Hayvanlardan, Klinik Ortamından ve Klinik Çalışanlarından İzole Edilen Metisiline Dirençli Stafilokokların Tür Dağılımları

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 151 - 160, 14.11.2012

Arzu Bağcıgil , Serkan İkiz , Özlem Güzel , Çağla Parkan Yaramış Atila Ilgaz

Öz

ÖZET

Bu çalışmada, Veteriner fakültesi kliniklerinde görevli personelde ve kliniklere getirilen kedi ve köpeklerde, başta Staphylococcus aureus olmak üzere metisiline dirençli diğer stafilokokların varlığının ve kliniklerde çevresel kaynaklı bir kontaminasyon riskinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla; fakülte kliniklerinde çalışan personelden 18 kişiden nazal svab örnekleri, bu kliniklere getirilen 7 kedi ve 21 köpeğin nazal ve oral svab örnekleri toplandı. Çevresel kontaminasyonu saptamak için kliniklerde farklı yüzeylerden toplam 33 svab örneği toplandı. Bakteriyolojik inceleme sonucu izole edilen Gram pozitif kokların, disk diffuzyon yöntemi ile metisiline direnç durumları saptandı ve ardından identifikasyonları yapıldı. Tüm izolatlar mecA geni yönünden PCR ile moleküler tiplendirme amacıyla da RAPD-PCR ile incelendi. Ayrıca izolatların antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları saptandı. Yedi kedinin 3 (%42,9)'ünden, 21 köpeğin 5 (%23,8)'inden; 33 çevresel örneğin 19 (%57,6)'undan; personelden toplanan 18 svab örneğinin 13 (%72,2)'ünden metisiline dirençli koagulaz negatif stafilokoklar (MRCoNS) izole edildi. Örneklerin hiçbirinden metisiline dirençli S. aureus (MRSA) izole edilmezken, her iki örnek grubunda da en yüksek oranda S. hominis izole edildi. Toplam 41 izolatın %87,8'inde penisilin G direnci, %63,4'ünde eritromisin direnci, %58,5'inde tetrasiklin direnci saptandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Staphylococcus spp., metisilin, mecA

 

ABSTRACT

 

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM ANIMALS, ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES AND STAFFS

 

The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of methicillin resistant staphylococci, particularly methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), from the dogs and cats that brought to the Veterinary Faculty clinics and the staff in those clinics, and risk of the environmental contaminations in the clinics. For this purpose; swab samples were collected from nasal mucosa of 18 staffs, nasal and oral mucosa of 7 cats and 21 dogs. For determination of environmental contamination 33 swab samples from various surfaces of the clinics were collected. Gram positive cocci were identified following after the determination of methicillin resistance by disc diffusion method. All the isolates examined for the presence of the mecA gene by PCR, for molecular typing by RAPD-PCR. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined. Three (42.9%), 5 (23.8%), 19 (57.6%) and 13 (72.2%) methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) were isolated out of 7 cats, 21 dogs, 33 environmental and 18 staff samples, respectively. While S. hominis were isolated predominantly, no MRSA were isolated from the samples. Out of 41 isolates 87.7%, 63.4%, 58.5% of them were resistant to penicillin G, erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively.

Key Words: Staphylococcus spp., methicillin, mecA

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Staphylococcus spp., metisilin, mecA

