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Osmanlı Dış Borçlarının Birleştirilmesi Sürecinde Fransız Diplomasisi ve Finans Kurumları

Yıl 2024, , 127 - 157, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1542590

Öz

Bu çalışma, uluslararası dış borç sözleşmeleri literatüründe tartışılan bazı konuları, 1903 Osmanlı dış borçlarının yeniden yapılandırılması projesi çerçevesinde incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Dış borç sözleşmelerinin uluslararası hukukun kurallarına uyumu tartışmalarının devam ettiği yirminci yüzyılın başında sorgulanan konulardan bir tanesi de devletlerin başka bir devletten alacaklı olan vatandaşları ile arasındaki ilişki olmuştur. İncelenen temel problemler, devletlerin sözleşmelere hangi koşullar altında müdahale edebilecekleri, tahvil sahiplerinin hükümetlerinden beklentilerinin neler olabileceği ve iki tarafın çıkarlarının çatıştığı ve birleştiği noktalardır. Bu soruların cevapları, Fransız diplomasisinin Osmanlı dış borçlarının yeniden yapılandırılması sürecindeki etkisi ve tahvil sahipleriyle olan ilişkisi üzerinden analiz edilecektir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

1059B142000356

Kaynakça

  • Archives Diplomatiques du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres google scholar
  • La Courneuve (ADMAE) google scholar
  • Serie: Politiques exterieures 1901-1911 google scholar
  • Sous-serie: Turquie google scholar
  • Vol. 175, Dossier General Relations avec les Puissances, Question d’Orient Panislamisme; google scholar
  • Vol. 336, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Chemin de fer de Bagdad; google scholar
  • Vol. 337, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures; google scholar
  • Vol. 355, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures; google scholar
  • Vol. 356, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome II, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome III, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome IV, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • L’Epargne Française et la defense des porteurs de valeurs etrangeres, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, Tome XX, 1899. google scholar
  • Archives Diplomatiques, Recueil mensuel de Droit International de Diplomatie et d’Histoire, Annee 45, Serie 3, Tome 94, No. 4, Vol. II, 1905. google scholar
  • Archives du Monde du Travail (ANMT) (Roubaix) google scholar
  • Association nationale des porteurs français de valeurs mobilieres, 65/AQ/A/43. google scholar
  • Sadâret Hususî Maruzât Evrakı (Y.A.HUS); 468/93. google scholar
  • Hariciye Nezareti - İdare (HR.İD); 293/39; 1995/19. google scholar
  • “Germany, Great Britain and Italy v. Venezuela et al. 1908”, The American Journal ofInternational Law, II/4, 1908, pp. 902-911. google scholar
  • Becker, Henri, Les emprunts d’Etats etrangers, Paris 1880. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., “Contractual Claims in International Law”, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 13, No. 6, 1913, pp. 457-499. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., Jackson, William K., Feilchenfeld, Ernest H., “International Loans and International Law”, Proceedings ofthe American Society ofInternational Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), Vol. 26, 1932, pp. 135-186. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad, The Law ofInternational Claims, New York 1925. google scholar
  • Cheradame, Andre, La question d’Orient, La Macedoine, Le Chemin de fer de Bagdad, Plon Nourrit, Paris, 1903. google scholar
  • De Martens, G.F., Precis du droit des gens, Paris 1864. google scholar
  • Drago, Luis M., Nettles, H. Edward, “The Drago Doctrine in International Law and Politics”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No.2, 1928, pp. 204-223. google scholar
  • Dupuis, Laurent, Le controle financier de la dette publique Ottomane, PhD thesis, Faculte de droit de l’Universite de Paris, 1908. google scholar
  • Edwards, George W., “Governement Control of Foreign Investments”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 1928, pp. 684-701. google scholar
  • Favre, J. E., La capital français au service de l’etranger, Paris 1917. google scholar
  • Feis, H., Europe, The World’s Banker, 1870-1914, Yale University Press, 1931. google scholar
  • Guichard, M. Georges, De la protection de l’epargne nationale et des syndicats de Porteurs de valeurs etrangeres, Paris 1901. google scholar
  • Ilitch, Alexandre, Le Chemin de fer de Bagdad au point de vue politique, economique et financier, ou l’expansion de l’Allemagne en Orient, Misch & Thron, Michigan 1913. google scholar
  • Imbert, Henri Marc, Les emprunts d’Etats etrangers, Paris 1905. google scholar
  • Kebedgy, M. S., “De la protection des creanciers d’un etat etranger”, Journal du Droit International Prive, Vol. XXI, 1894, pp. 56-72. google scholar
