, cybersecurity, and occupational safety in work and socioeconomic life using a dialectical approach, literature review, and document analysis methods. The research findings reveal that the workforce is facing rapidly increasing unemployment, that risks such as cybersecurity and occupational safety are increasing in parallel with technological developments, and that there is a paradox between technology and society. To eliminate this paradox, it is recommended that technology be disciplined by scientific ethical and legal rules.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Technological Advances , Artificial Intelligence , Unemployment , Cyber Security , Labour Security

Kaynakça

• Acemoğlu, D. (2023). AI & Inequality. Daron Acemoglu: Big Tech poses risks as AI reshapes society. Harvard Business School. Access address:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLzgjCAXoks (Access date: 20.08.2025). google scholar
• AI Incident Database [AIID] (2025). About the database. Access address:https://incidentdatabase.ai/ google scholar
• Awad E. (2017). Moral Machine. Access address:https://www.moralmachine.net/ google scholar
• Bérastégui P. (2024). Artificial intelligence in Industry 4.0: implications for occupational safety and health, ETUI. Brussels. Access address:https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4867719 google scholar
• BloombergHT (2024). Arçelik: İtalya'daki 2 bin çalışan için görüşmeler sürecek. Access address:https://www.bloomberght.com/arcelik-italya-daki-2-bin-calisan-icin-gorusmeler-surecek-3735096?page=2 (Access date: 12.07.2025). google scholar
• Broersen, J. (2014). Responsible intelligent systems. Künstliche Intelligenz. 28. 209-214. Access address:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13218-014-0305-4 google scholar
• Brundage, M., Avin S., Clark J., Toner H., Eckersley P., Garfinkel B., Dafoe A., Scharre P. et al. (2018) The malicious use of artificial intelligence: forecasting, prevention, and mitigation. University of Oxford. Access address:https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/3d82daa4-97fe-4096-9c6b376b92c619de/downloads/1c6q2kc4v_50335.pdf google scholar
• Burgess, M. (2025). Scammers are creating fake news videos to blackmail victims. Wired. Access address:https://www.wired.com/story/scammers-are-creating-fake-news-videos-to-blackmail-victims/ (Access date: 20.08.2025). google scholar
• Casey, G. (2018). Technology-Driven unemployment. Meeting papers. No 302. Society for Economic Dynamics. Access address:https://red-files-public.s3.amazonaws.com/meetpapers/2018/paper_302.pdf google scholar
• Challenger, A. (2025). Challenger Report: 153,074 Job Cuts on Cost-Cutting & AI. Access address: https://www.challengergray.com/blog/october-challenger-report-153074-job-cuts-on-cost-cutting-ai/ (Access date: 09.10.2025). google scholar
• Challenger, A. (2025b). Challenger Report: Dec 04. Access address: https://www.challengergray.com/blog/challenger-report-71321-job-cuts-on-restructurings-closings-economy/ (Access date: 05.11.2025). google scholar
• Check Point Software Technologies, (2024). FunkSec-Alleged top ransomware group powered by AI. Check Point. Access address:https://research.checkpoint.com/2025/funksec-alleged-top-ransomware-group-powered-by-ai/ (Access date: 11.07.2025). google scholar
• Chopra S. (2010). Rights for autonomous artificial agents? Communications of the ACM, 53 (8), 38-40. Access address:https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/rights-for-autonomous-artificial-agents/ google scholar
• Chopra S. and White L. F. (2011) A legal theory for autonomous artificial agents. Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan Press. Access address:https://www.scribd.com/document/632122074/A-legal-theory-for-autonomous-artificial-agents-Chopra-y-White google scholar
• Chourasia, S., Tyagi, A., Pandey, S. M., Walia, R. S., & Murtaza, Q. (2022). Sustainability of ındustry 6.0 in global perspective: benefits and challenges. MAPAN, 37(2), 443-452. Access address:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-022-00541-w google scholar
• Coppola, F. (2016). Ethereum's DAO hacking shows that coders are not ınfallible. Forbes. Access address:https://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2016/06/20/the-dao-hacking-shows-that-coders-are-not-infallible/#5ca82d4f3983 (Access date: 10.08.2025). google scholar
• Corfield, G. (2017). Tesla death smash probe: Neither driver nor autopilot saw the truck. The Register. Access address: https://www.theregister.com/2017/06/20/tesla_death_crash_accident_report_ntsb/ google scholar
• De Jesus, M. (2024). The rise of part-time employment: A growing trend in today’s workforce. Help Squat. Access address:https://helpsquad.com/part-time-employment/ (Access date: 07.03.2025). google scholar
• Degryse, C. (2017). Shaping the world of work in the digital economy. ETUI Research Paper-Foresight Brief. Brussels. Access address:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2901937 google scholar
