Kültür Endüstrisinden Dijital Kapitalizme

Öz

Bu çalışma içinde bulunduğumuz dijital çağda medya ve müzik endüstrisi arasındaki ilişkileri yorumlamayı amaçlar. Müzisyenler, dinleyiciler ve müzik/ eğlence sektörü çalışanları kültür dünyasının önemli bir parçasını oluştururlar. Kayıtlı müzik endüstrisi her zaman ana akım medya ve popülerlik faktörü ile ilişkili olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışma, yeni medyanın önemini üretici ve tüketici açısından incelemektedir. Dijital teknolojiler medya ve müzik dünyasını nasıl etkilemiştir? Müzik endüstrisi ve sosyolojisi bağlamında geleneksel ve yeni medya arasındaki farklar nelerdir?
Bu araştırma için müzisyen, dinleyici, müzik, medya ve organizasyon şirketleri çalışanları ile birebir görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Önceden belirlenmiş sosyal medya web siteleri gözlemlenerek sonuçlar analiz edilmiştir. Dijital medya her geçen gün daha fazla ticarileşmekte ve yeni teknolojiler yoluyla kapitalizme hizmet etmektedir. Araştırma dijital kapitalizm ilkeleri göz önüne alınarak, küresel müzik endüstrisinde demokrasi ve fırsat eşitliğinin varlığını sorgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital kapitalizm
• Müzik endüstrisi
• Kültür endüstrisi
• Yeni medya

From Culture Industry to Digital Capitalism

Öz

This study investigates the relationships between media and music industry in the digital age. The musicians, listeners, and employees that are a part of the musical entertainment industry at present are an essential part of the cultural world. Recorded music production in particular has always been associated with mainstream media and has always taken popularity into account. This study also examines the importance of new media with regard to the producer and consumer of music. How have digital technologies affected the worlds of media and music? What differences can be found between traditional and new media in the context of the music industry and sociology? In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with musicians, listeners, employees of music companies, the media, and representatives of music companies. Pre-determined social media websites were observed, and the results were analyzed. Digital media is more commercialized and is serving capitalism to a greater extent through new technology. This study investigates democracy and equal opportunity in the global music industry, taking the principles of digital capitalism into account.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Kapitalizm
• Music industry
• Culture industry
• New media

Kaynakça

1. Attali, Jacques. Noise: The Political Economy of Music. Minneapolis/USA: University of Minnosata Press, 2009.
2. Adorno, Theodor W. Kültür Endüstrisi Kültür Yönetimi. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2012.
3. Baudrillard Jean. The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. London/ UK: Sage, 1998.
4. Burkart, Patrick. Music and Cyberliberties. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2010.
5. Castells, Manuel. Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi- Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008.
6. Celma, Oscar. Music Recommandation and Discovery. London: Springer, 2010.
7. Deborah, Cook. The Culture Industry Revisited: Theodor W. Adorno on Mass Culture. Oxford: Rowman& Littlefield Publishers, 1996.
8. Cunningham, S. J., Bainbridge, D., & Falconer, A. 2006. "More of an art than a science": Supporting the creation of playlists and mixes. In Proceedings: Seventh International Conference on Music Information Retrieval. Canada, 8-12 October 2006. https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/77/content.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y

9. Daum, Timo. “Understanding Dijital Capitalism: The Times We Live in an Introduction”. Das Filter-Medium fur Gegenwart. (2015 Mar). (Erisim 10.10.2017)
10. Frank, Jay. Hack Your Hit: Free and Cheap Marketing Tips for Musicians. Nashville: Futurehit, 2013.
11. Frith, Simon. Sound effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock 'n' Roll. New York: Pantheon Books, 1981.
12. Fuchs, Christian. “Marx’s Capital in the Information Age”. Capital and Class 41/1 (2017): 51- 67.
13. Gilbert, Jeremy. “Capitalism, Creativity and the Crisis in the Music Industry”. Erisim 01.09.2017.
14. https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/jeremy-gilbert/capitalism-creativity-and-crisis-in-music-industry
15. Hesmondhalgh, David& Leslie M. Meier. “What the Digitalisation of Music Tells Us About Capitalism, Culture and the Power of the Information Technology Sector”. Information, Communication& Society (2017 Haziran) (Erisim 01.11.2017).
16. Horkheimer, Max and Theodor W Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment. California: Stanford University Press, 2002.
17. Hull, Geoffrey. The Recording Industry. New York: Routledge, 2004.
18. IFPI. “Dijital Music Report: Revolution, Innovation, Responsibility” (Erisim 01.09.2017) http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2008.pdf
19. Leyshon, Andrew. “The Software Slump: dijital music, the democratisation of technology, and the decline of the recording studio sector within the musical economy”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41/6 (2009): 1309- 1331.
20. Lingen, Jessa& Mor Naaman. ‘You should have been there, man: Live music, DIY content and online communities”. New Media& Society 14/2 (2012): 332- 349.
21. Lull, James. Popüler Müzik ve İletişim. Istanbul: Çivi Yazıları, 2000.
22. Marshall, Lee K. R. ‘Let’s keep music special. F--- Spotify’: on- demand streaming and the controversy over artist royalties”. Creative Industries Journal 8/ 2 (2015): 177-189.
23. McChesney Robert W. Dijital Disconnect: How Capitalism is Turning the Internet against Democracy. New York: The New Press, 2013.
24. Negus, Keith. Producing Pop: Culture and Conflict in the Popular Music Industry. London: Hodder Education, 1992.
25. Nielsen Corporate. “Nielsen Entertainment and Billboard’s 2013 Mid- Year Music Industry Report”. (Erisim 20.09.2017). http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/reports-downloads/2013 Reports/Nielsen-Music-2013-Mid-Year-US-Release.pdf
26. Owsinski, Bobby. Music 3.0: A Survival Guide for Making Music in the Internet Age. New York: Hal Leonard Books, 2009.
27. Öztürk, Tugba A. “Müzik Icracilarinin Kültür Endustrisi ve Dinleyici Beklentileri Arasinda Yeni Medya Baglaminda Uyum Stratejileri”, Doktora Tezi, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi, 2015.
28. Poster, M. Second Media Age. Cambridge: Polity, 1995.
29. Sennett, Richard. Kamusal İnsanın Çöküşü. Istanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 1997.
30. Taylor, Timothy D. Music and Capitalism: A History of Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
31. The Balance. “The Big Three Record Labels.” Erisim (10.08. 2017). https://www.thebalance.com/big-three-record-labels-2460743
32. Tscmuck, Peter. Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry. Vienna: Springer, 2012.
33. Wasko, Janet, Graham Murdock and Helena Sousa. The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
34. Wiggins, Benjamin A. “The Culture Industry, New Media, and the Shift from Creation to Curation; or, Enlightenment as a Kick in the Nuts”. Television& New Media 5/5 (2014): 395- 412.
35. Wikstrom, Patrick. The Music Industry: Music in the Cloud. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
36. Yaylagül, Levent. Kitle İletişim Kuramları. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2010.