  • Mazel, Georges, Le chemin de fer de Bagdad, etude economique et internationale, Universite de Montpellier, Faculte de Droit, PhD thesis, 1911. google scholar
  • Phillimore, Robert, Commentaries Upon International Law, c. III, T. & J. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, 1857. google scholar
  • Politis, Nicolas, Les emprunts d’Etat en droit international, Paris 1894. google scholar
  • Poulgy, Gregoire, Les emprunts de l’Etat Ottoman, PhD thesis, Faculte de droit de l’Universite de Paris, 1915. google scholar
  • Reynaud-Lacroze, Raymond, l’Immixtion financiere en droit international, PhD thesis, Universite de Montpellier, Faculte de Droit, Paris 1905. google scholar
  • Rivier, Alphonse, Principes du droit des gens, I, Paris 1896. google scholar
  • Roumani, Adib, Essai historique et technique sur la dette publique Ottomanes, Paris 1927. google scholar
  • Scott, George Winfield, “Hague Convention Restricting the Use of Force to Recover on Contract Claims”, The American Journal ofInternational Law, II/1, 1908, pp. 78-94. google scholar
  • Westlake, John, International Law, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, London 1910. google scholar
  • Wormser, P., Les fonds Ottomans, Unification de la Dette 1903, Paris 1903. google scholar
  • Young, George, Corps De Droit Ottoman, Vol. V, Oxford 1906. google scholar
  • Açba, Sait, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Dış Borçlanması, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara 2004. google scholar
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K., Debt Games: Strategic Interaction in International Debt Rescheduling, Cambridge University Press, 1996. google scholar
  • Al, Hüseyin, Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Ülke Riski, Finansal Politik, İngiliz Tahvil Sahipleri ve Babıali, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, PhD thesis, İstanbul 2005. google scholar
  • Autheman, Andre, Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane, Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul 2002. google scholar
  • Beydilli, Kemal, “Bağdat Demiryolu”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 4, 1991, pp. 425-433. google scholar
  • Conte, Giampaolo, Sabatini, Gaetano, “The Ottoman External Debt and Its Features Under European Financial Control (1881-1914)”, The Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2014, pp. 69-96. google scholar
  • Delaygue, Louis, Essai sur les finances Ottomanes, PhD thesis, Universite de Paris, Faculte de Droit, Paris 1991. google scholar
  • Esteves, Rui Pedro, “Quis Custodiet Quem? Sovereign Debt And Bondholders’ Protection Before 1914”, Economic Series Working Papers, University of Oxford, Department of Economics, No. 323, 2007, pp. 1-54. google scholar
  • Fulton, L. Bruce, “France and the End of the Empire”, The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Ed. Marian Kendt, Frank Cass, London 1996. google scholar
  • Kahler, Miles, “Politics and International Debt: Explaining the Crisis”, International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1985, pp. 357-382. google scholar
  • Khairallah, Shereen, The Berlin-Bagdad Railway And German Penetration in the Near East, History department of the American University of Beirut, PhD thesis, 1958. google scholar
  • Lacombe, Eugene, “La defense des porteurs de valeurs etrangeres”, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, Tome XXVI, 1990. google scholar
  • Manchez, G., “La rente exterieure espagnole et le projet de Convenio”, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, October, 1900, pp. 5-42. google scholar
  • Martykanova, Darina, “Public Debt After a Defeat: Negotiating the French Image of the Ottoman Empire as Debtor in the Aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878”, Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 48, No.2, 2019, pp. 57-82. google scholar
  • Mauro, Paolo, Yafeh, Yishay, The Corporation of Foreign Bondholders, IMF Working Papers, Issue 107, 2003. google scholar
  • Morawitz, Charles, Türkiye Maliyesi, Maliye Bakanlığı Tetkik Kurulu Yayınları, 1979. google scholar
  • Ortaylı, İlber, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2018. google scholar
  • Özyüksel, Murat, The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and the Ottoman Empire, Industrialization, Imperial Germany and the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, 2016. google scholar
  • Ünver, Metin, Hulkiender, Murat, II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Osmanlı Fransız İlişkilerinde Krizler ve Çatışmalar, 1901 Hadisesi, Lorando-Tubini Meselesi, İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayınevi, İstanbul 2018. google scholar
  • Viner, Jacob, “Political Aspects of International Finance”, The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 1, No.2, 1978, pp. 141-173. google scholar
  • Zendejas, Juan Flores, “Crying on Lombard Street, Fixing Sovereign Defaults in the 1890s”, European Review of History, 19 (6), 2012, pp. 979-997. google scholar