• European Commission (2025). Shaping Europe’s digital future. AI Act. Access address:https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai google scholar
• European Council [EC] (2017). European Council meeting. Conclusions. Access address:http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21620/19-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf google scholar
• European Parliament (2017). Civil law rules on robotics. European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics. 2015/2103(INL). Official Journal of the European Union. Access address:https://eur-ex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017IP0051 google scholar
• Eykholt, K., Evtimov, I., Fernandes, E., Li B., Rahmati, A., Xiao, C., Prakash, A., Kohno, T., Song, D. (2018) Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning models. Cornell University. Access address:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.08945 google scholar
• Fan, T. (2025). The Labor Market Incidence of New Technologies. Job Market Paper. Yale Universty. Access address: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5160195 google scholar
• Future of Life Institute (2025). The EU artificial ıntelligence act. Access address:https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/ai-act-explorer/ google scholar
• Gartner. (2023). Gartner says more than 80% of enterprises will have used generative aı apıs or deployed generative aı-enabled applications by 2026. Gartner. Access address:https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2023-10-11-gartner-says-more-than-80-percent-of-enterprises-will-have-used-generative-ai-apis-or-deployed-generative-ai-enabled-applications-by-2026 (Access date: 01.06.2025). google scholar
• Georgieva, K. (2024). IMF Başkanı: Yapay zeka ekonomi için dönüştürücü potansiyele sahip. BloombergHT. Access address:https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-baskani-yapay-zeka-dunya-ekonomisi-icin-donusturucu-potansiyele-sahip-3735071 (Access date: 09.06.2025). google scholar
• Georgieva, K. (2025). Almost 40% of jobs around the world will be impacted by AI, IMF chief says. Euronews. Access address:https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/01/15/almost-40-of-jobs-around-the-world-will-be-impacted-by-ai-imf-chief-says (Access date: 15.08.02025). google scholar
• Goldman Sachs. (2023). Generative AI could raise global GDP by 7%. Access address:https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent.html (Access date: 13.07.2025). google scholar
• Gozzi, L. (2025). AI Brad Pitt dupes French woman out of €830,000. BBC. Access address:https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgnz8rw1xgo (Access date: 19.08.2025). google scholar
• Hawkins, A. J. (2019). Tesla didn’t fix an autopilot problem for three years, and now another person is dead. The Verge. Access address:https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18629214/tesla-autopilot-crash-death-josh-brown-jeremy-banner (Access date: 10.02.2025). google scholar
• Hern, A. (2016) Stephen Hawking: AI will be ‘either best or worst thing’ for humanity. The Guardian. Access address:https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/oct/19/stephen-hawking-ai-best-or-worst-thing-for-humanity-cambridge (Access date: 30.03.2025). google scholar
• Hinton, G. (2023). "Godfather of AI" Geoffrey Hinton: The 60 minutes ınterview. Access address:https://www.youtube.com/watch?=qrvK_KuIeJk (Access date: 17.08.2025). google scholar
• Houngbo, G. F. (2025). ILO: Yapay zeka nedeniyle yaratılan iş kaybolan işten çok fazla. BloombergHT. Access address:https://www.bloomberght.com/ilo-yapay-zeka-nedeniyle-yaratilan-is-kaybolan-isten-cok-fazla-3740003 (Access date: 09.04.2025). google scholar
• Hurst, L. (2023). OpenAI says 80% of workers could see their jobs impacted by AI. These are the jobs most affected. Euronews. Access address:https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/23/openai-says-80-of-workers-could-see-their-jobs-impacted-by-ai-these-are-the-jobs-most-affe (Access date: 10.03.2025) google scholar
• IIoT World. (2024). What are the risks of using AI in manufacturing? IIoT World Access address:https://www.iiot-world.com/artificial-intelligence-ml/artificial-intelligence/what-are-the-risks-of-using-ai-in-manufacturing/ google scholar
• ILOSTAT (2025a). Cases of non-fatal occupational injury by economic activity -Annual. Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. ILOSTAT data Explorer. Access address:https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer4/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=UNE_2EAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A google scholar
• ILOSTAT (2025b). Employment-to-population ratio by sex and age- Annual. ILO Modelled Estimates. ILOSTAT data Explorer. Access address:https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer4/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=UNE_2EAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A google scholar
