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Short-Time Working Practices in European Union Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 82, 195 - 221, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549

Öz

During the global Covid-19 pandemic crisis, many countries, especially European countries, placed the practice of short-time work, which is a passive employment policy, at the center of labor market measures. Fundamental factors, such as application procedures and principles, eligibility requirements, duration, the amount of allowance, and social security contributions differ between countries. In addition, to minimize the negative effects of the crisis, which affected all labor markets, relaxation of regulations regarding the practice of short-time working brought international practices closer together. This study investigated the similarities and differences of the short-time working practices in European Union member countries during the pandemic crisis, evaluating current and potential reverberations in labor markets. Consequently, it is clearly inevitable and necessary to extend the regulations regarding short-time working practices, which has an important role in protecting employment during general economic crises.

Kaynakça

  • Astarlı, M. (2005). Genel Ekonomik Kriz Dönemlerinde İşletme Gerekleri Nedeniyle Fesih ve Kısa Çalışma İlişkisi. Sicil Dergisi, 17, 74-88.
  • Avila, Z., Mattozzi, G. (2020). COVID-19: Kamu istihdam hizmetleri ve işgücü piyasası politika önlemleri. ILO Bilgi Notu. İsviçre:ILO.
  • Cahuc, P. (2019). Short-Time Work Compensation Schemes and Employment, IZA World of Labor. http://dx.doi.org//10.15185/izawol.11.v2.
  • Duell, N. (2020). PES Measures and Activities Responding to Covid-19, European Network of Public Employment Services, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/ 10.2767/007773.
  • Effenberger, A., Koelle, M. & Barker, A. Germany’s short-time work scheme:can its past success be replicated?, Erişim adresi: https://oecdecoscope.blog/category/germany/?print=pdf-search.
  • Eichhorst W. & Marx, P. (2020, April 5). Making Sure That SURE Works, Erişim adresi: https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/opinion/making-sure-that-sure-works/.
  • Eurofound. (2020). COVID-19: Policy Responses Across Europe, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Union. (2010). Short Time Working Arrangements as Response to Cyclical Fluctuations, Occasional Paper 64, Brussels: http://dx.doi.org/10.2765/5333.
  • ETUC. (2020a). Short Time Work Measures Across Europe, Covid-19 Watch ETUC Briefing Note Short Time Work. Erişim adresi: https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/202011/Covid_19%20Briefing%20Short%20Time%20Work%20Measures%2027%20November%20updated.pdf.
  • ETUC. (2020b). Covıd-19 Watch Etuc Briefing Note on Measures Undertaken in the Second Wave of The Pandemic to Preserve Jobs and Incomes. Erişim adresi: https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/202101/20210108_overview%20of%20measures%20second%20wave.pdf.
  • Hensvik, L. & Skans, O. (2020), IZA COVID-19 Crisis Response Monitoring: Sweden, Germany:IZA.
  • Hekimler, A. (2015). Federal Almanya’da Kısa Çalışma Ödeneğine İlişkin Yasal Düzenlemelerin. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, 68, 155-185.
  • Hijzen, A. & Venn, D. (2010). The Role of Short-Time Work Schemes during the 2008-09 Recession, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 115. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/1815199X.
  • ILO. (2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and The World of Work (5. bs). Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_749399.pdf.
  • Mandl, I., Hurley, J., Mascherini, M. & Storrie, D. (2010).Extending Flexicurity-The Potential of Short-Time Working Schemes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/21361.
  • Mosley, H. (2020). European Network of Public Employment Services, Short-Time Work Schemes In The Eu, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Müller, T., Schulten, T. (2020). Ensuring Fair Short-Time Work -A European Overview, ETUI Policy Brief, European Economic, Employment and Social Policy-N°7/2020, Brussels:ETUI. Erişim adresi:www.etui.org/publications.
  • OECD. (2020a). Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience, Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect. Erişim adresi: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/. OECD. (2020b). Supporting People and Companies to Deal With The COVID-19 Virus: Options for an Immediate Employment and Social-Policy Response, ELS Policy Brief on the Policy Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. Paris. Erişim adresi:http://oe.cd/covid19briefsocial.
  • OECD. (2020c). Flattening The Unemployment Curve? Policies to Support Workers’ Income and Promote a Speedy Labour Market Recovery, Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect, https://doi.org/10.1787/0d1de2e-en.
  • Scarpetta, S., Pearson, M., Hıjzen, A., Salvatorı, A. (2020). Job Retention Schemes During The COVID-19 Lockdown and Beyond. OECD Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect, Erişim adresi: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/.
  • United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: The World of Work and COVID-19. Erişim adresi: https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/policy-brief-the_world_of_work_and_covid-19.pdf.
  • İnternet Kaynakları/ Online Resources Eurofound.(2021a).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/support-instrument/short-time-working-support, (03.08.2021).
  • Eurofound.(2021b).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/legislation/germany-working-time-flexibility, (06.07.2021).
  • Eurofound.(2021c).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/legislation/belgium-working-time-flexibility, (29.07.2021).
  • https://www.etui.org/about-etui/news/42-million-applications-for-short-time-work, (20.04.2021).
  • https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_572, (10.04.2021).
  • https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/na061120-kurzarbeit-germanys-short-time-work-benefit, (15.04.2021).

Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 82, 195 - 221, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549

Öz

Dünya geneline yayılan Covid-19 salgınıyla birlikte yaşanan küresel krizde, başta Avrupa ülkeleri olmak üzere birçok ülke, işgücü piyasalarına yönelik önlemlerin merkezine pasif bir istihdam politikası olan kısa çalışma uygulamasını yerleştirmiştir. Bu uygulamaya yönelik başvuru usul ve esasları, hak kazanma koşulları, ödeneğin süresi ile miktarı, sosyal güvenlik primleri gibi temel unsurlar ülkeler arasında farklılık göstermektedir. Bununla beraber işgücü piyasalarının neredeyse tamamını etkileyen krizin olumsuz etkilerini en aza indirmek amacıyla kısa çalışma uygulamasına yönelik düzenlemelerin esnetilmesi, ülke uygulamalarını birbirine yakınlaştırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, mevcut krizle birlikte Avrupa Birliği ülkelerindeki kısa çalışma uygulamalarının benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları ele alınarak, bunların işgücü piyasalarına mevcut ve olası yansımaları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda genel ekonomik krizler esnasında istihdamın ve işlerin korunmasında önemli rol üstlenen kısa çalışma uygulamasına yönelik düzenlemelerin esnetilmesinin kaçınılmaz ve gerekli olduğu görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Astarlı, M. (2005). Genel Ekonomik Kriz Dönemlerinde İşletme Gerekleri Nedeniyle Fesih ve Kısa Çalışma İlişkisi. Sicil Dergisi, 17, 74-88.
  • Avila, Z., Mattozzi, G. (2020). COVID-19: Kamu istihdam hizmetleri ve işgücü piyasası politika önlemleri. ILO Bilgi Notu. İsviçre:ILO.
  • Cahuc, P. (2019). Short-Time Work Compensation Schemes and Employment, IZA World of Labor. http://dx.doi.org//10.15185/izawol.11.v2.
  • Duell, N. (2020). PES Measures and Activities Responding to Covid-19, European Network of Public Employment Services, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/ 10.2767/007773.
  • Effenberger, A., Koelle, M. & Barker, A. Germany’s short-time work scheme:can its past success be replicated?, Erişim adresi: https://oecdecoscope.blog/category/germany/?print=pdf-search.
  • Eichhorst W. & Marx, P. (2020, April 5). Making Sure That SURE Works, Erişim adresi: https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/opinion/making-sure-that-sure-works/.
  • Eurofound. (2020). COVID-19: Policy Responses Across Europe, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Union. (2010). Short Time Working Arrangements as Response to Cyclical Fluctuations, Occasional Paper 64, Brussels: http://dx.doi.org/10.2765/5333.
  • ETUC. (2020a). Short Time Work Measures Across Europe, Covid-19 Watch ETUC Briefing Note Short Time Work. Erişim adresi: https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/202011/Covid_19%20Briefing%20Short%20Time%20Work%20Measures%2027%20November%20updated.pdf.
  • ETUC. (2020b). Covıd-19 Watch Etuc Briefing Note on Measures Undertaken in the Second Wave of The Pandemic to Preserve Jobs and Incomes. Erişim adresi: https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/202101/20210108_overview%20of%20measures%20second%20wave.pdf.
  • Hensvik, L. & Skans, O. (2020), IZA COVID-19 Crisis Response Monitoring: Sweden, Germany:IZA.
  • Hekimler, A. (2015). Federal Almanya’da Kısa Çalışma Ödeneğine İlişkin Yasal Düzenlemelerin. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları, 68, 155-185.
  • Hijzen, A. & Venn, D. (2010). The Role of Short-Time Work Schemes during the 2008-09 Recession, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 115. Paris: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/1815199X.
  • ILO. (2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and The World of Work (5. bs). Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_749399.pdf.
  • Mandl, I., Hurley, J., Mascherini, M. & Storrie, D. (2010).Extending Flexicurity-The Potential of Short-Time Working Schemes. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/21361.