French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts

Yıl 2024, , 127 - 157, 30.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1542590

Öz

This study aims to examine some of the issues discussed in the literature on international foreign debt contracts within the framework of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts Project (Tevhîd-i Düyûn). At the early years of the twentieth century, when the compliance of external debt contracts with the rules of international law was being debated, one of the issues questioned was the situation between states and their citizens who were creditors of another state. The main problematics under examination are as follows: the conditions under which states could intervene in contracts, the expectations of bondholders from their governments, and the points where the interests of the two sides conflicted and met. The answers to these questions will be sought in France's influence on the restructuring of the Ottoman foreign debt and its relationship with French bondholders.

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

1059B142000356

Kaynakça

  • Archives Diplomatiques du Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres google scholar
  • La Courneuve (ADMAE) google scholar
  • Serie: Politiques exterieures 1901-1911 google scholar
  • Sous-serie: Turquie google scholar
  • Vol. 175, Dossier General Relations avec les Puissances, Question d’Orient Panislamisme; google scholar
  • Vol. 336, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Chemin de fer de Bagdad; google scholar
  • Vol. 337, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures; google scholar
  • Vol. 355, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures; google scholar
  • Vol. 356, Nouvelle Serie, Turquie, Politiques exterieures. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome II, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome III, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • Document Diplomatiques Français, Serie II, Tome IV, 1901-1911. google scholar
  • L’Epargne Française et la defense des porteurs de valeurs etrangeres, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, Tome XX, 1899. google scholar
  • Archives Diplomatiques, Recueil mensuel de Droit International de Diplomatie et d’Histoire, Annee 45, Serie 3, Tome 94, No. 4, Vol. II, 1905. google scholar
  • Archives du Monde du Travail (ANMT) (Roubaix) google scholar
  • Association nationale des porteurs français de valeurs mobilieres, 65/AQ/A/43. google scholar
  • Sadâret Hususî Maruzât Evrakı (Y.A.HUS); 468/93. google scholar
  • Hariciye Nezareti - İdare (HR.İD); 293/39; 1995/19. google scholar
  • “Germany, Great Britain and Italy v. Venezuela et al. 1908”, The American Journal ofInternational Law, II/4, 1908, pp. 902-911. google scholar
  • Becker, Henri, Les emprunts d’Etats etrangers, Paris 1880. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., “Contractual Claims in International Law”, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 13, No. 6, 1913, pp. 457-499. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., Jackson, William K., Feilchenfeld, Ernest H., “International Loans and International Law”, Proceedings ofthe American Society ofInternational Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), Vol. 26, 1932, pp. 135-186. google scholar
  • Borchard, Edwin M., The Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad, The Law ofInternational Claims, New York 1925. google scholar
  • Cheradame, Andre, La question d’Orient, La Macedoine, Le Chemin de fer de Bagdad, Plon Nourrit, Paris, 1903. google scholar
  • De Martens, G.F., Precis du droit des gens, Paris 1864. google scholar
  • Drago, Luis M., Nettles, H. Edward, “The Drago Doctrine in International Law and Politics”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 8, No.2, 1928, pp. 204-223. google scholar