• ILOSTAT (2025c). Persons outside the labour force by sex and age- Annual. ILO Modelled Estimates. ILOSTAT data Explorer. Access address:https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer4/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=UNE_2EAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A google scholar
• ILOSTAT (2025d). Persons outside the labour force by sex and age-Annual. ILO Modelled Estimates. ILOSTAT data Explorer. Access address:https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer4/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=UNE_2EAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A google scholar
• ILOSTAT (2025e). Labour force participation rate by sex and age- Annual. ILO Modelled Estimates. ILOSTAT data Explorer. Access address:https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer54/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=EAP_2WAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A google scholar
• Industrial Federation of Robots [IFR] (2023). World robotics: ındustrial robots 2023:statistics, market analysis, forecasts, and case studies, Access address:https://ifr.org/img/worldrobotics/Executive_Summary_WR_Industrial_Robots_2023.pdf. google scholar
• Industrial Federation of Robots [IFR] (2024b). World robotics-ındustrial robots, Access address:https://ifr.org/wr-industrial-robots/ google scholar
• Industrial Federation of Robots IFR. Global robot density in factories doubled in seven years [Press release]. Access address:https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/global-robot-density-in-factories-doubled-in-seven-years google scholar
• International Labour Organization [ILO], (2024). World employment and social outlook trend 2024. International Labour Office. Geneva. Access address:https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@inst/documents/publication/wcms_908142.pdf google scholar
• International Labour Organization [ILO], (2025). World employment and social outlook trend 2025. International Labour Office. Geneva. Access address:https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2025-01/WESO25_Trends_ExecSum_EN.pdf google scholar
• International Monetary Fund [IMF] (2024). Policy pivot, rising threats. World Economic Outlook. Access address:https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/10/22/world-economic-outlook-october-2024 google scholar
• Jolly, J. (2018). Amazon robot sets off bear repellant, putting 24 workers in hospital. The Guardian. Access address:https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/dec/06/24-us-amazon-workers-hospitalised-after-robot-sets-off-bear-repellent (Access date: 08.05.2025). google scholar
• Kath, R. (2020). Police: Tesla that hit mass. State trooper's vehicle was ın autopilot. NBC Boston. Access address:https://www.nbcboston.com/investigations/police-tesla-that-hit-mass-state-troopers-vehicle-was-in-autopilot/2151164/ (Access date: 21.02.2025). google scholar
• Keach, S. (2018). Death by driverless car: We investigate who’s to blame when robot cars kill. Trusted Reviews. Access address:https://www.trustedreviews.com/news/driverless-car-deaths-insurance-blame-uber-tesla-2945865 (Access date: 10.07.2025). google scholar
• Konzek. (2024). Endüstriyel yapay zeka ile chatgpt'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Access address:https://www.konzek.com/blog/endustriyel-yapay-zeka-ile-chatgpt-nin-karsilastirmali-analizi google scholar
• McMillan, D. (2025). Arrested by AI: Police ignore standards after facial recognition matches. The Washington Post. Access address:https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/interactive/2025/police-artificial-intelligence-facial-recognition/ (Access date: 22.02.2025). google scholar
• Müller, L. (2020). Enabling technologies for ındustry 5.0. Directorate-General for research and ınnovation. European Commission. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8e5de100-2a1c-11eb-9d7e-01aa75ed71a1/language-en google scholar
• Nahavandi, S. (2019). Industry 5.0-A human-centric solution. Sustainability. 11(16). 4371. Access address:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164371 google scholar
• Neumann, W.P., Winkelhaus S., Grosse E.H. and Glock C.H. (2021) Industry 4.0 and the human factor -A systems framework and analysis methodology for successful development. International Journal of Production Economics. 233. Access address:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107992 google scholar
• Ngo, L. (2019). The influence of ICT on the accommodation industry in the upcoming industry 5.0. Haaga-Helia. Master Thesis. Access address:https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/267827/Template_Thesis2.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y google scholar
• Noothigattu, R., Gaikwad S. N. S., Awad E., Dsouza S., Rahwan I., Ravikumar P. and Procaccia A. D. (2018). A voting-based system for ethical decision making. Cornell University. Access address:https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.06692 google scholar