Kaynakça

• Armand-Lefevre, L . , Ruimy, R., Andremont, A., 2005. Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human control, and pigs. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (5), 711-714.
• Bagcigil, F.A., Moodley, A., Baptiste, K . E . , Jensen, V.F., Guardabassi, L . , 2007. Occurence, species distrubution, antimicrobial resistance and clonality of methicillin- and erythromycin- resistant staphylococci in the nasal cavity of domestic animals. Veterinary Microbiology 121 (3-4), 307-315.
• Bogado, I., Limansky, A., Sutich, E . , Marchiaro, P., Marzi, M., Putero J . , Viale, A., 2002. Molecular characterization of methicillin- resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from a neonatal intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 23 (8), 447-451.
• Boost, M.V., O'Donoghue, M.M., James, A., 2008. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among dogs and their owners. Epidemiology and Infection 136 (7), 953-964.
• Busscher, J . F . , van Duijkeren, E . , van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, S., 2006. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in healthy horses in the Netherlands. Veterinary Microbiology 113 (1ı 2), 131-136.
• Duquette, R.A., Nuttall, T . J . , 2004. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dogs and cats: an emerging problem? Journal of Small Animal Practice 45 (12), 591- 597.
• Epstein, C.R., Yam, W.C., Peiris, J.S.M., Epstein, R.J., 2009. Methicillin-resistant commensal staphylococci in healthy dogs as a potential zoonotic reservoir for community-acquired antibiotic resistance. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 9 (2), 283-285.
• Fındık, A., Akan, N., Onuk, E . E . , Çakıroğlu, D., Çiftçi, A., 2009. Methicillin resistance profile and molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from noses of the healthy dogs. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 15 (6), 925-930.
• Gortel, K . , Campbell, K . L . , Kakoma, I . , Whittem, T., Schaeffer, D.J., Weisiger, R.M., 1999. Methicillin resistance among staphylococci isolated from dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60 (12), 1526-1530.
• Jonas, D., Speck, M., Daschner, F.D., Grundmann, H., 2002. Rapid PCR-based identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from screening swabs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (5), 1821-1823
• Kitao, T., 2003. Survey of methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from the fingers of nursing students. Journal of Infection and Chemotheraphy 9 (1), 30-34.
• Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn, W.C., 1997. Chapter II: The Gram positive cocci: Part I : Staphylococci and related organisms. Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5t h edition, Lippincott, Philadelphia, New York. pp. 539-555.
• Kruse, H., Hofshagen, M., Thoresen, S.I., Bredal, W.P., Vollset, I., Soli, N.E., 1996. The antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococcus species isolated from canine dermatitis. Veterinary Research Communications 20 (3), 205-214.
• Kwon, N.H., Park, K.T., Jung, W.K., Youn, H.Y., Lee, Y., Kim, S.H., Bae, W., Lim, J.Y., Kim, J.Y., Kim, J.M., Hong, S.K., Park, Y . H . , 2006. Characteristics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken meat and hospitalized dogs in Korea and their epidemiological relatedness. Veterinary Microbiology 117 (2-4), 304-312.
• Arzu Funda Bağcıgil, Serhan İkiz, Özlem Güzel, Çağla Parkan Yaramış, Atila İlgaz
• Loeffler, A., Boag, A.K., Sung, J . , Lindsay, J.A., Guardabassi, L . , Dalsgaard, A., Smith, H., Stevns, K.B., Lloyd, D.H., 2005. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and pets in a small animal referral hospital in the UK. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 56 (4), 692-697.
• Loeffler, A., Pfeiffer, D.U., Lindsay, J.A., Soares- Magalhaes, R., Lloyd, D.H., 2010. Lack of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphy­ lococcus aureus (MRSA) between apparently healthy dogs in a rescue kennel. Veterinary Microbiology 141 (1-2), 178-181.
• Moodley, A., Guardabassi, L . , 2009. Clonal spread of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphy- lococci among horses, personnel and environmental sites at equine facilities. Veterinary Microbiology 137(3-4), 397-401.
• Morgan, M., 2008. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and animals: zoonosis or humanosis? Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 62 (6), 1181-1187.
• Nagase, N., Sasaki, A., Yamashita, K., Shimizu, A., Wakita, Y . , Kitai, S., Kawano, J . , 2002. Isolation and species distribution of staphylococci from animal and human skin. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64 (3), 245-250.
• NCCLS, 1997. Methods for dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for bacteria that grow aerobically- Fourth Edition, Approved Standard. NCCLS document M7-A4 (ISBN 1ı 56238-309-4).
• NCCLS, 2004. Performance standarts for antimicrobial disk and dilution tests for bacteria isolated from animals; Informational supplement. NCCLS document M31-S1 (ISBN 1-56238-534-8)
• Scott, G.M., Thomson, R., Malonelee, R., Ridgway, G. L . , 1988. Cross-infection between animals and man: possible feline transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infections in humans? Journal of Hospital Infection 12 (1), 29-34.
• Van Duijkeren, E . , Box, A.T.A., Heck, M.E.O.C., Wannet, W.J.B., Fluit, A.C., 2004. Methicillin resistant staphylococci isolated from animals. Veterinary Microbiology 103 (1-2), 91-97.
• Varges, R., Penna, B., Martins, G., Martins, R., Lilenbaum, W., 2009. Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isoated from naturally occurring canine external ocular diseases. Veterinary Ophthalmology 12 (4), 216-220.
• Weese, J . S., Archambault, M., Willey, B.M., Hearn, P., Kreiswirth, B.N., Said-Salim, B., McGeer, A., Likhoshvay, Y . , Prescott, J . F . , Low, D.E., 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (3), 430-435.
• Wertheim, H.F.L., Melles, D.C., Vos, M.C., van Leeuwen, W., van Belkum, A., Verbrugh, H. A., Nouwen, J . L . , 2005. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 5 (12), 751-762.
• Yasuda, R., Kawano, J . , Onda, H., Takagi, M., Shimizu, A., Anzai, T., 2000. Methicillin- resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61 (11), 1451ı 1455.