  • Dupuis, Laurent, Le controle financier de la dette publique Ottomane, PhD thesis, Faculte de droit de l’Universite de Paris, 1908. google scholar
  • Edwards, George W., “Governement Control of Foreign Investments”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 1928, pp. 684-701. google scholar
  • Favre, J. E., La capital français au service de l’etranger, Paris 1917. google scholar
  • Feis, H., Europe, The World’s Banker, 1870-1914, Yale University Press, 1931. google scholar
  • Guichard, M. Georges, De la protection de l’epargne nationale et des syndicats de Porteurs de valeurs etrangeres, Paris 1901. google scholar
  • Ilitch, Alexandre, Le Chemin de fer de Bagdad au point de vue politique, economique et financier, ou l’expansion de l’Allemagne en Orient, Misch & Thron, Michigan 1913. google scholar
  • Imbert, Henri Marc, Les emprunts d’Etats etrangers, Paris 1905. google scholar
  • Kebedgy, M. S., “De la protection des creanciers d’un etat etranger”, Journal du Droit International Prive, Vol. XXI, 1894, pp. 56-72. google scholar
  • Mazel, Georges, Le chemin de fer de Bagdad, etude economique et internationale, Universite de Montpellier, Faculte de Droit, PhD thesis, 1911. google scholar
  • Phillimore, Robert, Commentaries Upon International Law, c. III, T. & J. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, 1857. google scholar
  • Politis, Nicolas, Les emprunts d’Etat en droit international, Paris 1894. google scholar
  • Poulgy, Gregoire, Les emprunts de l’Etat Ottoman, PhD thesis, Faculte de droit de l’Universite de Paris, 1915. google scholar
  • Reynaud-Lacroze, Raymond, l’Immixtion financiere en droit international, PhD thesis, Universite de Montpellier, Faculte de Droit, Paris 1905. google scholar
  • Rivier, Alphonse, Principes du droit des gens, I, Paris 1896. google scholar
  • Roumani, Adib, Essai historique et technique sur la dette publique Ottomanes, Paris 1927. google scholar
  • Scott, George Winfield, “Hague Convention Restricting the Use of Force to Recover on Contract Claims”, The American Journal ofInternational Law, II/1, 1908, pp. 78-94. google scholar
  • Westlake, John, International Law, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, London 1910. google scholar
  • Wormser, P., Les fonds Ottomans, Unification de la Dette 1903, Paris 1903. google scholar
  • Young, George, Corps De Droit Ottoman, Vol. V, Oxford 1906. google scholar
  • Açba, Sait, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Dış Borçlanması, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara 2004. google scholar
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K., Debt Games: Strategic Interaction in International Debt Rescheduling, Cambridge University Press, 1996. google scholar
  • Al, Hüseyin, Ondokuzuncu Yüzyılda Ülke Riski, Finansal Politik, İngiliz Tahvil Sahipleri ve Babıali, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, PhD thesis, İstanbul 2005. google scholar
  • Autheman, Andre, Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane, Osmanlı Bankası Arşiv ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul 2002. google scholar
  • Beydilli, Kemal, “Bağdat Demiryolu”, Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. 4, 1991, pp. 425-433. google scholar
  • Conte, Giampaolo, Sabatini, Gaetano, “The Ottoman External Debt and Its Features Under European Financial Control (1881-1914)”, The Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2014, pp. 69-96. google scholar
  • Delaygue, Louis, Essai sur les finances Ottomanes, PhD thesis, Universite de Paris, Faculte de Droit, Paris 1991. google scholar
  • Esteves, Rui Pedro, “Quis Custodiet Quem? Sovereign Debt And Bondholders’ Protection Before 1914”, Economic Series Working Papers, University of Oxford, Department of Economics, No. 323, 2007, pp. 1-54. google scholar