• Novakova, L. (2020). The impact of technology development on the future of the labour market in the Slovak Republic. Technology in Society. 62. Access address:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101256 google scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] (2025). Part-time employment rate. Access address:https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/part-time-employment-rate.html?oecdcontrol-96565bc25e-var3=2023&oecdcontrol-324c268e53-var1=OECD google scholar
• Partridge, J. (2024). Hackers steal $1.5bn from crypto exchange in ‘biggest digital heist ever’. The Guardian. Access address: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/feb/23/crypto-exchange-seeks-bybit-ethereum-stolen-digital-wallet (Access date: 03.08.2025). google scholar
• Ponce del Castillo, A. (2017). A Law on robotics and artificial ıntelligence in the EU? ETUI Research Paper-Foresight Brief SSRN. Access address:https://ssrn.com/abstract=3180004 google scholar
• Russel, S. (2021). The dangers of artificial ıntelligence-Stuart Russell on AI risk. Open Tools. Access address:https://opentools.ai/youtube-summary/the-dangers-of-artificial-intelligence-stuart-russell-on-ai-risk google scholar
• Sainato, M. (2018). Accidents at Amazon: workers left to suffer after warehouse injuries. The Guardian. Access address:https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/30/accidents-at-amazon-workers-left-to-suffer-after-warehouse-injuries (Access date:10.06.2025). google scholar
• Sumon, N. and Pan, D. (2025). Thai prime minister says she was nearly tricked by scam caller posing as another world leader. NBC News. Access address:https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/thai-prime-minister-says-was-nearly-tricked-scam-caller-rcna188103 (Access date: 21.03.2025). google scholar
• Swartz, J. (2025). OpenAI acquires windsurf for $3 billion. DevOps. Access address:https://devops.com/openai-acquires-windsurf-for-3-billion/ google scholar
• The Kobeissi Letter [TKL] (2025). Recent layoff announcements. X. Access address:https://x.com/KobeissiLetter/status/1983209896721236139 (Access date: 04.11.2025). google scholar
• The Economic Times, (2025). Google offers ‘voluntary exit’ programme for US-based Pixel and Android teams. The Economic Times. Access address:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/google-offers-voluntary-exit-programme-for-us-based-pixel-and-android-teams/articleshow/117798050.cms?from=mdr (Access date: 26.05.2025). google scholar
• Thornburg, W. (2018). The DAO hack and blockchain security vulnerabilities. Coin Central. Access address:https://coincentral.com/blockchain-security-vulnerabilities/ google scholar
• Tomic, E. (2025). Maine town hit with sophisticated aı-generated phishing scam. The Maine Wire. Access address:https://www.themainewire.com/2025/01/maine-town-hit-with-sophisticated-ai-generated-phishing-scam/ google scholar
• Türkiye Yapay Zekâ İnisiyatifi [TRAI], (2024). Yapay zekâ etik ilkeleri ve hukuki düzenlemeler raporu. Access address:https://turkiye.ai/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/TRAI-Yapay-Zeka-Etik-Ilkeleri-ve-Hukuki-Duzenlemeler-Raporu-Mayis-2024-5.pdf google scholar
• Wang, N. and Wang, K. (2022). Internet financial risk management in the context of big data and artificial intelligence. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. Access address:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6219489 google scholar
• World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology [COMEST] (2017). Report of COMEST on robotics ethics. Paris. World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology of UNESCO. Access address:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002539/253952E.pdf google scholar
• World Economic Forum [WEF] (2024). Chief economists outlook 2024. Access address:https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Chief_Economists_Outlook_September_2024.pdf google scholar
• World Economic Forum [WEF] (2025). Future of jobs report 2025. Access address:https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_Report_2025.pdf google scholar
• VandeHei, J. & Allen, M. (2025). Behind the curtain: A white-collar bloodbath. Axios. Access address:https://www.axios.com/2025/05/28/ai-jobs-white-collar-unemployment-anthropic (Access date:25.07.2025). google scholar
• Verma, D. (2024). Industry 5.0: A Human-Centric and sustainable approach to ındustrial development. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern (IJSRC). 12 (5). 17-21. Access address:https://ijournals.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/3.IJSRC-120507-Deepak.pdf google scholar
• Yücebalkan, B. (2020). Endüstri 4.0’dan endüstri 5.0’a geçiş sürecine genel bakış. Pearson Journal. 5(9). 241-250. Access address:http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.181 google scholar
• Zhang, B. Z., Ashta, A. and Barton, M. E. (2021). Do FinTech and financial incumbents have different experiences and perspectives on the adoption of artificial intelligence? Strategic Change. 30(3). 223-234. Access address:https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2405 google scholar