A Look Rembrandt’s “The Three Trees” Etching in the Light of Max Weber’s Protestant Ethic Argument
Öz
Rembrandt van Rijn is one of the most prominent painters of the XVII.century Dutch Golden Age whose artistic production had been guided through a Protestant comprehension. Despite the lack of any documented proof, Rembrandt’s works may well be argued as explicit manifestations of his spiritual affinity to Mennonitism. As the Mennonits who sought for the unvarnished truth of the Gospel, Rembrandt’s art reveal the Mennonit belief that humane sanctity would be exalted through a deep insight of the Gospel and with the love of God and this Mennonit spirit fills his not only religious works but also his whole artistic production including his portraits and landscapes.
For Rembrandt, his art was a “calling”- a task set by God. The concept of “calling”, had played a pivotal role for Max Weber in developing his famous “Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” argument: Protestantism comprises a specific ethic of acquisition and the source of this ethic is “worldly asceticism” which can be characterized as the believer’s devoutness to fulfill his vocational obligation assiduously with a loyalty to the Holy Truth and a sense of religious duty. According to Weber, worldly asceticism principle was the keystone of the distinction between the Catholics and the Protestants in the context of economic behaviour and this perception laid the foundation of the birth of modern bourgeois capitalism in the Western world. Protestantism had provided a psychological support for strengthening the “spirit” of capitalism, by loosening the limitations that would disrupt the development of capitalism and by encouraging the economic virtues such as diligence, frugality, sobriety. “Calling” is the worldly condition of the believer which is determined by God. Thus working is not associated with mere economic prosperity but with spiritual salvation.
Vocational success is God’s blessing, the proof of the believer’s predestination. According to Weber’s argument, praise to diligence and encouragement to vocational success which are led by the Protestant ethic had been vital in the emergence of capitalism. Therefore Netherland’s being the first country where capitalism grew on a large scale doesn’t seem coincidental. The Dutch master Rembrandt too had accomplished his “calling” so keenly. As Weber defines, he was the embodiment of the mighty effect of the Puritan idea; he was a Protestant soul grown up in freedom and poverty.
Rembrandt’s evangelical approach can easily be distinguished from his Catholic predecessors and contemporaries especially in the context of handling the religious themes. However the master’s works of the other genres may also be analyzed from this perspective. In this essay, subsequent to an introduction about the evolution of Rembrandt’s landscapes, his “The Three Trees” etching will be evaluated in the light of his religious orientation and Weber’s “Protestant Ethic” argument. From his apprenticeship years to his mastery period, Rembrandt had performed his “calling” with the same Protestant spirit. His artistic production had been shaped by the Protestant Ethic. In “The Three Trees” etching, while revealing the impeccability of the divine order created by the Mighty God, Rembrandt also lays stress to successfully fulfilling his “calling”, his “task set by God”, the proof of his predestination, with the painter figure he had portrayed over the hill.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Akpınar, Nurtaç Elçi, Rembrandt van Rijn’ın Kimi Yapıtlarında Max Weber’in “Protestan Ahlâkı” Anlayışının İzleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 2013.
- Brown, Christopher, Dutch Landscape: The Early Years, Haarlem and Amsterdam 1590-1650, National Gallery, London, 1986.
- Campbell, Colin, “Rembrandt’s Etsen Het Sterfbed van Maria en De drie Bomen”, De Kroniek van het Rembrandthuis XXXII, 1980, s.16-17.
- Edmonds, Kenneth, Rembrandt and the Waterlander Mennonites, The Study and Research Comission on Baptist Heritage and Identity, Baptist World Alliance Gathering, Ede., Netherlands, July 29, 2009.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
-
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Nurtaç Elçi Akpınar
Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi
20 Şubat 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi
18 Mart 2017
Kabul Tarihi
-
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2017 Sayı: 26