  • Fulton, L. Bruce, “France and the End of the Empire”, The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, Ed. Marian Kendt, Frank Cass, London 1996. google scholar
  • Kahler, Miles, “Politics and International Debt: Explaining the Crisis”, International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 3, 1985, pp. 357-382. google scholar
  • Khairallah, Shereen, The Berlin-Bagdad Railway And German Penetration in the Near East, History department of the American University of Beirut, PhD thesis, 1958. google scholar
  • Lacombe, Eugene, “La defense des porteurs de valeurs etrangeres”, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, Tome XXVI, 1990. google scholar
  • Manchez, G., “La rente exterieure espagnole et le projet de Convenio”, Revue Politique et Parlementaire, October, 1900, pp. 5-42. google scholar
  • Martykanova, Darina, “Public Debt After a Defeat: Negotiating the French Image of the Ottoman Empire as Debtor in the Aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878”, Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 48, No.2, 2019, pp. 57-82. google scholar
  • Mauro, Paolo, Yafeh, Yishay, The Corporation of Foreign Bondholders, IMF Working Papers, Issue 107, 2003. google scholar
  • Morawitz, Charles, Türkiye Maliyesi, Maliye Bakanlığı Tetkik Kurulu Yayınları, 1979. google scholar
  • Ortaylı, İlber, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul 2018. google scholar
  • Özyüksel, Murat, The Berlin-Baghdad Railway and the Ottoman Empire, Industrialization, Imperial Germany and the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, 2016. google scholar
  • Ünver, Metin, Hulkiender, Murat, II. Abdülhamid Dönemi Osmanlı Fransız İlişkilerinde Krizler ve Çatışmalar, 1901 Hadisesi, Lorando-Tubini Meselesi, İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayınevi, İstanbul 2018. google scholar
  • Viner, Jacob, “Political Aspects of International Finance”, The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 1, No.2, 1978, pp. 141-173. google scholar
  • Zendejas, Juan Flores, “Crying on Lombard Street, Fixing Sovereign Defaults in the 1890s”, European Review of History, 19 (6), 2012, pp. 979-997. google scholar
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Semih Sefer 0000-0002-8734-0774

Proje Numarası 1059B142000356
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 14 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Sefer, S. (2024). French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts. Tarih Dergisi(84), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1542590
AMA Sefer S. French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts. Tarih Dergisi. Ekim 2024;(84):127-157. doi:10.26650/iutd.1542590
Chicago Sefer, Semih. “French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts”. Tarih Dergisi, sy. 84 (Ekim 2024): 127-57. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1542590.
EndNote Sefer S (01 Ekim 2024) French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts. Tarih Dergisi 84 127–157.
IEEE S. Sefer, “French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts”, Tarih Dergisi, sy. 84, ss. 127–157, Ekim 2024, doi: 10.26650/iutd.1542590.
ISNAD Sefer, Semih. “French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts”. Tarih Dergisi 84 (Ekim 2024), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.26650/iutd.1542590.
JAMA Sefer S. French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts. Tarih Dergisi. 2024;:127–157.
MLA Sefer, Semih. “French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts”. Tarih Dergisi, sy. 84, 2024, ss. 127-5, doi:10.26650/iutd.1542590.
Vancouver Sefer S. French Foreign Policy and Financial Institutions in the Process of the Consolidation of Ottoman Foreign Debts. Tarih Dergisi. 2024(84):127-5.