  • Mosley, H. (2020). European Network of Public Employment Services, Short-Time Work Schemes In The Eu, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Müller, T., Schulten, T. (2020). Ensuring Fair Short-Time Work -A European Overview, ETUI Policy Brief, European Economic, Employment and Social Policy-N°7/2020, Brussels:ETUI. Erişim adresi:www.etui.org/publications.
  • OECD. (2020a). Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience, Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect. Erişim adresi: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/. OECD. (2020b). Supporting People and Companies to Deal With The COVID-19 Virus: Options for an Immediate Employment and Social-Policy Response, ELS Policy Brief on the Policy Response to the COVID-19 Crisis. Paris. Erişim adresi:http://oe.cd/covid19briefsocial.
  • OECD. (2020c). Flattening The Unemployment Curve? Policies to Support Workers’ Income and Promote a Speedy Labour Market Recovery, Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect, https://doi.org/10.1787/0d1de2e-en.
  • Scarpetta, S., Pearson, M., Hıjzen, A., Salvatorı, A. (2020). Job Retention Schemes During The COVID-19 Lockdown and Beyond. OECD Tackling Coronavirüs (Covid-19):Contributing to a Global Effect, Erişim adresi: http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/.
  • United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: The World of Work and COVID-19. Erişim adresi: https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/policy-brief-the_world_of_work_and_covid-19.pdf.
  • İnternet Kaynakları/ Online Resources Eurofound.(2021a).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/support-instrument/short-time-working-support, (03.08.2021).
  • Eurofound.(2021b).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/legislation/germany-working-time-flexibility, (06.07.2021).
  • Eurofound.(2021c).https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/emcc/erm/legislation/belgium-working-time-flexibility, (29.07.2021).
  • https://www.etui.org/about-etui/news/42-million-applications-for-short-time-work, (20.04.2021).
  • https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_572, (10.04.2021).
  • https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/06/11/na061120-kurzarbeit-germanys-short-time-work-benefit, (15.04.2021).
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yeliz Polat 0000-0002-6126-5294

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 82

Kaynak Göster

APA Polat, Y. (2022). Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi(82), 195-221. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549
AMA Polat Y. Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. Haziran 2022;(82):195-221. doi:10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549
Chicago Polat, Yeliz. “Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, sy. 82 (Haziran 2022): 195-221. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549.
EndNote Polat Y (01 Haziran 2022) Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 82 195–221.
IEEE Y. Polat, “Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, sy. 82, ss. 195–221, Haziran 2022, doi: 10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549.
ISNAD Polat, Yeliz. “Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi 82 (Haziran 2022), 195-221. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549.
JAMA Polat Y. Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 2022;:195–221.
MLA Polat, Yeliz. “Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları”. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, sy. 82, 2022, ss. 195-21, doi:10.26650/jspc.2022.82.986549.
Vancouver Polat Y. Covid-19 Salgını Döneminde Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerindeki Kısa Çalışma Uygulamaları. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi. 2022(82):195-221.